Fundamental Physics at Extreme High Energies
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1 Fundamental Physics at Extreme High Energies Michael Kachelrieß NTNU, Trondheim []
2 Outline: Introduction Testing (new?) strong interactions Lorentz invariance violation Topological defects & superheavy dark matter Summary Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 2 / 28
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4 Determining nuclear composition: X max and RMS(X max ) Bethe-Heitler model: N max E 0 and X max ln(e 0 ) Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 4 / 28
5 Determining nuclear composition: X max and RMS(X max ) Bethe-Heitler model: N max E 0 and X max ln(e 0 ) superposition model: nuclei = A shower with E = E 0 /A X max ln(a) and RMS(X max ) reduced Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 4 / 28
6 Determining nuclear composition: X max and RMS(X max ) Bethe-Heitler model: N max E 0 and X max ln(e 0 ) superposition model: nuclei = A shower with E = E 0 /A X max ln(a) and RMS(X max ) reduced Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 4 / 28
7 Determining nuclear composition: X max and RMS(X max ) Bethe-Heitler model: N max E 0 and X max ln(e 0 ) superposition model: nuclei = A shower with E = E 0 /A X max ln(a) and RMS(X max ) reduced Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 4 / 28
8 Determining nuclear composition: X max and RMS(X max ) Bethe-Heitler model: N max E 0 and X max ln(e 0 ) superposition model: nuclei = A shower with E = E 0 /A X max ln(a) and RMS(X max ) reduced RMS(X max ) has smaller theoretical error than X max Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 4 / 28
9 X max [g/cm 2 ] Restricting QCD: BFKL, Color Glass Condensates, Sibyll (p,fe) BBL r.c. (p) BBL f.c. (p) Hires Stereo Seneca energy [GeV] [Drescher, Dumitru, Strikman 04 ] Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 5 / 28
![2 550 10 8 10 9 10 10 10 11 energy [GeV] [Drescher, Dumitru, Strikman 04 ]](/docs-images/50/15175924/images/page_9.jpg "Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours")
10 Nuclear composition via X max : ] 2 <X max > [g/cm QGSJET01 QGSJETII Sibyll2.1 EPOSv1.99 proton iron Auger 2009 HiRes ApJ 2005 Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 6 / 28
11 Nuclear composition via RMS(X max ) from Auger: ] 2 ) [g/cm max proton E [ev] RMS(X iron E [ev] Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 7 / 28
![20 10 18 10 iron 19 10 E [ev] Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU](/docs-images/50/15175924/images/page_11.jpg "Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium")
12 Mixed composition: 0.12 Mean RMS % proton 30% iron sum X max [g/cm ] σ 2 = f i σi 2 + f i f j (X max,i X max,j ) 2 i i<j Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 8 / 28
![02 0 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 2 X max [g/cm ] σ 2 = f i σi 2 +](/docs-images/50/15175924/images/page_12.jpg "f i f j (X max,i X max,j ) 2 i i<j Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim)")
13 MC/Data (QGSJET-II) Nuclear composition from HiRes/TA: HiRes Proton TA Preliminary Proton Fe Fe Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 9 / 28
14 What goes wrong? internal discrepancy in PAO: AGN correlations favor protons RMS(Xmax ) favors heavy energy spectrum, Xmax and RMS(X max ) difficult to fit experimental discrepancy: HiRes/TA Auger Xmax RMS(Xmax ) discrepancy experiment theory: energy ground array/fluoresence 1.2 muon number exp/mc 2 Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 10 / 28
15 What goes wrong? internal discrepancy in PAO: AGN correlations favor protons RMS(Xmax ) favors heavy energy spectrum, Xmax and RMS(X max ) difficult to fit experimental discrepancy: HiRes/TA Auger Xmax RMS(Xmax ) discrepancy experiment theory: energy ground array/fluoresence 1.2 muon number exp/mc 2 Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 10 / 28
16 What goes wrong? internal discrepancy in PAO: AGN correlations favor protons RMS(Xmax ) favors heavy energy spectrum, Xmax and RMS(X max ) difficult to fit experimental discrepancy: HiRes/TA Auger Xmax RMS(Xmax ) discrepancy experiment theory: energy ground array/fluoresence 1.2 muon number exp/mc 2 Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 10 / 28
