AOSPINE PRESENTATIONS ON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHODS

Transcription

1 See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: AOSPINE PRESENTATIONS ON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHODS CONFERENCE PAPER AUGUST 2015 DOI: /RG DOWNLOADS 16 VIEWS 16 1 AUTHOR: Muayyad Ahmad University of Jordan 105 PUBLICATIONS 754 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Muayyad Ahmad Retrieved on: 13 September 2015

2 Muayyad Ahmad, PhD,RN AOSPINE PRESENTATIONS ON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHODS The AOSPINE Principles Seminar-Research, at the University of Jordan, July 31 August 1, 2015 Amman, Jordan 1

3 Author Biographies Muayyad M. Ahmad, PhD, RN, is a professor in the Clinical Nursing Department at the University of Jordan with research interest in quality of nursing care, psychometric properties of instruments, and psychosocial care of cancer patients. Around 50 publications in International Journals. PhD from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 2000, MSc and BSc from the University of Jordan, 1992 & mma4@ju.edu.jo & mma4jo@yahoo.com. 2

4 PRESENTATIONS ON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHODS Purposes of a Literature Review Identification of a research problem Orientation to what is known and not known Determination of gaps or inconsistencies in a body of research Assistance with interpretation of findings Other purposes Acquiring knowledge on a topic Evaluating current practices Developing evidence-based clinical protocols and interventions Electronic Databases for Researchers Each discipline has special database, some database are mix. Some of them are free but not comprehensive For health fields, the following are the most common 3

5 MEDLINE EBSCO Science Direct Types of Searches in Electronic Databases Subject search Search for topics or key word in the database Textword search Search for specific words in text fields of the database record Author search Search for a specific researcher Basic Search Tips and Advanced Boolean Explained Retrieving and Screening References Principal reliance on primary sources (research reports written by researchers who conducted the study) Less reliance on secondary sources (summaries of studies by others) 4

6 Peripheral use of anecdotal reports, opinion articles, case reports Handling References & Citation Endnote program Zotero Mendeley Microsoft Word Reference Manager Scientometrics (journals) Scientrometrics aims to: Developing science indicators; Measuring the impact of science on society; and Comparing the output as well as the impact of science at national and international levels 5

7 Impact Factor is a measure of importance of scientific journals which is widely used to rank and evaluate journals. It is the number of current citations to articles published in a specific journals in a two years period divided by the total number of articles published in the same journal in the corresponding two years period. International Scientific Indexing (ISI) Journals [see the PDF file] Scientometrics (Personal) GoogleScholar Researchgate H-Index (Publish or Perish) 6

8 What are a systematic review and a meta-analysis? Systematic reviews are reviews of the entire literature (at least as much as possible) based on a systematic literature search strategy. A systematic review includes a protocol based systematic search of the literature - such that given your search strategy, another researcher would find the same articles. Systematic reviews differ from traditional narrative reviews in several ways. Narrative reviews tend to be mainly descriptive, do not involve a systematic search of the literature, and thereby often focus on a subset of studies in an area chosen based on availability or author selection. {selection bias} Systematic reviews, as the name implies, typically involve a detailed and comprehensive plan and search strategy, with the goal of reducing bias by identifying, appraising, and synthesizing all relevant studies on a particular topic. A meta-analysis is a statistic method for comparing and combining quantitative results from several similar studies. In the past, systematic reviews were regarded as 'meta-analyses'. This is 7

9 technically wrong. Often, systematic reviews include a meta-analysis component which involves using statistical techniques to synthesize the data from several studies into a single quantitative estimate or summary effect size Although systematic reviews are published in academic forums, there are also organizations and databases specifically developed to promote and disseminate them. For example, the Cochrane Collaboration ( Stages of a Systematic Review and Meta Analysis 1. Formulate the review question Defining the review question, forming hypotheses, and developing a review title. 2. Define inclusion and exclusion criteria The Cochrane acronym PICO (or PICOC) which stands for population, intervention, comparison, outcomes (and context) can be useful to ensure that one decides on all key components prior to starting the review. It is also critical to operationally define what types of studies to include and exclude 8

10 (e.g., randomized controlled trials-rcts only, RCTs and quasi-experimental designs, qualitative research), the minimum number of participants in each group, published versus unpublished studies, and language restrictions. 3. Develop search strategy and locate studies What databases, years 4. Select studies Once a comprehensive list of abstracts has been retrieved and reviewed, any studies appearing to meet inclusion criteria would then be obtained and reviewed in full. This process of review is generally done by at least two reviewers to establish interrater reliability. It is recommended that authors keep a log of all reviewed studies with reasons for inclusion or exclusion. 5. Extract data A simple data extraction form or table to organize the extracted information from each study (e.g., authors, publication year, number of participants, age range, study design, outcomes, included/excluded). Data extraction by at least two reviewers is important again for establishing inter-rater 9

11 reliability and avoiding data entry errors. 6. Assess study quality There are recommended guidelines and standards available such as the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT Statement {Form attached} 7. Analyze and interpret results 8. Disseminate findings Although reviews conducted through the Cochrane Collaboration get published in the online Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, they are often quite lengthy and detailed. Thus, it is also possible and encouraged to publish abbreviated versions of the review in other relevant academic journals, as long as they are clearly indicated as such (e.g., Uman et al., 2008). 10

