STUDYING THE EFFECT OF CAR TECHNOLOGY ON CO EMISSIONS AND BENEFITS OF UPDATING VEHICLE FLEET USING FIELD TESTS

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_07_02_014 Available online at Journal Impact Factor (2016): (Calculated by GISI) ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication STUDYING THE EFFECT OF CAR TECHNOLOGY ON CO EMISSIONS AND BENEFITS OF UPDATING VEHICLE FLEET USING FIELD TESTS Ibrahim M. I. Ramadan Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Banha University, Cairo, Egypt ABSTRACT This research compares CO emissions of old and new technology vehicles using field test. Benefits of replacement old passenger cars with new ones are estimated. Two representative cars are considered in field tests. Three factors are considered in the comparison; speed, Revolution per minutes (RPM), and relative humidity. Using mobile vehicle emission detector, more than 1000 readings are taken for each vehicle. Analysis proves that CO emissions from old technology vehicles are much more than that from new ones. Differences range between 1.5 to 20 times with an average value of 3 between both vehicles. Analysis also proves that old passenger cars are responsible for 81.9% of the total CO emitted from passenger cars. Research concludes that replacement of old passenger cars will save 60% of the total passenger CO emission in Egypt. It is recommended to replace cars with model 1990 or before. Key words: Passenger Cars, CO Emissions, Field Test, Car Technology Cite this Article: Ibrahim M. I. Ramadan, Studying the effect of car technology on CO emissions and benefits of updating vehicle fleet using field tests, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 2016, pp INTRODUCTION Emissions from motor vehicles are the most significant source of air pollution in many urban areas. Knowledge about the amount of air pollution that the vehicle fleet is emitting into the air has become an important question for concerned authorities. They are responsible for reducing these emissions editor@iaeme.com

2 Ibrahim M. I. Ramadan Vehicle model is a primary factor that determines the amount discharged emissions. It usually defines the quality of the engine and the type of emission control technology that is installed in it. Therefore, it is important to know the relationship between emission control technology installed in a vehicle and the amount of discharged pollutant from it. Benefits from the progressive replacement of uncontrolled gasoline cars with new ones equipped with three way catalysts should be studied and calculated very well. This will help setting replacement strategy for aged vehicles by new ones. Vehicle models structure is particularly relevant in developing countries of the world. A significant portion of the vehicle fleet consists of old aged and often poorly maintained vehicles (T. Zachariadis, et al, 2001). In Egypt, the fleet of vehicles is unbalanced and has a considerable amount of old aged vehicles. The percentage of registered vehicles with model before 1990 is more than 56% (Env Project, 2008). This has an adverse effect on the quality of air. Therefore, the scope of this paper is to compare between new and old emission control technologies in vehicle fleet on the quality of air in Egypt through field tests. In addition, benefits of replacing old aged vehicles by new ones will be estimated in Egypt. The primary emission type that was considered in this paper is the carbon monoxide (CO). Therefore, this research aims to improve vehicle fleet technologies, and mitigate the environmental impact of inefficient vehicles in pursuit of a more sustainable transport sector This research is limited to Light Duty Vehicles (LDV) in Egyptian fleet. Two representative vehicles were considered in the field test; first, Peugeot 504 model 1979 as a representative car for old vehicles technology. This car is the most common car in old vehicle fleet in Egypt. The second representative car is the Daewoo Lanus 2000 as a representative of new vehicles technology in Egyptian fleet. This car in turn is a very famous car within new technology cars in Egypt. This research composed of six sections in addition to the introduction section. In section two, a review of all available literatures that are related to the research subject is done. Section three explains data collection program for field survey. Section four introduces data analysis for the collected data. Section five presents estimation of the total passenger cars CO emission in the current situation. In section six, an assessment of benefits of replacement of old technology passenger cars with new ones is introduced. The last section is section seven which was devoted to introduce conclusions and recommendations. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW F bluett et al, (2008) stated that emissions of all pollutants increase with increasing age of petrol vehicles. Emissions of NO do not appear to vary significantly with the age of diesel vehicles. Anna Alberini, et al, (1994) stated that old vehicles often do not have effective emission control equipment; even it has a system for emission control, it sometimes no longer functions properly. Thus they tend to emit pollutants at much higher level, on average, than newer vehicles. They also stated that a potentially effective way to reduce hydrocarbon, Carbon monoxides, and nitrogen oxides emissions in urban areas is to take older, highly polluting cars off the road. Older or larger vehicles emit more hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen per mile. Thus, alternative policies can approximate the effects of emissions taxes by explicitly or implicitly taxing miles, taxing engine size, or subsidizing vehicle newness. (Sarah E. West, 2002) editor@iaeme.com