17 Comparison of MCs to LHC data: Energy flow PYTHIA as typical HEP model Cosmic ray interaction models Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 11 / 28
18 What can/should be changed? Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 12 / 28
19 What can/should be changed? only option: reduce π 0 restoration of chiral symmetry? [Farrar 12 ] Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 12 / 28
20 High energy is not enough Generically, new physics requires not only large s, but also large momentum transfer t Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 13 / 28
21 High energy is not enough Generically, new physics requires not only large s, but also large momentum transfer t b σ inel (b) 2 p+ 14 N (1 PeV) QGSJET II b, Fm Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 13 / 28
22 High energy is not enough Generically, new physics requires not only large s, but also large momentum transfer t b σ inel (b) 2 p+ 14 N (1 PeV) QGSJET II b, Fm Exceptions: large extra dimensions, classicalisation,... Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 13 / 28
23 Large extra dimensions t chanel exchange of KK gravitons σ s 2 /M 6 D black hole production, if b < R s with σ πr 2 s Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 14 / 28
24 Large extra dimensions t chanel exchange of KK gravitons σ s 2 /M 6 D black hole production, if b < R s with σ πr 2 s Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 14 / 28
25 Large extra dimensions t chanel exchange of KK gravitons σ s 2 /M 6 D black hole production, if b < R s with σ πr 2 s no deviations from SM at LHC Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 14 / 28
26 Lorentz invariance violation (LIV): motivation: has Planck length L Pl = G/c 3 any rôle for space-time despite SR? Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 15 / 28
27 Lorentz invariance violation (LIV): motivation: has Planck length L Pl = G/c 3 any rôle for space-time despite SR? if yes: modifies dispersion relation E 2 = m 2 + p 2 + f(e, p, M Pl ) = m 2 + p 2 + η (1) p M Pl + η (2) p 2 + η (3) p 3 /M Pl +... Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 15 / 28
28 Lorentz invariance violation (LIV): motivation: has Planck length L Pl = G/c 3 any rôle for space-time despite SR? if yes: modifies dispersion relation E 2 = m 2 + p 2 + f(e, p, M Pl ) = m 2 + p 2 + η (1) p M Pl + η (2) p 2 + η (3) p 3 /M Pl +... ToF delays (Opera, GRBs, AGN flares, SN1987a) reaction thresholds: changes lower, introduces upper, opens new channels vacuum birefringence generically preferred reference frame sideral anisotropies generically breaking of CPT Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 15 / 28
29 Lorentz invariance violation (LIV): motivation: has Planck length L Pl = G/c 3 any rôle for space-time despite SR? if yes: modifies dispersion relation E 2 = m 2 + p 2 + f(e, p, M Pl ) = m 2 + p 2 + η (1) p M Pl + η (2) p 2 + η (3) p 3 /M Pl +... ToF delays (Opera, GRBs, AGN flares, SN1987a) reaction thresholds: changes lower, introduces upper, opens new channels vacuum birefringence generically preferred reference frame sideral anisotropies generically breaking of CPT Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 15 / 28
30 Lorentz invariance violation (LIV): motivation: has Planck length L Pl = G/c 3 any rôle for space-time despite SR? if yes: modifies dispersion relation E 2 = m 2 + p 2 + f(e, p, M Pl ) = m 2 + p 2 + η (1) p M Pl + η (2) p 2 + η (3) p 3 /M Pl +... ToF delays (Opera, GRBs, AGN flares, SN1987a) reaction thresholds: changes lower, introduces upper, opens new channels vacuum birefringence generically preferred reference frame sideral anisotropies generically breaking of CPT Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 15 / 28
