TOC INDEX. Lice Management for Feedlot Cattle. Douglas D. Colwell. Take Home Message. Introduction. Biology
|
|
- Eileen Cain
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 TOC INDEX Lice Management for Feedlot Cattle Douglas D. Colwell Take Home Message Lice can have a substantial impact on feedlot cattle, affecting their gain, efficiency and appearance. Keeping cattle well fed, in clean, dry, and sheltered will aid the management of lice. Strategic, appropriately timed, treatment programs will aid the management of lice. The benefits of effective louse management will be evident in increased efficiency, improved appearance and in reduction of damage to facilities. Introduction Lice result in production losses, in both beef and dairy sectors, that exceed $30 M annually. Producers spend an additional $8-10 M for treatments. Losses associated with lice result from blood loss, irritation and from changes in behaviour, which reduce efficiency. Losses are also seen as reductions in hide value that results from the response to sucking louse activity. Damage to facilities and equipment, resulting from scratching to relieve the skin irritation, is an additional cost associated with louse infestations. Lice are a winter season problem. The interaction between louse biology and the Canadian climate make it important to consider several factors in developing a management scheme aimed at reducing louse populations. Effective antiparasitic products that provide long lasting protection are a critical element in the management of louse populations on cattle. Biology Lice are wingless insects that spend their entire life cycle on the host animal. There are no stages that are free-living. Two types of lice are found on feedlot cattle. They are distinguished by their shape and feeding habits. Alberta Feedlot Management Guide 2W1:1
2 Sucking lice Sucking lice have narrow, pointed heads with antennae that point forward. The head is narrower than the rest of the body. The legs are stout and have strong claws used for holding on to hair shafts. A firm grip is needed to keep the louse near the skin surface and to keep the mouthparts firmly anchored in the host. When observed on the host sucking lice are relatively immobile. The abdomens are broad and usually pointed at the end. Females are larger than the males and they are usually more abundant. Chewing lice Chewing lice are distinguished by having a rounded head with antennae pointing toward the rear. The head is as wide as the rest of the body. The legs are slim with poorly developed claws. These lice are highly mobile and are often observed moving over the skin surface when hair is parted. There are three species of sucking lice and one species of chewing louse that are found on cattle in Canada. The chewing louse and one species of sucking louse, known as the long-nosed sucking louse, are currently the species most frequently found on feedlot cattle. Examination of randomly selected cattle entering feedlots in southern Alberta showed that 70% were positive for one or both of these species. Similar observations have been made on 6-8 month old calves at fall weaning. The two other species of sucking lice, known as the little blue louse and the short-nosed louse, are found much less frequently and when found they are usually on mature cattle. Sucking lice have fine needle-like mouth parts that are carried hidden within the head. During feeding the mouthparts are inserted into small blood vessels in the upper layers of the skin. Saliva injected by the lice helps to increase the blood flow and prevent clotting. Cattle develop immune responses to these salivary secretions and circulating antibodies can be detected in the blood. Immune responses may affect blood flow in localized areas of the skin and influence distribution of the lice on individual hosts. Changes in blood flow and other responses to louse feeding may result in hair loss. However, a wide variety of other factors can result in hair loss and the correlation between louse presence and hair loss is very low. Alberta Feedlot Management Guide 2W1:2
3 Figure 1. Stages in the Life Cycles of Lice. Lice have three larval, or nymph stages followed by the adult stage (Figure 1). Each life stage looks very similar to the adult, but is smaller and not capable of reproducing. All life cycle stages of the sucking lice require a host. Nymphs and adults take numerous blood meals each day and as a result survival off the host is very short, usually less than 48 hrs. Eggs are attached to the hair shafts and have species specific characteristics. Recent research shows that female lice can lay up to six eggs per day, although more typically they will lay 2-3 eggs per day. The rate of egg production does not appear to be influenced by temperature variation on the skin. Development rates for eggs and nymphs are affected by temperature. Generally, developmental rates increase as the temperature rises. However, there is a lower threshold temperature, below which no development takes place and there is an upper threshold temperature, above which the insects will die. Eggs of the long-nosed sucking louse have a lower developmental threshold near 25 C and an upper threshold near 40 C. The range for other species is probably similar. The upper threshold temperature for eggs is important in understanding the decline of louse populations in the early spring and summer. Temperature of skin exposed to sunlight can quickly surpass the upper threshold and thus as the photoperiod lengthens in spring there will be increasing mortality of eggs. The absence of development at temperatures below 25 C suggests that eggs not on the host will not develop. Thus, eggs left on fences and equipment are unlikely sources of re-infestation by sucking lice. Development rate of nymphs is also affected by temperature. The number of days required to reach maturity (i.e. from hatch to first egg deposition) decreases as temperature increases. An upper threshold has not been determined although it is likely to be between C. Thus, survival of nymphal stages will also be reduced as photoperiod increases in spring and summer. However, nymphs and adults are mobile and can move to body regions where temperatures are more favourable. These regions act as refugia from which lice can then re-infest other regions and other animals when temperatures become more favourable. Alberta Feedlot Management Guide 2W1:3
