Firewall Configuration Errors Revisited
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1 Firewall Configuration Errors Revisited Avishai Wool CTO & Co-Founder, AlgoSec and Prof., Tel Aviv University AlgoSec Inc. 1 Agenda Introduction Data sources and procedures Configuration errors Highlights of 2004 study Results and discussion AlgoSec Inc. 2
2 Firewalls seem to be badly configured: 45% of companies worldwide suffered attacks from viruses and worms in the last 12 months (this is a made up statistic, true in every year ) A properly configured firewall could easily block attacks such as: Sasser worm: attacked port 445 (Netbios) Saphire SQL worm: attacked port 1431 Blaster worm: attacked ports 135/137 (Netbios) Firewall configs are deemed sensitive why? Admins know they have holes Security by obscurity? AlgoSec Inc. 3 Can we quantify the problem? 1. Need firewall configuration data Not available publicly 2. Need to understand the configurations Complex vendor-dependent configuration languages 3. What is an error? Subjective, organization-dependent AlgoSec Inc. 4
3 #1 : We have the data AlgoSec performed firewall analysis for hundreds of customers since 2000 Data is under non-disclosure agreements but we can publish statistics AlgoSec Inc. 5 #2 : We have the technology Firewall Analyzer software can parse configuration languages (Check Point, Cisco PIX, Cisco Router Access-lists) AlgoSec Inc. 6
4 #3 : What is an error? Idea: only count obvious errors Rely on best practices : SANS Top 20 CERT PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry) NIST AlgoSec Inc. 7 Plan of action First study (2004): Check Point Firewall-1 configurations Select 12 severe errors Analyze available configurations Count number of errors Statistical analysis to identify causes and trends Current study: Both Check Point and Cisco PIX Larger - 2x number of configurations More in-depth: 36 severe errors, Check whether 2004 findings are still valid AlgoSec Inc. 8
5 Timeline of data collection Configuration files were collected between Check Point Firewall-1 versions: 3.0, 4.0 end-of-life 4.1 was still supported NG released in 2001, minor versions FP3, R54, R55 Cisco PIX PIX versions 4.x, 5.x, 6.x, 7.0 AlgoSec Inc. 9 Highlights of the 2004 study AlgoSec Inc. 10
6 54% AlgoSec Inc. 11 Firewall-1 version helps On average, 2 risks less AlgoSec Inc. 12
7 Why did the version matter? Some risks are the result of Check Point implicit rules Changed default values in v4.1 New policy wizard to create a reasonable initial configuration AlgoSec Inc. 13 How to measure complexity Complexity = #Rules + #Network Objects + (#interfaces choose 2) 2 interfaces 1 data path 3 interfaces 3 data paths 4 interfaces 6 data paths, etc AlgoSec Inc. 14
8 Small is Beautiful AlgoSec Inc. 15 Current Results AlgoSec Inc. 16
9 Why should anything change? Regulation and Compliance: Sarbanes-Oxley Payment Card Industry (PCI DSS) NIST Different vendors different issues? New software versions continue the trend? AlgoSec Inc. 17 Differences from 2004 report Both Check Point and PIX 2x configurations tested Newer software versions Vendor-neutral risk items 8 of 12 properties in 2004 study were specific to Check Point Pick a new set of 36 risk items Inbound / Outbound / Internal traffic AlgoSec Inc. 18
10 Firewalls still badly configured 42% AlgoSec Inc. 19 Version does not matter (Check Point) Number of Risks NG/NG FP3 NG R55 AlgoSec Inc. 20
11 Version does not matter (PIX) Number of Risks AlgoSec Inc. 21 Why? Vendor-neutral risks are controlled by basic filtering functionality Basic filtering controlled by explicit user-defined rules, rather than check boxes with vendor know-how (??) Neither vendor has changed the basic filtering capabilities in years (and it s unlikely that they will) AlgoSec Inc. 22
12 How to measure complexity of a PIX? Check Point: Single rule-base Separate object database Cisco PIX: Separate rule-base per interface No object database (almost) Old RC metric not very suitable for PIX! AlgoSec Inc. 23 Issues with old RC metric (even on Check Point) Not enough weight to #interfaces: #rules: 100s 1000s #objects 1000s #interfaces 2-20 dwarfed (even quadratically) Example: A firewall with 12 interfaces should be much more complex than with 3 RC contribution by interfaces is only 66 AlgoSec Inc. 24
13 A New Firewall Complexity Measure Idea: pretend to compile Check Point configuration into a PIX configuration Duplicate the rule-base, once per interface Add the object database once Count the resulting number of lines Compare with PIX config number of lines (minus some PIX boilerplate) Check Point: FC = (#rules * #interfaces) + #objects PIX: FC = #lines - 50 AlgoSec Inc. 25 Complexity distributions Firewall Complexity (FC) The range of complexity is comparable 16 Check Point Firewall-1 Cisco PIX AlgoSec Inc. 26
14 Small is Still Beautiful AlgoSec Inc. 27 Check Point vs PIX AlgoSec Inc. 28
15 Questions? study: IEEE Computer, 37(6):62-67, 2004 AlgoSec Inc. 29
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