31 Lorentz invariance violation (LIV): motivation: has Planck length L Pl = G/c 3 any rôle for space-time despite SR? if yes: modifies dispersion relation E 2 = m 2 + p 2 + f(e, p, M Pl ) = m 2 + p 2 + η (1) p M Pl + η (2) p 2 + η (3) p 3 /M Pl +... ToF delays (Opera, GRBs, AGN flares, SN1987a) reaction thresholds: changes lower, introduces upper, opens new channels vacuum birefringence generically preferred reference frame sideral anisotropies generically breaking of CPT Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 15 / 28
32 Lorentz invariance violation (LIV): motivation: has Planck length L Pl = G/c 3 any rôle for space-time despite SR? if yes: modifies dispersion relation E 2 = m 2 + p 2 + f(e, p, M Pl ) = m 2 + p 2 + η (1) p M Pl + η (2) p 2 + η (3) p 3 /M Pl +... ToF delays (Opera, GRBs, AGN flares, SN1987a) reaction thresholds: changes lower, introduces upper, opens new channels vacuum birefringence generically preferred reference frame sideral anisotropies generically breaking of CPT Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 15 / 28
33 Lorentz invariance violation (LIV): motivation: has Planck length L Pl = G/c 3 any rôle for space-time despite SR? if yes: modifies dispersion relation E 2 = m 2 + p 2 + f(e, p, M Pl ) = m 2 + p 2 + η (1) p M Pl + η (2) p 2 + η (3) p 3 /M Pl +... ToF delays (Opera, GRBs, AGN flares, SN1987a) reaction thresholds: changes lower, introduces upper, opens new channels vacuum birefringence generically preferred reference frame sideral anisotropies generically breaking of CPT Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 15 / 28
34 Lorentz invariance violation (LIV): implementation: EFT: SM plus composite operators of SM tensor fields with non-zero vev preferred reference system Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 16 / 28
35 Lorentz invariance violation (LIV): implementation: EFT: SM plus composite operators of SM tensor fields with non-zero vev preferred reference system Example: gauge-invariant, CPT-even modification of QED L = 1 4 (ηµρ η νσ κ µνρσ ) ( µ A ν ν A µ ) ( ρ A σ σ A ρ ) κ : 20 1 = 19 independent dimensionless numbers to be limited 10 lead to birefringence, κ < 10 32, 9 constraint by UHECR Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 16 / 28
36 Lorentz invariance violation (LIV): implementation: EFT: SM plus composite operators of SM tensor fields with non-zero vev preferred reference system Example: gauge-invariant, CPT-even modification of QED L = 1 4 (ηµρ η νσ κ µνρσ ) ( µ A ν ν A µ ) ( ρ A σ σ A ρ ) κ : 20 1 = 19 independent dimensionless numbers to be limited 10 lead to birefringence, κ < 10 32, 9 constraint by UHECR Double special relativity (DSR): GR: laws of physics do not contain any scale of length or velocity ER: laws of physics do not contain any scale of length, but one fundamental velocity, c DSR: laws of physics contain a fundamental scale of length and of velocity Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 16 / 28
37 Lorentz invariance violation (LIV): implementation: EFT: SM plus composite operators of SM tensor fields with non-zero vev preferred reference system Example: gauge-invariant, CPT-even modification of QED L = 1 4 (ηµρ η νσ κ µνρσ ) ( µ A ν ν A µ ) ( ρ A σ σ A ρ ) κ : 20 1 = 19 independent dimensionless numbers to be limited 10 lead to birefringence, κ < 10 32, 9 constraint by UHECR Double special relativity (DSR): GR: laws of physics do not contain any scale of length or velocity ER: laws of physics do not contain any scale of length, but one fundamental velocity, c DSR: laws of physics contain a fundamental scale of length and of velocity Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 16 / 28
38 Lorentz invariance violation (LIV): implementation: EFT: SM plus composite operators of SM tensor fields with non-zero vev preferred reference system Example: gauge-invariant, CPT-even modification of QED L = 1 4 (ηµρ η νσ κ µνρσ ) ( µ A ν ν A µ ) ( ρ A σ σ A ρ ) κ : 20 1 = 19 independent dimensionless numbers to be limited 10 lead to birefringence, κ < 10 32, 9 constraint by UHECR Double special relativity (DSR): GR: laws of physics do not contain any scale of length or velocity ER: laws of physics do not contain any scale of length, but one fundamental velocity, c DSR: laws of physics contain a fundamental scale of length and of velocity Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 16 / 28
