INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBRE (LONG FIBRES AND MAT) FOR PATELLAR IMPLANT APPLICATION
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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp , Article ID: IJMET_07_01_016 Available online at Journal Impact Factor (2016): (Calculated by GISI) ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER REINFORCED WITH HEMP FIBRE (LONG FIBRES AND MAT) FOR PATELLAR IMPLANT APPLICATION Chennabasappa Hampali Sr. Associate Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore, Chandrashekhar Bendigeri Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, UVCE, Bangalore ABSTRACT This paper includes the study of basic mechanical properties of polymer composites prepared for polyester as matrix and natural fibers (Hemp long fiber and Hemp mat fiber) as reinforced materials with different compositions of 10%, 20% and 30% reinforcement used for patellar implant material. Over the past centuries, there is lot of research works carried out in the medical field and materials science in development of biomaterials for implant applications. So, many different materials are used as implants for replacing of damaged parts. Over the years, SS316L and UHMWPE have established as the best available patellar implant materials. In advancing field of material science, metallurgy and designing, still there is scope for development for more advanced bio-materials with better properties. It has been observed that the mechanical properties of Polyester reinforced with Hemp fibre (long fibres and mat) show better properties than UHMWPE. These properties of composites are found to be suitable for the patellar implant material. Key words: PMC, Hemp, Long fibre, Mat fibre, tensile test, Compression test, bending test Cite this Article: Chennabasappa Hampali and Chandrashekhar Bendigeri. The Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Polyester Reinforced with Hemp Fibre (Long Fibres and Mat) For Patellar Implant Application, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(1), 2016, pp
2 Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Polyester Reinforced with Hemp Fibre (Long Fibres and Mat) For Patellar Implant Application 1. INTRODUCTION Over the past centuries there is a considerable development in the medical field. There is a lot of development in surgery and prosthetic fields. For this purpose a lot of alternative materials are used for implants while replacing them in place of damaged parts. These materials are called bio-materials. All these years SS-316L has established itself as the best available bio-implant material. With the research and development in the field of material science, metallurgy and design, bio materials have better properties over SS-316L are observed. The strength characteristics of any continuous fiber reinforced composite can be simulated, as long as the fiber orientation in the composite can be identified. Then mechanical properties of fibrous composites are predicted. Through the media and conferences it has been observed that there is wide scope for bio-materials which encourages the researchers in medical field to invent the alternate materials with required mechanical properties. In this paper the mechanical properties study of polymer composites prepared from polyester as matrix and natural fibers (Jute long fiber, Jute mat fiber, Hemp long fiber and hemp mat fiber) as reinforced materials with different compositions of 10%,20% and30% reinforcement used for implant material. 2. RAW MATERIALS Raw materials used in this experimental work are: Polymer- Polyester resin Hardener Natural fiber Hemp (long fiber) Hemp (mat) The physical and mechanical properties of polyester are shown in table 1. In the present work HY 951(Araldite) hardener is used. This has a viscosity of poise at 250 o C. Material Density (Kg/m 3 ) Table 1 Properties of Polyester Elastic modulus (GPa) Tensile Strength (MPa) Compressive Strength (MPa) Elongation (%) Polyester editor@iaeme.com
3 Chennabasappa Hampali and Chandrashekhar Bendigeri Hemp Fiber (Long Fiber & Mat Type) Figure 1 Hemp long fiber Figure 2 Hemp mat fiber Hemp is the name of the soft, durable fiber that is cultivated from plants of cannabis genus for industrial and commercial use. The common application of the hemp fiber is to be blend with polypropylene in a nonwoven mat which through compression moulding technique turns to a three dimensional part. When the hemp was compared with glass fiber, it has same value of Young s modulus, a much lower density and costs (approximately half the price of glass fiber) and a reduction in moulding time. Hemp fibers are longer, stronger and more absorbent resistant than cotton. Hemp can be made into fine quality paper. The Hemp long fiber and mat fiber are shown in figure 1 & figure 2 respectively. Natural brightness of Hemp can obviate the need to use chlorine bleach. Hemp grows well in a variety of climates and soil types. It is naturally resistant to most pests It grows tightly spaced, out-competing any weeds, so herbicides are not necessary. Hemp can displace cotton which is usually grown with massive amounts of chemicals which harmful to people and the environment. The properties of Hemp fiber are as shown in table 2.0 Property Density (Kg/m 3 ) Table 2 Properties of Hemp fiber Elastic Modulus (MPa) Tensile strength (MPa) Stiffness KN/mm 2 Elongation (%) Hemp editor@iaeme.com