4 Chewing lice feed on dead skin, hair and other debris on the skin surface. The chewing activity and the deposition of saliva on the skin surface may result in the host developing a limited immune response, which will include the development of circulating antibodies. All life cycle stages occur on the host. Development rates for eggs and nymphs are influenced by temperature with upper and lower thresholds that are similar to those for sucking lice. Thus, conditions affecting sucking lice will have similar impact on the chewing lice. Chewing lice are capable of living off of the host for several days. Temperature and other environmental conditions will affect survival of chewing lice when off the host. Females of the chewing louse, Bovicola bovis, produce eggs at a much lower rate than the sucking lice. Each female will produce only one egg every 2-3 days. However, these lice are parthenogenic and produce viable eggs in the absence of males. The vast majority of the eggs will produce female offspring. Population growth can thus be rapid. Diagnosis and Symptoms Figure 2. Areas to inspect for louse infestation. Symptoms of louse infestation are rather vague but may range from excessive licking and scratching to hair loss and in extreme cases anemia. Cattle that are heavily infested with sucking lice will have discolouration around the face and brisket that is the result of excretion of digested blood by the lice. Hair loss is a poor indicator of louse infestation. A wide variety of other organisms and conditions may lead to hair loss; these include ringworm (a fungal infection), mineral imbalances, and allergic reactions. Definitive diagnosis of louse infestation requires close examination of the skin surface. The examination should be conducted on restrained animals held in a well-illuminated area. Several cm long partings of the hair should be conducted at each of the sites indicated in figure 2 on the left. Alberta Feedlot Management Guide 2W1:4
5 Louse management An effective louse management program has four critical elements: Adequate nutrition; Good husbandry, including provision of shelter and clean bedding; Genetics; Strategic treatment. Application of strategic treatments and provision of adequate shelter and bedding are the two elements that are most applicable to feedlot cattle. Provision of adequate bedding and shelter to keep animals clean and dry are part of husbandry procedures that reduce the stress on animals. The additional drain on energy associated with keeping warm and the impact of stress on immunity can combine to make animals more susceptible to louse infestation. Clean, stress-free animals will actively groom themselves, frequently licking most parts of their bodies. This behaviour is an effective way in which animals reduce louse populations. Application of an effective treatment is crucial to reduction and management of louse populations. However, it is unlikely that louse management is the only objective of most treatment programs. It is important to approach the management of lice as part of a complete parasite management program and to make treatment decisions accordingly. Thus, timing of treatment should coincide with management of cattle grubs and nematode as much as possible. Application of treatments should be timed to fit the biology of lice and be timed to prevent population buildup. Thus, treatments should be applied in fall or early winter prior to the population peaks, which occur in January. Delaying treatment as long as is consistent with other management practices reduces the risk of louse populations rebuilding should new, infested animals enter the herd. Duration of activity of a product is crucial to the assessing the need for retreatment. Hatch of eggs after adults have been killed means that the product must be effective long enough to kill nymphs hatching from the last eggs laid. Since egg development slows at lower temperatures the persistent activity must extend beyond the longest possible development time. Extremely cold winter temperatures, which will slow egg development, will have an impact on the effectiveness of various products. Alberta Feedlot Management Guide 2W1:5
6 Choice of product will vary according to treatment objectives. In most situations long term reduction of louse populations is the objective and this fits well with control programs for other parasites. For these circumstances the broad spectrum, macrocyclic lactone based endectocides make the best choice. For spot treatments of infested animals and for treatments that must be done later in the winter it may be more cost effective to select one of the insecticides with a narrow spectrum of activity. Louse control products Louse control products (Table 1) can be grouped into two major classes (a) the macrocyclic lactone based broad spectrum parasiticides or endectocides and; (b) classical insecticides from several chemical families. The endectocides are active against a wide spectrum of insect/mite and roundworm parasites. Insecticides have a narrow spectrum of activity and are effective against limited groups of insects/ mites/ticks. The insecticides can be grouped according to whether they have systemic activity (i.e. are absorbed into the animals blood through which they are spread throughout the body) or whether their effects are topical. Reference 1. Lysyk, T.J., Philip, H.G. and Colwell, D.D Recommendations for the control of arthropod pests of livestock and poultry in western Canada. LRC Mimeo Report 11, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre. 115 pp. Alberta Feedlot Management Guide 2W1:6