12 Presentation of the whole research project Phases in a Quantitative Study Phase 1: Conceptual Phase Phase 2: Design and Planning Phase Phase 3: Empirical Phase Phase 4: Analytic Phase Phase 5: Dissemination Phase Major Steps in a Quantitative Study Phase 1: Conceptual Phase Formulating/delimiting the problem Reviewing related literature Undertaking clinical fieldwork Formulating hypotheses 11

13 Phase 2: Design and Planning Phase Selecting a research design Developing intervention protocols Identifying the population Designing the sampling plan Phase 2: Design and Planning Phase (cont d) 10. Specifying methods to measure variables and collect data Developing methods to protect human/animals rights Finalizing the research plan 12

14 Phase 3: Empirical Phase Collecting the data Preparing data for analysis Phase 4: Analytic Phase Analyzing the data Interpreting results Major Steps in a Quantitative Study (cont d) Phase 5: Dissemination Phase Communicating the findings 13

15 Utilizing findings in practice 14

16 Bibliography Yassen E, Bani Hani M, Ateyeh H, Ahmad M. (2015). Health: A Developing Concept in Nursing. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge. Dardas L., & Ahmad M. (2014). Quality of Life among Parents of Children with Autistic Disorder: A Sample from the Arab World. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35 (2), Dardas L., & Ahmad M. (2014). Psychosocial Correlates of Parenting a Child with Autistic Disorder. The Journal of Nursing Research, 22(3), DOI: /jnr Ahmad M, & Tawalbeh L. (2015). Patients with Coronary Artery Disease in the North of Jordan: Toward Healthy Lifestyle Intervention. International Journal of Public Health Research; 3(5): Ahmad M., Al-Rimawi R., Masadeh A., Atoum M. (2015). Workplace Violence by Patients and Their Families Against Nurses: Literature Review. International Journal of Nursing and Health Science; 2 (4): Ahmad, M., & Dardas, L. (2015). Aspiration for a Culturally Sensitive Nursing Model. in J. J. Fitzpatrick & A. L. Whall (Eds.). Conceptual models of nursing: Global perspectives. Upper Saddle, NJ: Pearson. ISBN-10: ISBN-13: Ahmad M. (2014). Perspectives on cancer in Jordan: National assessment. Deutschland / Germany: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. LSN: ISBN Shahnaz J, Ahmad M. (2016). Educational Video Intervention effects on Periprocedural Anxiety Levels among Cardiac Catheterization Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice Ahmad., M. (2015) Knowledge and beliefs about Cancer Prevention and Care in Jordan. International Journal of Medicine, 1(1), 1-5. Ahmad, M. (2015). Awareness about Cancer in the 12 governorates of Jordan: A Correlational-Comparative Study. Psycho-Oncologie, 9 (1), DOI: /s x Dardas L., Ahmad M. (2015). Coping Strategies as Mediators and Moderators between Stress and Quality of Life among parents of Children with Autistic disorder. Stress & Health.31 (1), DOI: /smi.2513 Ahmad, M., Dardas, L. (2015 accepted). The Hidden Patients: Fathers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability. Dardas, L., Ahmad, M. (2015). For Fathers Raising Children with Autism, Do Coping Strategies Mediate or Moderate the Relationship between Parenting Stress and Quality of Life? Research in Developmental Disabilities. 36, Ahmad, M. (2014). Jordanians knowledge and beliefs about cancer, Global Journal on Advances in Pure & Applied Sciences [Online]. 04, pp Available from: 15

17 Ahmad, M. (2014). Exploring the less Privileged Population s Knowledge and Awareness about Cancer in Jordan. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), 18 (1), Ahmad M., Dardas Latefa, Dardas Lubna, Ahmad, H. (2014). Colorectal cancer in Jordan: Prevention and care. Global Health Promotion. DOI: / Ahmad M., Dardas L., Ahmad, H. (2015). Cancer prevention and care: A national sample from Jordan. Journal of Cancer Education, 30 (2), Page DOI: /s Dardas L., & Ahmad M. (2014). Validation of the World Health Organization s Quality of Life Questionnaire with Parents of Children with Autistic Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44 (9), DOI /s Ahmad, M. Daken, L., Ahmad, H. (2014). Quality of Life for Patients in Medical-Surgical Wards. Clinical Nursing Research, 23 (1). DOI: / Dardas L., & Ahmad M. (2014). Predictors of Quality of Life for Fathers and Mothers of Children with Autistic Disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35; Dardas L., Ahmad M. (2014). Psychometric Properties of the Parenting Stress Index with Parents of Children with Autistic Disorder. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 58 (6), doi: /jir Al-Ghabeesh S., Ahmad M. (2012). Unidimentional and multidimensional breathlessness specific instruments for adult population: Literature review. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 2 (8), Ahmad M. Muayyad (2010). Validation of the Cognitive Appraisal Health Scale with Jordanian patients. Nursing & Health Sciences, 12 (1), Ahmad, M. Muayyad. (2005). Psychometric Evaluation of Cognitive Appraisal of Health Scale with Patients with Prostate Cancer. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49, Ahmad, M.M. (2000). A correlational study of cognitive appraisal, coping strategies, and health status in prostate cancer patients. (Doctoral dissertation). Case Western Reserve University. (proquest ) 16

18 17

19 18

20 19