4 Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Polyester Reinforced with Hemp Fibre (Long Fibres and Mat) For Patellar Implant Application 3. CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMER COMPOSITES The usefulness of bio-composites are characterized by their properties. The relevant properties can be physical, mechanical, chemical, optical, electrical, etc. These properties must be quantitatively determined through experiments following some standards. Perhaps the most well known standardization organizations are ISO (International Standards Organization) and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) Methodology Fabrication of polymer composite with Polyester and Hemp (Long fiber and Mat) has been carried out by Hand Lay-up method. Then the specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards to test mechanical properties. The layout of methodology is show in figure. Fabrication by Hand Layup Method Testing of Fabricated composites Mechanical Properties- Test Tensile Test Compression Test Bending Test Figure 3 Layout of Preparation and testing of PMC s 3.2. Preparation of Composite Materials The materials used in preparation of composite materials are: 1. Fiber reinforcement material (Hemp long fiber and Hemp mat) 2. Matrix (Polyester) 3. Acetone 4. Roller 5. Gloves 3.3. Compositions of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites The compositions of polymer composites with long fiber and mat are given in the following table editor@iaeme.com
5 Chennabasappa Hampali and Chandrashekhar Bendigeri Table 3 Composites of fiber reinforced polymer COMPOSITION COMPOSITES TYPE POLYESTER Weight % HEMP Weight % C1 Long fiber C2 Long fiber C3 Long fiber C4 Mat C5 Mat C6 Mat Rule of Mixtures 'Rules of Mixtures' are mathematical expressions which give some property of the composite in terms of the properties, quantity and arrangement of its constituents. They may be based on a number of simplifying assumptions, and their use in design should be tempered with extreme caution. The theoretical density has been calculated by applying the rule of mixture to all composites Mould Preparation First of all the mould for the composite is prepared of size 300 x 300 x 3 mm for the preparing required composites. A clean smooth surface wooden board is taken and washed thoroughly. The wooden board is covered with a non-reactive thin plastic sheet. Then the glass of equal size (thickness 3mm) that of the mould is taken, then the glass on the wooden board was placed Casting First of all mould release mansion wax was applied on the mould, removal sheet is spread on the mould then small amount of matrix is poured by placing hemp mat. This process is repeated till all the mixture of matrix is completed. Then sample test specimen is left for 72 hr for drying. Weights are placed on the specimens for good finishing, as shown in figure 4. Figure 4 Casting process editor@iaeme.com
6 Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Polyester Reinforced with Hemp Fibre (Long Fibres and Mat) For Patellar Implant Application 4. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS The following section will elaborate in detail the experimental procedure carried out during conducting the different tests. The steps involved are: 1. Specimen preparation. By Hand Lay-Up method. Cutting of Laminates into samples of desired dimensions. 2. Tensile test 3. Bending test 4. Compression test Tensile Test Static tensile properties, such as tensile strength, young s modulus, failure strain, and Poisson s ratio of flat composite materials, are determined according to ASTM D 3039 standards and sample was cut into flat shape (250x25x3) mm, in according to ASTM standards D3039 as shown in figure 5. Bending Test Static and fatigue flexural properties, such as flexural strength and modulus are determined by ASTM D 790 test method. In this test, a composite beam specimen of rectangular cross-section is loaded in either a three-point mode. In this mode, a large span (L) to thickness (t) ratio of 16, 32, 40, or 60 is usually recommended to minimize interlaminar shear deformation. Sample was cut into flat shape (20x150x5) mm, in accordance with ASTM standards D790 as shown in figure 6. Compression Test Unlike metals, properties of a composite in tension and compression are not same in general. Compression testing is one of the most difficult tests which can be performed on composites. A number of test methods together with specimen designs have been proposed, with a primary focus on the avoidance of the specimen buckling or global instability under a compressive load. In-plane static compressive properties can be determined using either ASTM D 695 or D 3410 test method sample was cut in to flat shape (150x25x3) mm, in accordance with ASTM standards D3410 as shown in figure 7 Figure 5 Macrograph of Tensile test specimen editor@iaeme.com