3 Studying the effect of car technology on CO emissions and benefits of updating vehicle fleet using field tests Stefano Caserini, et al, (2008), stated that both diesel and gasoline cars run half the annual distance when they have reached an average age of approximately 8 years. Vehicles of 20 years of age only run about 10% of the annual distance they used to run when they are new. The impact of the dropping mileage with age is significant in assessing the environmental impacts of transport and the potential impact of environmental policies. Nicholas Lutse, (2010), stated that the types and magnitude of technology shifts that will be required for the pending greenhouse gases (GHG) mitigation problems will require substantial transformations in old vehicles, fuels, and infrastructure 3. DATA COLLECTION Data collection is executed using mobile vehicle emission detector that has been fixed on the car emission source. Two test cars are considered; the first one is Daewoo Lanus Model 2000 as a representative car for cars equipped with new technologies emission control. The second car is Peugeot 504 model 1979 as a representative for cars equipped with old technologies emission control. Emissions are measured while the car is running on two roads; Salah Salem road and Auto strad road. Cars are driven with the average road speed. The car speed ranges between 0 and 80 km per hour. More than 1000 readings are taken between Carbon monoxide emission and factors affecting it for each vehicle. Three factors are considered in this study; car revolution per minutes (RPM), car speed, and the ambient relative humidity (RH). The above data has been transferred from the device format into Excel sheet format for analysis. 4. DATA ANALYSIS In what follows, analysis is focused to study differences in emission between old emission control vehicles and new ones for each factor; relative humidity (RH), RPM, and vehicle speed Influence of RH variation on passenger car CO emission In this section the relationship between CO emission and the ambient RH is studied. Figure (1) shows the plot of CO emission verses RH for both cars. It is clear that CO emission for Peugeot car is too much more than that of Daewoo car CO emission for all RH values. The maximum difference between Peugeot and Daewoo CO emission appears at RH 20. At this value Peugeot CO emission is almost as 20 times as Daewoo car emission. On average CO emission for Peugeot old technology car is about 3.0 times as Daewoo Lanus new technology car for all values of RH editor@iaeme.com

4 CO (mg/s) CO (mg/s) Ibrahim M. I. Ramadan Comparison between Peugeot and Daewoo in term of RH verses CO emissions Peugeot Daewoo Figure 1 Comparison between Peugeot and Daewoo in term of RH verses CO emission 4.2. Influence of RPM variation on passenger car CO emission Figure (2) explains the relationship between RPM and CO emissions for both Daewoo Lanus car and Peugeot Car. It is clear that Peugeot CO emission is much more than Daewoo emissions for all values of RPM. Peugeot CO emission is as 1.5 to 20 times as Daewoo Lanus emissions according to RPM value. The average CO emission for Peugeot car is as 3 times as Daewoo Lanus car for all values of RPM Comparison between Peugeot and Daewoo in term of RPM verses CO emission Peugeot Daewoo RPM Figure 2 Comparison between Peugeot and Daewoo in term of RPM to CO emissions 4.3. Influence of speed variation on passenger car CO emission Figure (3) shows the relationship between speed and CO emissions for both Peugeot and Daewoo Lanus cars. It is clear from the figure that Peugeot emissions are more than Daewoo Lanus CO emissions for all values of speeds. The average emission rate for all speeds for Peugeot car is 253 mg / s while the average emission rate for all speeds for Daewoo Lanus is 71.2 mg/s. It is clear that the average CO emission for editor@iaeme.com

5 Co (mg/s) Studying the effect of car technology on CO emissions and benefits of updating vehicle fleet using field tests Peugeot car is about 3.5 times as the CO emission for Daewoo Lanus cars for all value of speeds Comparison between Peugeot and Daewoo in term of speed verses CO emission Peugeot Daewoo speed (km / Hour) Figure 3 Comparison between Peugeot and Daewoo in term of Speed to CO emissions 5. ESTIMATION OF THE TOTAL CO EMISSIONS IN THE CURRENT SITUATION The total number of registered vehicles at 2013 in Egypt is 6.86 million. Out of this number, there are 3.54 million passenger cars (American Chamber of commerce, 2014). Passenger cars is divided into 3.23 million private cars and million taxis (CAPMAS, 2015). This number of private and taxi cars is divided into old and new technology emission control. Table (1) shows the distribution of the current fleet of light duty passenger cars between old and new emission control vehicles. Table 1 Distribution of Private and taxi cars between old and new technology emission control New technology Old technology Total Private cars Taxis It is worth mentioning that there is a part of old technology vehicles that has been transformed into gas. However, this part is small and negligible especially in estimating fleet emission. Having applied the average CO emission rate estimated in section 4 for both old and new emission control, the total CO emission for light duty passenger car in the current situation (2013 count) are estimated. Table (2) shows the total emitted CO due to passenger light duty cars for working one hour. Table 2 Total emitted CO in the current situation for one hour. New technology Old technology Total Ton per hour Percentage Ton per hour Percentage Ton per hour Percentage Private cars Taxis Total editor@iaeme.com