7 Table 1. Louse Control Products. Product Active Administration Species Other Ingredient controlled comments Broad spectrum parasiticides/endectocides Cydectin moxidectin Pour-on Sucking & chewing Injectable Sucking lice Ivomec ivermectin Pour-on Sucking & chewing Injectable Sucking Bolus Ivomec Eprinex eprinomectin Sucking & chewing Dectomax doramectin Pour-on Sucking & chewing Injectable Pyrethroid insecticides Delice permethrin Pour-on Chewing 2 treatments 14 days apart /oiler Cylence cyfluthrin Pour-on Sucking & chewing 2 treatments 14 days apart Vetolice permethrin Pour-on Chewing 2 treatments 14 days apart Ectiban permethrin Spray Chewing 2 treatments 14 days apart Organophosphate/Carbamate/Organochlorine insecticides Co-Ral coumaphos Dust Not specified Repeat treatment Louse Kill phosmet Pour-on Not specified Repeat treatment Lysoff fenthion Pour-on Not specified Repeat treatment Spotton fenthion Spot-on Not specified Repeat treatment Tiguvon fenthion Pour-on Not specified Repeat treatment Malathion malathion Spray/ Not specified Repeat treatment backrubber Neguvon tricholofon Pour-on Not specified Repeat treatment Dusting Powder carbaryl Dust Not specified Repeat treatment Sevin carbaryl Spray Not specified Repeat treatment Stockpest lindane Spray Not specified Repeat treatment Botanicals Apacide pyrethrins Spray Not specified Repeat treatments Dri-Kill rotenone Dust Not specified Co-op louse rotenone Dust Not specified powder Alberta Feedlot Management Guide 2W1:7
Biology of External Parasites of Dairy Goats 1
ENY-273 Biology of External Parasites of Dairy Goats 1 P. G. Koehler and J. F. Butler 2 Arthropod pests limit production in the dairy goat industry in many ways. External parasites feed on body tissue
More informationANIMAL INSECT CONTROL. Insecticide Formulation Method and Rate Restrictions/Remarks. 1 ml/110 lb body weight. Subcutaneous injection 48
Cattle Grub (Also controls lice, some reduction of horn flies) Systemics for grub control should be ap plied be fore Oct. 15 in Arkansas. Treatment later than Oct. 15 may cause toxic reactions in cattle
More informationYour Partner in Pest Management Help protect your dairy operation using the Bayer Defense Point System.
Your Partner in Pest Management Help protect your dairy operation using the Bayer Defense Point System. A COMPREHENSIVE LINE OF INSECT CONTROL, BACKED BY SCIENCE We ve got pest control down to a science.
More informationOHIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Category 9
OHIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Category 9 ANIMAL PEST CONTROL Study Guide THE INFORMATION PRESENTED IN THIS PUBLICATION WAS PREPARED BY MAXCY P. NOLAN, JR. OF THE GEORGIA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
More informationGeneral Practice Service Willows Information Sheets. Ectoparasites (fleas and other skin parasites) in dogs
General Practice Service Willows Information Sheets Ectoparasites (fleas and other skin parasites) in dogs Flea Tick Mite Louse Ectoparasites (fleas and other skin parasites) in dogs What types of skin
More informationTheresa A. Dellinger and Eric Day, Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech
Lice Found on Humans Psocodea: Phthiraptera human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitus Pediculus humanus humanus De Geer human body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L. De Geer Theresa A. Dellinger and
More informationAgricultural Pest Control Animals Learning Objectives. Category 1B, Agricultural Pest Control - Animals
Category 1B: Agricultural Pest Control Animals Agricultural Pest Control Animals Learning Objectives After studying this section, you should be able to: Describe Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as it
More informationYour first choice Pour-On for resistant worms. GENERATIONS OF PARTNERSHIP A SANOFI COMPANY
Your first choice Pour-On for resistant worms. Drench resistance in Australian cattle Throughout 2012 to 2014, Merial conducted 36 trials across Australia in the largest effort to date to survey the national
More informationPesticide Resistant Head Lice
Pesticide Resistant Head Lice The head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, is a tiny insect that causes significant problems. This human ectoparasite (a parasite that lives on the surface of its host) causes
More informationParasites of Dairy Cattle
Parasites of Dairy Cattle Page 1 of 6 More Information About This Topic From Merial: Chorioptes bovis: Tail Mange of Cattle J. J. Melancon Merial Veterinary Bulletin TSB-9-99013-FTB. TSB-9-99014- FTB Parasites
More informationSKIN CONDITIONS IN PIGS
DEPARTMENT: AGRICULTURE SKIN CONDITIONS IN PIGS Jenny Turton 2001 Compiled by Directorate Communication, Department of Agriculture in cooperation with the ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute Printed
More informationOverview of the Cattle Immune System 1
Oregon State University BEEF043 Beef Cattle Library Beef Cattle Sciences Overview of the Cattle Immune System 1 Reinaldo F. Cooke 2 Introduction On average, the U.S. cattle industry loses more than $1
More informationExternal Parasites of Goats
External Parasites of Goats Dr. Justin Talley Oklahoma State University Introduction Arthropod pests limit production in the goat industry in many ways. External parasites feed on body tissue such as blood,
More informationAARHUS UNIVERSITY JUNE 15, 2010 BED BUGS OLE KILPINEN DANISH PEST INFESTATION LABORATORY INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT DENMARK
BED BUGS OLE KILPINEN DANISH PEST INFESTATION LABORATORY INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT AARHUS DENMARK 1 Bed bug problems in Europe Bed bug biology -new results and importance for control Host
More informationBed Bug Basics. Dini M. Miller, Ph.D. Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061
Bed Bug Basics Dini M. Miller, Ph.D. Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061 Order Heteroptera (True bugs) Family Cimicidae Originally cave dwellers (Middle East) that were ectoparasites of bats Humans moved
More informationINSECT CONTROL ON BEEF CATTLE - 2007 Prepared by Lee Townsend, Extension Entomologist
INSECT CONTROL ON BEEF CATTLE - 27 Prepared by Lee Townsend, Extension Entomologist ENT-11 Treatment Guidelines for Pasture Flies- Horn Flies and Face Flies Horn fly control can mean an additional 12 to
More informationControl of ectoparasites and insect pests of cattle
Control of ectoparasites and insect pests of cattle This document is part of the COWS Technical Manual aiming to provide a sound basis for advice to industry. The manual also comprises chapters on controlling
More informationCOLD STRESS IN COWS. Brian Tarr, Ruminant Nutritionist Shur Gain, Nutreco Canada Inc.