39 Lorentz invariance violation: LIV becomes important, when or m 2 p 2 pn 2 M n 2 Pl p cr n m 2 M n 2 Pl n p cr for ν p cr for e p cr for p 2 p m ν 1 ev p m e p m p 3 GeV 10 TeV 1 PeV TeV 100 PeV 3 EeV Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 17 / 28
40 Bounds on LIV parameters from UHECRs: threshold for GZK may be changed GZK photons: upper threshold E max for γγ e + e introduced if E max ev, photon fraction too large if some UHE photons observed, photon decay γ e + e can be limited Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 18 / 28
41 Bounds on dim=5 LIV parameters: ξ e and η γ Michael If LIV Kachelrieß exists, (NTNU then Trondheim) probablyfundamental not of Physics EFTattype UHE 8th Tours Symposium 19 / 28
42 Bounds on dim=6 LIV parameters: ξ e and η γ Michael If LIV Kachelrieß exists, (NTNU then Trondheim) probablyfundamental not of Physics EFTattype UHE 8th Tours Symposium 19 / 28
43 Bounds on dim=6 LIV parameters: ξ e and η γ If LIV exists, then probably not of EFT type Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 19 / 28
44 Bottom-up versus top-down models Bottom-up models acceleration in electromagnetic fields charged particles: protons, nuclei, electrons photons and neutrinos as secondaries Top-down models relics from early universe non-thermal or thermal point particle or non-perturbative solutions stable or decaying fragmentation products: mainly photons, neutrinos DM Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 20 / 28
45 Top-Down Models UHECR primaries are produced by decays of supermassive particle X with M X > GeV. topological defects: monopoles, strings,... superheavy metastable particles Advantages: no acceleration problem no visible sources if X CDM, no GZK-cutoff theoretically motivated; testable predictions Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 21 / 28
46 Gravitational creation of superheavy matter Small fluctuations of field Φ obey ϕ k + [ k 2 + m 2 eff (τ)] ϕ k = 0 Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 22 / 28
47 Gravitational creation of superheavy matter Small fluctuations of field Φ obey ϕ k + [ k 2 + m 2 eff (τ)] ϕ k = 0 If m eff is time dependent, vacuum fluctuations will be transformed into real particles. Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 22 / 28
48 Gravitational creation of superheavy matter Small fluctuations of field Φ obey ϕ k + [ k 2 + m 2 eff (τ)] ϕ k = 0 If m eff is time dependent, vacuum fluctuations will be transformed into real particles. expansion of Universe, m 2 eff = M2 a 2 + (6ξ 1) a a leads to particle production Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 22 / 28
49 Gravitational creation of superheavy matter Small fluctuations of field Φ obey ϕ k + [ k 2 + m 2 eff (τ)] ϕ k = 0 If m eff is time dependent, vacuum fluctuations will be transformed into real particles. expansion of Universe, m 2 eff = M2 a 2 + (6ξ 1) a a leads to particle production In inflationary cosmology ( ) 2 Ω X h 2 MX T RH GeV 10 9 GeV dependent only on cosmology, for M X < H I Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 22 / 28
50 Signatures of SHDM decays flat spectra de/e 1.9 up to m X /2 1e+26 E 3 J(E)/m 2 s 1 ev 2 1e+25 1e+24 1e+23 1e+18 1e+19 1e+20 1e+21 E/eV Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 23 / 28
51 Signatures of SHDM decays flat spectra de/e 1.9 up to m X /2 composition: γ/p 1, large neutrino fluxes, no nuclei photon fraction 1 HP A1 A1 HP Auger SD Y AY A Auger HYB Y Auger SD 10 2 Auger SD SHDM SHDM TD Z Burst GZK threshold energy [ev] Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 23 / 28
52 Signatures of SHDM decays flat spectra de/e 1.9 up to m X /2 composition: γ/p 1, large neutrino fluxes, no nuclei galactic anisotropy: 10 NFW ev 6x10 19 ev 3x10 19 ev ev Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 23 / 28
53 Topological defect models + generic in SUSY-GUTs + produced during reheating - typical density: one per horizon/correlation length - main energy loss low-energy radiation? Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 24 / 28