6 Ibrahim M. I. Ramadan It is clear from table (2) that the total CO emission from light duty passenger cars is ton per hour. Old emission control technology vehicles emit 1810 ton per hour which represents 81.9% of the total CO emission from passenger cars. To estimate the total emitted carbon monoxide from passenger light duty cars per day, the average number of working hours for private cars is estimated by 6 hours per day and the average number of working hours for taxis by 13 hours per day. Table (3) shows the total CO emissions from light duty passenger cars per day. Table 3 Total emitted CO in the current situation for one day New technology Old technology Total Ton per day Percentage Ton per day Percentage Ton per day Percentage Private cars Taxis Total It is clear from table (3) that the total CO emission from light duty passenger cars is ton per day. Old emission control technology vehicles emit ton per day which represents 81.9% of the total CO emission from light duty passenger cars per day. Taxis emit 17.6% of the total passenger car CO emission per day. This means that private cars have the major source of passenger car CO emission. 6. BENEFITS OF REPLACEMENT OLD PASSENGER CARS WITH NEW TECHNOLOGY ONES IN TERM OF CO EMISSION Table (4) shows the total estimated passenger car CO emissions in case of replacement of cars with model 1990 or before with new technology vehicles. It is clear from this table that the total passenger car CO emission will be reduced to ton per day in case of replacement of cars with model 1990 or before with new technology vehicles. This amount is about 40% of the total passenger car CO emissions in the current situations. This means that replacement of passenger cars with model 1990 or before with new ones will save 60% of the total passenger CO emissions. Table 4 Passenger car CO emissions in case of replacement old cars with new technology cars New technology CO emission (Ton/day) Percentage Private cars Taxis Total CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Reference to the previous analysis, the following may be concluded Passenger car CO emissions for old technology cars are too much more than that of new technology cars for all RH values. Differences of Passenger car CO emission range between 1.4 to 20.2 times for all values of RH. The average passenger CO emission value of old cars is 3 times that of new cars. Old technology passenger car CO emission is much more than new technology cars emissions for all values of RPM. Old technology cars CO emission is as 1.5 to editor@iaeme.com

7 Studying the effect of car technology on CO emissions and benefits of updating vehicle fleet using field tests times as new technology cars emissions according to RPM value with the same average value that for RH. Old technology cars CO emissions are much more than new technology cars CO emissions for all values of speeds. The average CO emissions for old technology passenger cars is about 3.5 times as the CO emission for new technology cars for all value of speeds The average CO emission rate for all speeds for old technology cars is 253 mg / s while the average CO emission rate for all speeds for new technology cars is 71.2 mg/s. Old emission control technology vehicles emit ton per day which represents 81.9% of the total CO emission from light duty passenger cars per day Taxis emit 17.6% of the total passenger car CO emission per day. That is means that private cars are the major source of passenger car CO emission. Replacement of passenger cars with model 1990 or before with new ones will save 60% of the total passenger CO emissions in Egypt. Reference to the previous conclusion, it is recommended to do the following: This study should be extended to include all types of vehicles not only light duty passenger cars. The study should also be extended to include all emission types not only CO emissions. The study should also be extended to include a comparison between old and new technology vehicles in term of fuel consumption. Author recommends designing a very quick program for replacement old technology passenger cars with new one in a short period to save CO emissions. REFERENCES [1] F Bluett, Katie Dey, Gavin Fisher, 2008, Assessing Vehicle Air Pollution Emissions. [2] A Client Report: CHC , Commonwealth of Australia. [3] Stefano Caserini, Cinzia Pastorello, Pietro Gaifami, Leonidas Ntziachristos, 2013, Impact of the dropping activity with vehicle age on air pollutant emissions, Atmospheric Pollution Research 4 (2013) [4] T. Zachariadis, L. Ntziachristos, Z. Samaras, 2001, The effect of age and technological change on motor vehicle emissions, Transportation research part D 6 (2001) [5] Anna Alberini, David Edelstein, and Virginia D. McConnell, 1994, Will the Retirement of Old Cars Improve Air Quality?, Resources No. 115, Spring [6] Env Project, 2008, Investment chances in environmental sector in Egypt [7] Sarah E. West, 2002, Distributional effects of alternative vehicle pollution control policies, Journal of Public Economics 88 (2004) [8] Nicholas Lutse, 2010, Assessment of the cost effectiveness of vehicle efficiency and alternative fuel technologies for greenhouse gas emission reduction, Transportation Research Board, No [9] Ylber Shabani, Shaqir Elezaj, Naser Lajqi and Shpetim Lajqi, Application of Diagnostic Methods For The Rear Drive Axle of The Passenger Cars, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 4(6), 2013, pp editor@iaeme.com

8 Ibrahim M. I. Ramadan [10] Ibrahim M. I. Ramadan and Naglaa Kamal Rashwan, Calibration of Vehicle Emissions-Speed Relationships For The Greater Cairo Roads, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(1), 2015, pp [11] American Chamber of commerce, 2014, [12] CAPMAS, 2015,