COLD STRESS IN COWS Brian Tarr, Ruminant Nutritionist Shur Gain, Nutreco Canada Inc. Cold Stress in Cows Brian Tarr, Ruminant Nutritionist Shur Gain, Nutreco Canada Inc. Getting cows through the winter
More informationHead Lice Fact Sheet
Head Lice Fact Sheet What are head lice? Head lice are tiny insects that live on the human scalp. These insects lay eggs (nits) which stick to the hair close to the scalp. Head lice are not a health risk,
More informationOfficial reprint from UpToDate www.uptodate.com 2012 UpToDate
1 of 8 4/11/2012 11:07 AM Official reprint from UpToDate www.uptodate.com 2012 UpToDate Authors Adam O Goldstein, MD, MPH Beth G Goldstein, MD Section Editors Robert P Dellavalle, MD, PhD, MSPH Moise L
More informationA Guide to Responsible External Parasite Control in Sheep
A Guide to Responsible External Parasite Control in Sheep Contents Introduction to Guidelines Dr Peter Bates, VLA 3 Responsible External Parasite Control Peter Morris, NSA 4 Ectoparasite Control Decision
More informationLivestock Notifiable Disease Factsheets Warble Fly
Livestock Notifiable Disease Factsheets Warble Fly If you suspect signs of any notifiable disease, you must immediately notify a Defra Divisional Veterinary Manager. Introduction The warble fly is an insect,
More informationThe Alfalfa Weevil in Utah
Page 1 of 5 The Alfalfa Weevil in Utah Fact Sheet No. 58 January 1989 Edward W. Evans Extension Entomologist Introduction The alfalfa weevil is a major pest throughout Utah. It is a beetle with one generation
More informationCommon Flies of Cattle Jenny Halstead
Common Flies of Cattle Jenny Halstead Several fly species are considered to be significant pests of both free-ranging and confined cattle. Blood-sucking flies, such as horn flies (Haematobia irritans),
More informationYour Child And Head Lice (There's No Need to Panic)
Your Child And Head Lice (There's No Need to Panic) Head lice are a common problem among school-age children. Head lice have nothing to do with cleanliness or parenting skills. Head lice are spread mostly
More informationIVOMEC EPRINEX (eprinomectin) Pour-On for Beef and Dairy Cattle
IVOMEC EPRINEX Pour-On for Beef and Dairy Cattle Page 1 of 5 IVOMEC EPRINEX (eprinomectin) Pour-On for Beef and Dairy Cattle 2000 North American Compendiums, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission.