7 Chennabasappa Hampali and Chandrashekhar Bendigeri Figure 6 Macrograph of Bending specimen Figure 7 Macrograph of Compression specimen 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS This chapter comprises with comparison and discussion of obtained results for considering feasible alternative material for pattellar implant. For different composition of developed PMC s, tensile test, compression test and bending tests are conducted and compared in the bar charts. Tensile test is conducted on PMC specimen, which are prepared with 10%, 20% and 30 % Hemp LF and MAT. Results for the tensile test are in bar chart as shown in figure 8. In the tensile test, Polyester with 30% Hemp mat is found better as compared to other compositions editor@iaeme.com
8 Comp. Strength (MPa) UTS(MPa) Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Polyester Reinforced with Hemp Fibre (Long Fibres and Mat) For Patellar Implant Application P10HL P20HL P30HL P10HM P20HM P30HM UTS(MPa) Figure 8 Ultimate Tensile Stress v/s PMC s Compression test is conducted on PMC specimen, which are prepared with 10%, 20% and 30 % Hemp LF and MAT. Results from the compression test is in bar chart as shown in figure 9. In the compression test, Polyester with 30% Hemp laong fiber is found better as compared to other composition P10HL P20HL P30HL P10H M P20H M P30H M Comp. Strength(MPa) Figure 9 Compressive Stress v/s PMC s Bending test is conducted on PMC specimen, which are prepared with 10%, 20% and 30 % hemp LF and MAT. Results from the bending test is in bar chart as shown in fig 10. In the bending test, Polyester with 30% Hemp laong fiber is found slightly better as compared to other composition editor@iaeme.com
9 Bending Strength (MPa) Chennabasappa Hampali and Chandrashekhar Bendigeri P10HL P20HL P30HL P10HM P20HM P30HM Bending Strength (MPa) Figure 10 Bending Stress v/s PMC s 6. CONCLUSION The following are the observations listed by above results, The density of polymer composite materials is approximately 1380 Kg/m 3 and it is similar to the density of bone (1000 to 2000 Kg/m 3 ). The tensile strength of the polymer composite with hemp long fiber is observed to be more than the polymer composite with hemp mat for both combinations. Compressive strength of the polymer composite with hemp long fiber is observed to be more than the polymer composite with hemp mat. Bending strength of the polymer composite with hemp mat is observed to be more than the polymer composite with hemp long fiber. With the above observations we can conclude that the polymer composite material with long fiber may be used as alternative material for the biomedical applications. REFERENCES [1] Magdi El Messiry, Theoretical analysis of natural fiber volume fraction of reinforced composites, Alexandria Engineering Journal, Production and hosting by Elsevier, (2013) 52, [2] Christopher C. Ihueze et. al, Natural fiber composite design and characterization for limit stress prediction in multiaxial stress state, Journal of King Saud University Engineering Sciences, Production and hosting by Elsevier, (2015) 27, [3] Mervi Puska, Allan J. Aho and Pekka Vallittu Polymer Composites for Bone Reconstruction, Advances in Composite Materials - Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Materials, (2011) , [4] Wassamon Sujaritjun et. al., Mechanical property of surface modified natural fiber reinforced PLA biocomposites, Published by Elsevier, Energy Procedia 34 ( 2013 ) editor@iaeme.com
10 Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Polyester Reinforced with Hemp Fibre (Long Fibres and Mat) For Patellar Implant Application [5] Andressa Cecília Milanese et. al.,mechanical behavior of natural fiber composites, Procedia Engineering, Published by Elsevier Ltd, 10 (2011) [6] Paul K Chu Xuanyong Liu, Biomaterials Fabrication and Processing Handbook by CRC Press. [7] Fumio Wataria, et. al, Biocompatibility of materials and development to functionally graded implant for bio-medical application, Elseveir journal Composites Science and Technology, Volume 64, Issue 6, May 2004, [8] Black J, Hastings GW. Handbook of Biomaterials Properties. London, UK: Chapman and Hall, [9] Ravishankar. R, Dr.K. Chandrashekara and Rudramurthy. Experimental Investigation and Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Injection Molded Jute and Glass Fibers Reinforced Hybrid Polypropylene Composites, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 4(4), 2013, pp [10] Dr. M. Anandarao, Dr. K.Vijaya Kumar Reddy and T. Seshaiah. Fabrication and Analysis of Mechanical Properties of FRP Composites, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 5(8), 2014, pp editor@iaeme.com
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