54 Topological defect models [Allen, Shellard 06 ] box 2ct matter epoch scaling regime Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 25 / 28
55 Topological defect models + generic in SUSY-GUTs + produced during reheating - typical density: one per horizon/correlation length - main energy loss low-energy radiation? favourable models for UHECRs: monopole-antimonopole pairs hybrid defects: cosmic necklaces Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 26 / 28
56 Topological defect models + generic in SUSY-GUTs + produced during reheating - typical density: one per horizon/correlation length - main energy loss low-energy radiation? favourable models for UHECRs: monopole-antimonopole pairs hybrid defects: cosmic necklaces G H U(1) H Z2 monopoles M ηm /e connected by strings µ s η 2 s parameter r = M/(µd): r 1 normal string dynamics r 1 non-rel. string network Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 26 / 28
57 Status of topological defect models necklaces: 1e+27 E 3 J(E)/m 2 s 1 ev 2 1e+26 1e+25 1e+24 1e+23 ν p γ p+γ 1e+22 1e+18 1e+19 1e+20 1e+21 1e+22 E/eV Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 27 / 28
58 Status of topological defect models necklaces: 1e+27 E 3 J(E)/m 2 s 1 ev 2 1e+26 1e+25 1e+24 1e+23 ν p γ p+γ 1e+22 1e+18 1e+19 1e+20 1e+21 1e+22 large neutrino fluxes possible UHE photon fraction reduced E/eV Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 27 / 28
59 Summary composition of UHECR is crucial both for astrophysics and strong interactions exremely strong limits on ETF-like LIV LHC limits on large extra dimensions no positive evidence for superheavy dark matter from its three key signatures: spectral shape photons galactic anisotropy SHDM remains an interesting DM candidate topological defects are generic prediction of (SUSY-) GUTs both should be searched for as subdominant sources of UHECRs; potential for UHE neutrinos Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 28 / 28
60 Summary composition of UHECR is crucial both for astrophysics and strong interactions exremely strong limits on ETF-like LIV LHC limits on large extra dimensions no positive evidence for superheavy dark matter from its three key signatures: spectral shape photons galactic anisotropy SHDM remains an interesting DM candidate topological defects are generic prediction of (SUSY-) GUTs both should be searched for as subdominant sources of UHECRs; potential for UHE neutrinos Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 28 / 28
61 Summary composition of UHECR is crucial both for astrophysics and strong interactions exremely strong limits on ETF-like LIV LHC limits on large extra dimensions no positive evidence for superheavy dark matter from its three key signatures: spectral shape photons galactic anisotropy SHDM remains an interesting DM candidate topological defects are generic prediction of (SUSY-) GUTs both should be searched for as subdominant sources of UHECRs; potential for UHE neutrinos Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 28 / 28
62 Summary composition of UHECR is crucial both for astrophysics and strong interactions exremely strong limits on ETF-like LIV LHC limits on large extra dimensions no positive evidence for superheavy dark matter from its three key signatures: spectral shape photons galactic anisotropy SHDM remains an interesting DM candidate topological defects are generic prediction of (SUSY-) GUTs both should be searched for as subdominant sources of UHECRs; potential for UHE neutrinos Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 28 / 28
63 Summary composition of UHECR is crucial both for astrophysics and strong interactions exremely strong limits on ETF-like LIV LHC limits on large extra dimensions no positive evidence for superheavy dark matter from its three key signatures: spectral shape photons galactic anisotropy SHDM remains an interesting DM candidate topological defects are generic prediction of (SUSY-) GUTs both should be searched for as subdominant sources of UHECRs; potential for UHE neutrinos Michael Kachelrieß (NTNU Trondheim) Fundamental Physics at UHE 8th Tours Symposium 28 / 28
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