More informationComparing Pharmacokinetics of IVOMEC (ivermectin) 1% Injection and DECTOMAX (doramectin) 1% Injectable in Cattle
Comparing Pharmacokinetics of IVOMEC (ivermectin) 1% Injection and DECTOMAX.. Page 1 of 6 More Information About This Topic From Merial: Comparison of the Persistent Activity of Ivermectin and Other Bovine
More informationHead lice FACTS. Life CYCLE
Head Lice FACTS Head lice FACTS Headlice are a common problem all over the world. They are small, flat insects about 2 3 mm long that breed all year round. Headlice: live on the human scalp which provides
More informationDairy Cattle. Bos taurus (Bovidae) Fast Facts:
Dairy Cattle Bos taurus (Bovidae) Fast Facts: Number of growers: 496 Amount of Cattle produced in Washington State: 238,000 head in 2008 Economic impact in Washington State: $784 million Annual value of
More informationAnimal Health Management on Organic Farms
Animal Health Management on Organic Farms September 2011 Pat Barry Teagasc Organic Specialist Advisor Moorepark Advisory Office Fermoy Co Cork. patrick.barry@teagasc.ie Animal Health Management on Organic
More informationControlling Horn Flies on Cattle
Agriculture and Natural Resources FSA7031 Controlling Horn Flies on Cattle Kelly M. Loftin Associate Professor and Extension Entomologist Ricky F. Corder Program Associate - Entomology Arkansas Is Our
More informationJEFFERSON COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS (JCPS) PEST CONTROL PLAN
JEFFERSON COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS (JCPS) PEST CONTROL PLAN Each facility shall implement a pesticide registry program, as required by Kentucky Department of Agriculture 302 KAR 29 29.050 Section 12, JCPS
More informationIncreasing Profitability Through an Accelerated Heifer Replacement Program
Increasing Profitability Through an Accelerated Heifer Replacement Program Robert B. Corbett, D.V.M Dairy Health Consultation Accelerating heifer growth has been a very controversial subject in recent
More informationPREVENTING GETTING RID OF BED BUGS SAFELY AND. Preventing and Getting Rid of Bed Bugs
Preventing and Getting Rid of Bed Bugs PREVENTING AND GETTING RID OF BED BUGS SAFELY Edward A. Diana, County Executive Michael R. Pillmeier, Chairman of the Legislature Page 12 Page 15 Using This Guide
More informationPREVALENCE OF INSECT PESTS, PREDATORS, PARASITOIDS AND ITS SURVIVAL IN GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CORN IN PAKISTAN
PREVALENCE OF INSECT PESTS, PREDATORS, PARASITOIDS AND ITS SURVIVAL IN GENETICALLY ENGINEERED CORN IN PAKISTAN BY DR. HABIB IQBAL JAVED National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad, Pakistan INTRODUCTION
More informationLice Protocol Federal Bureau of Prisons Clinical Practice Guidelines October 2014
Federal Bureau of Prisons Clinical Practice Guidelines October 2014 Clinical guidelines are made available to the public for informational purposes only. The Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBOP) does not warrant
More informationsuscon Green One application. 3 years control against grass grub. Grass grub damaged pasture
suscon Green One application. 3 years control against grass grub. Grass grub damaged pasture suscon Green is a dust free, controlled release granule that controls Grass Grub in newly established pasture
More informationInsects That Kill Trees. Diane G. Alston Extension Entomologist Utah State University 2004 Professional Tree Care Workshops
Insects That Kill Trees Diane G. Alston Extension Entomologist Utah State University 2004 Professional Tree Care Workshops Topics Introduction websites, IPM strategies Ips bark beetles Tree borers flatheaded,
More information19/02/2014. Bed Bug Control in the United Kingdom. Contamination. Key UK Requirements -Why do we Need to Control Pests? Eradicate/control species that
Bed Bug Control in the United Kingdom Richard Moseley Key UK Requirements -Why do we Need to Control Pests? Eradicate/control species that have a detrimental effect on the health of humans are the cause
More informationAllergic Skin Disease
Allergic Skin Disease By Lee Pickett, V.M.D. Dogs and cats manifest allergies in a number of ways (itchy skin, hair loss, puffy eyes or diarrhea), but they most commonly exhibit allergies through the skin.
More informationPediculosis (Head Lice) - Management
Pediculosis (Head Lice) - Management Background Head lice are small insects that can live in human hair. The six-legged, wingless adult head louse is about the size of a grain of salt and ranges in color
More informationINSECT CONTROL FOR HORSES, HORSE BARNS AND STABLES - 2013 Prepared by Lee Townsend, Extension Entomologist
INSECT CONTROL FOR HORSES, HORSE BARNS AND STABLES - 2013 Prepared by Lee Townsend, Extension Entomologist Entfact-413 This publication contains only a portion of the important information included on
More informationOrganic Control Methods of Almond Insect Pest
Big Tree Organic Field Day Turlock, CA, April 2nd, 2009 Organic Control Methods of Almond Insect Pest David Doll Farm Advisor UCCE Merced County Overview Organic Control Methods of Control of common pests
More informationLesson 3: Fish Life Cycle
Lesson 3: Fish Life Cycle Activity: Diagram fish life cycle. Grade level: 4-8 Subjects: Science, social studies Setting: Classroom Duration: 50 minutes Key Terms: Fry, life cycle, life history, spawn,
More informationThermal Remediation by Tri-County Termite and Pest Control, Inc. A
Termite and Pest Control This proposal was specifically prepared for: Thermal Remediation is the cutting edge in Bed Bug treatment technology. When properly implemented, this treatment kills all stages
More informationOptimizing Herd Health in Niche Production. Ines Rodriguez, V.M.D., M.S. New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine
Optimizing Herd Health in Niche Production Ines Rodriguez, V.M.D., M.S. New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine My goals Encourage a relationship with a veterinarian
More informationParents, Schools and Child Care Centres
Information for Parents, Schools and Child Care Centres Head Lice Action Pack www.healthynt.nt.gov.au 3 Head Lice Action Pack CONTENTS Section 1: Facts about head lice and nits. 1 Section 2: Facts about
More informationSingle-celled microorganisms, which can live inside or outside the body. Some cause sickness, but others are harmless.
The Science behind the Noses are Red show: Introduction: The Noses are Red show is about allergies and the biological causes behind them. In order to explain allergies you need to understand a certain
More informationCITY OF STAMFORD DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & SOCIAL SERVICES ENVIRONMENTAL INSPECTIONS DIVISION
CITY OF STAMFORD DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & SOCIAL SERVICES ENVIRONMENTAL INSPECTIONS DIVISION Bed bug Description- Recognizing a Bed bug from its appearance Bed bugs are small parasites from the insect family
More informationWEST NILE VIRUS DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
WEST NILE VIRUS DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention West Nile Virus West Nile virus was first recognized in the United States in 1999 as the cause of severe
More information2013 Organic Pest Management Guide for New York Dairy Farms
2013 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Guide for Organic Dairies NYS IPM Publication No. 323 revised July 2013 New York State Department of Agriculture & Markets Integrated Pest Management Integrated Pest
More information!!! By Monica Petrella RN JKES
HEAD LICE!!!!!! DON T PANIC By Monica Petrella RN JKES Here is some helpful information on head lice. (It looks like a lot of complicated information but most is just common sense.) First Don t Panic!
More informationBiology of Insects & Rodents Bed Bug Management & New Tools 1
Bed Bug Management Tools Dini M. Miller Ph. D Associate Professor and Urban Pest Management Specialist Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061 Bed Bugs as Pests Most animal species suffer or become extinct
More informationWe have put together the following guidance on the different kinds of pests that we treat.
Pest Control Guidance Document: We have put together the following guidance on the different kinds of pests that we treat. If you need advice or help with pests, please contact us on 01942 404364. Contents
More informationThe Fly. Quality Pest Management. Live Cleaner. Live Healthier. Cluster Fly. The weather is warming up and as if from no where the flies appear.
The Fly The weather is warming up and as if from no where the flies appear. House Fly Flies will pitch and feed on just about anything including faeces to your lunch! They spread disease and are a generally
More informationTech Prep Articulation
Tech Prep Articulation Agriculture & Natural Resources Tech Prep Education: Tech Prep education in Missouri is an articulated two-year secondary and two or more year post-secondary education program which:
More informationChemical versus Biological Control of Sugarcane. By Abid Hussain Matiari Sugar Mills Ltd.
Chemical versus Biological Control of Sugarcane By Abid Hussain Matiari Sugar Mills Ltd. Sugarcane It is an important cash crop, Pakistan is the fifth largest cane producing country. However, its yield
More informationAs seen on TV. Your guide to protecting your pet against fleas and ticks.
As seen on TV Your guide to protecting your pet against fleas and ticks. The trouble with fleas. Fleas are much more than just a minor irritation to your pet. They can cause: intense itching and scratching
More informationIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) Policy
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Policy What is Integrated Pest Management (IPM)? Integrated pest management (IPM) is an approach to pest control that utilizes regular monitoring and record keeping to
More informationLivestock Table of Contents
Livestock Table of Contents Livestock Area Fly Control... 2-1 Fly Control in Milk Rooms...2-1 General Fly Control Methods for Livestock...2-1 Poultry Area Fly Control... 2-5 Fly Biology...2-5 An IPM Program
More informationwww.irishseedsavers.ie Natural surface water on earth includes lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries, seas and oceans.
www.irishseedsavers.ie POND LIFE FACT SHEET Natural surface water on earth includes lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries, seas and oceans. A pond is a small body of fresh water shallow enough for sunlight
More informationA DISCOVERY REGARDING THE DEATH OF ASH TREES IN THE PLYMOUTH AREA
A DISCOVERY REGARDING THE DEATH OF ASH TREES IN THE PLYMOUTH AREA As you are probably aware, we have seen a significant amount of dying ash trees in the Plymouth, Canton, Northville area. This prompted
More informationWhiteflies in Southwest Florida
Whiteflies in Southwest Florida 02/22/2013 Agenda What is a whitefly? What damage do whiteflies cause? How can whiteflies be treated? What is the future for whitefly problems? What is a whitefly? Small,
More informationCarpet Beetles In Homes Phil Pellitteri/UW Insect Diagnostic Lab
Carpet Beetles In Homes Phil Pellitteri/UW Insect Diagnostic Lab One can expect to find a few carpet beetles in any home. Larvae can feed on animal hair, dead insect, wool, horn, silk, plant seeds, feathers,
More informationSummer Stress Arrives Early on Cool Season Lawns
Summer Stress Arrives Early on Cool Season Lawns Figure 1. A fall installed tall fescue sod showing the first signs of summer stress following the arrival of record setting heat in central Virginia in
More informationGUIDELINES FOR THE REGISTRATION OF BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL AGENTS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
GUIDELINES FOR THE REGISTRATION OF BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL AGENTS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS -ii- GUIDELINES ON THE REGISTRATION OF BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL AGENTS FOOD AND
More informationBed Bug Control: Maximizing the Advantages of Your Treatment Strategies
Bed Bug Control: Maximizing the Advantages of Your Treatment Strategies Dini M. Miller, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Entomology Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061 Current Challenges Pyrethroid
More informationWorksheets. (Caterpillars of Singapore s Butterflies) Worksheet Title Recommended level. Adaptations of the caterpillar defence mechanism
Worksheets (Caterpillars of Singapore s Butterflies) Worksheet Title Recommended level 1 Life cycle of a butterfly P3 2 Am I an insect? P3 3 4 Adaptations of the caterpillar defence mechanism The butterfly
More informationASSESSMENT ON THE EFFICACY OF SKUDO IN ELIMINATING ECTOPARASITES AND ON ITS EFFECTS ON DOGS HEALTH. Investigator: Prof. Dr. Gisele Zoccal Mingoti Veterinary Medicine State University Paolista (Unesp) Araçatuba
More informationyour new puppy! Congratulations on Puppy nutrition 7
Puppy care Congratulations on your new puppy! This guide has been designed to help you familiarise yourself with the routine healthcare requirements of the new addition to your family, answering some of
More informationKaren J. English Graphic and Web Designer. Please click the thumbnails on the following pages to view larger versions of the images.
Karen J. English Graphic and Web Designer Please click the thumbnails on the following pages to view larger versions of the images. graphic design: small pieces graphic design: large pieces web design
More informationOrganic SOP-Grazing describes the procedures that ensure the organic requirements are met with regard to cattle grazing.
Organic SOP-Grazing Organic SOP-Grazing describes the procedures that ensure the organic requirements are met with regard to cattle grazing. The description includes: Specific requirements for grazing
More informationMark Scheme (Results) November 2011. GCSE Biology 5BI1H/01
Mark Scheme (Results) November 2011 GCSE Biology 5BI1H/01 Edexcel is one of the leading examining and awarding bodies in the UK and throughout the world. We provide a wide range of qualifications including
More informationHop Pest Control. H. E. Morrison. jpf^vrsiolnrru; - «ibntoj."' «- '',orto JUN 6 I-JJ3
Hop Pest Control H. E. Morrison its of jpf^vrsiolnrru; - «th ' s ibntoj."' «- '',orto JUN 6 I-JJ3 Agricultural Experiment Station Oregon State College Corvallis Circular of Information 589 May 1958 Hop
More informationResting Site Preferences of Cimex hemipterus (Heteroptera; Cimicidae) in Human Dwelling in Benin City, Nigeria
International Journal of Biomedical and Health Sciences 74-4748/8 $. +. Vol. 4, No., March, 8 8 African Studies on Population and Health Printed in Nigeria http://www.asopah.org IJBHS 8/44 Resting Site
More informationWorksheets. (Caterpillars of Singapore s Butterflies) Worksheet Title Recommended level. Adaptations of the caterpillar defence mechanism
Worksheets (Caterpillars of Singapore s Butterflies) Worksheet Title Recommended level 1 Life cycle of a butterfly P3 2 Am I an insect? P3 3 4 Adaptations of the caterpillar defence mechanism The butterfly
More informationBed Bugs. 2. How are they transferred? As above. 3. Will I get a disease? Bed bugs do not transmit human diseases.
Bed Bugs 1. How did I get them? The most common sources of infestation are believed to be: Introducing an infested item such as furniture, into the home. Staying in an infested premises, and then inadvertently
More informationHow to Raise and Show Pigs
How to Raise and Show Pigs Producing a champion show pig requires a lot of hard work, careful selection, a good home and feeding program, and effective fitting and showing. All six steps must be followed
More informationInternal Parasites Donna K. Carver, DVM, PhD, ACPV
Internal Parasites Donna K. Carver, DVM, PhD, ACPV Parasites are organisms that live in or on another organism (host) and gain an advantage at the expense of the host. Internal parasites live inside their
More informationControl of Insect Pests in Eucalypt Plantations
Control of Insect Pests in Eucalypt Plantations Number 30 Revised February 2007 By Charlma Phillips, Principal Forest Health Scientist Eucalypts are native to Australia and have evolved in association
More informationClass Insecta - The insects
A Introduction 1. Very species rich 2. Characteristics a. 3 pairs of legs b. 2 pairs of wings (most) except flies (1 pair of wings - Diptera) B. Distribution 1. All habitats except saltwater - replaced
More informationThe Costs of Raising Replacement Heifers and the Value of a Purchased Versus Raised Replacement
Managing for Today s Cattle Market and Beyond March 2002 The Costs of Raising Replacement Heifers and the Value of a Purchased Versus Raised Replacement By Dillon M. Feuz, University of Nebraska Numerous
More informationIntegrated Pest Management
Chapter 2 Integrated Pest Management In This Chapter Keywords After learning the information in this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Define Integrated Pest Management (IPM). 2. List and describe the 5
More informationChristmas Trees Pseudotsuga menziesil (Douglas-fir), Abies grandis (Grand fir), Abies procera
Christmas Trees Pseudotsuga menziesil (Douglas-fir), Abies grandis (Grand fir), Abies procera (Noble fir) (Pinaceae) Fast Facts: Acres in Washington: 25,000 acres Number of growers: 300 Value of Production
More informationOn Farm Fly Control. Flies and other pests are the key vectors of disease on your farm and your neighbour s farm
On Farm Fly Control professional product AND service solutions Flies and other pests are the key vectors of disease on your farm and your neighbour s farm Complete Fly Control FROM LODI UK Lodi UK are
More informationSection 5.1 Food chains and food webs
Section 5.1 Food chains and food webs The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem comes from sunlight This energy is converted to an organic form using photosynthesis which is then passed between organisms
More informationLOUSE INFESTATION IN PRODUCTION ANIMALS
LOUSE INFESTATION IN PRODUCTION ANIMALS Dr. J.H. Vorster, BVSc, MMedVet(Path) Vetdiagnostix Veterinary Pathology Services, PO Box 13624 Cascades, 3202 Tel no: 033 342 5104 Cell no: 082 820 5030 E-mail:
More informationIntegrated Pest Management
Integrated Pest Management Ecology and Human Impact R. Bruce Chapman Insect Science Ltd Pest organisms When do organisms become pests? When an organism s population exceeds a threshold level, and control
More informationGuidelines for the Prevention and Control of Bed Bugs in. Hunterdon County
Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Bed Bugs in Hunterdon County Hunterdon County Department of Health 908-788-1351 Tadhgh Rainey Dan Wyckoff Ivonne S. Kyle October, 2008 Table of Contents Bed
More informationDIGESTION is the physical and
Digestion DIGESTION is the physical and chemical breakdown of feeds as they pass through the gastrointestinal tract. The structures of the gastrointestinal tract include the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach,
More information9/9/2013 BED BUG BASICS EH 105A BED BUGS
BED BUG BASICS EH 105A Presented by: Gil M. Bloom Sept. 2013 Presented by: GIL M. BLOOM Certified Entomologist, Consultant Mayoral appointee: NYC Bed Bug Advisory Board President: STANDARD PEST MANAGEMENT
More informationMultiple Myeloma. This reference summary will help you understand multiple myeloma and its treatment options.
Multiple Myeloma Introduction Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that affects white blood cells. Each year, thousands of people find out that they have multiple myeloma. This reference summary will help
More informationBENEFITS OF USING IPM
Edward J. Bechinski and William H. Bohl Potato growers who use IPM consider all available pest control tools. Alternatives to conventional pesticides are the foundation of every IPM plan. Pesticides play
More informationBird and bat droppings
Bird and bat droppings Introduction While the hazards of bird and bat droppings are generally exaggerated, there is some risk of disease wherever there are large populations of roosting birds or bats.
More informationMICHIGAN HEAD LICE MANUAL A comprehensive guide to identify, treat, manage, and prevent head lice
MICHIGAN HEAD LICE MANUAL A comprehensive guide to identify, treat, manage, and prevent head lice The purpose of this manual is to provide schools, local health departments, healthcare facilities, and
More informationSYNERGIZED POUR-ON CAUTION NET CONTENTS: 1 GALLON CONTROLS: Lice. Flies ON CATTLE KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN * TREATS 252 CATTLE
* TREATS 252 CATTLE CONTROLS: Lice Flies ON CATTLE Fly-ban SYNERGIZED POUR-ON For use on beef cattle, lactating and non-lactating dairy cattle, calves, horses, foals, sheep and lambs Premise spray in and
More informationUsing This Guide. Recognizing a Bed Bug
Using This Guide Bed bug infestations are increasingly common in the US. There are steps that can be taken to prevent bed bugs from infesting your home. When bed bugs are present, they can be safely controlled.
More informationWildfire Damage Assessment for the 2011 Southeast Complex Fires
Wildfire Damage Assessment for the 2011 Southeast Complex Fires Chip Bates & Mark McClure, Forest Health Management Background: On March 24, 2011, multiple wildfires began across southeast Georgia. Strong,
More informationSince the early 2000s, bed bugs have become
ENTO-033 6/13 How to Select a Bed Bug Control Provider Mike Merchant and Wizzie Brown* Since the early 2000s, bed bugs have become increasingly common in homes, apartments, hotels, and other places of
More informationFROM: Joann Schaefer, M.D. Thomas J. Safranek, M.D. 402-471-8566 PHONE 402-471-3601 FAX
TO: Nebraska Primary Care Providers, Local Health Departments, and ERs FROM: Joann Schaefer, M.D. Thomas J. Safranek, M.D. Chief Medical Officer State Epidemiologist State of Nebraska 402-471-2937 PHONE
More information