THE PANEL OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT November 2007 Kuala Lumpur A COUNTRY REPORT
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1 THE PANEL OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT November 2007 Kuala Lumpur A COUNTRY REPORT by Dr. Arnoldo Ventura Kingston, Jamaica The views presented here are the participants ' and do not necessarily reflect the views and position of the United Nations or the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 1
2 United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development A Country Report Inter-sessional Panel Kuala Lumpor Dr. Arnoldo Ventura Malaysia Advisor to the Prime Minister November 2007 Office of the Prime Minister Kingston, Jamaica This Panel was mandated by the 10 th Session of the CSTD to address three themes namely: 1. Development oriented policies for socio-economic inclusive information society, including access, infrastructure and an enabling environment. 2. Science, technology and engineering for innovation and capacity building in education and research. 3. Progress made in the implementation of and follow-up to the World Summit on the Information Society outcomes at the regional and international levels. These topics are all intended to promote socio-economic development and consequently are related and should be seen as complementary elements for sustainable development. So although these themes will be handled separately, their integration and interrelationship must be assumed as practical necessities. In this connection Jamaica has identified three major challenges that must be addressed to reach acceptable levels of inclusivity, harmony and sustainability. They are poverty reduction, wider and deeper social equity and enhanced participatory democracy. 2
3 (1) Development oriented policies for socio-economic inclusive Information Society, including access, infrastructure and an enabling environment. (i) Information Literacy Information awareness, or literacy, must be accepted as an important concept to induce policy makers to build an inclusive Information Society. This perception underpins the process of information acquisition, inquiry, critical thinking, scientific research and life long learning. It allows the building of domestic knowledge across populations, which is essential for a wider influence on the formulation of policy and the enjoyment of the fruits of the implementation of such policies. The promotion of this concept and allied infrastructure to permit its meaningful application, underlie the essential ability to locate, evaluate and efficiently use information for regular and innovative purposes. Public policy, which uses information and digital literacy as starting points for accelerating socio-economic development, must go beyond classical education to ensure that participation, ethics, sharing, interaction and learning are essential ingredients of curricula. Jamaica has all these on their agenda for change. (ii) Spread of Mobile Phones A major concern in Jamaica is the social divide, which is openly manifested as a chronic technological divide, highlighted by gaps in computer acquisition and literacy between the rich and the poor. This has not only economic consequences, but in a hazard prone region, timely information and its rapid communication, become a matter of life and death. 3
4 The island has improved its percentage of fixed landline connections to 450,000 in a population of 2.6 million and has move from a teledensity of some 20% a decade ago to almost 100% today. The greatest strides have been achieved with the spread of mobile phones, which has a coverage of over 80%, this is far greater than the present percentage of internet connections. Around 3% of the population has an internet account, with majority, some 70%, being businesses. The mobile phone is essentially the computer of choice for the island s rank and file. The wider use of information and communication technologies (ICT s) offers opportunities to reduce the social divide. Nevertheless clear policies, plans and strategies, which go beyond just access, are necessary to ensure advantageous applications of these technologies. (iii) Liberalization The island s telecommunication system is now fully libertized and because of this, there is now a wider range of value added products and services. (Slide 1 Full Libertization Affords New Opportunities). The installation of broadband capacity, for example in the subscriber television industry is poised to provide high speed Internet Services and Voice over Internet Protocol Technologies for a number of urban subscribers. Jamaica s policy is therefore geared to address not only social challenges but also global competitiveness. This is exemplified on the next Slide 2 Jamaica s Vision for ICT. Although global openness and unrestricted competition are crucial to our policy development, their implementation must be tempered to prevent the small local operators from being overwhelmed by much stronger and larger operatives. 4
5 Jamaica intends to bridge both the quantitive as well as the quantitative digital divide with emphasis on the rural and depressed urban areas. This approach is regarded as a powerful way to help the reduction of poverty and open up jobs for the unemployed youths. E-government and e-governance will be used to afford greater access to public data and information and thereby create local opportunities and capacities. The intention is to promote innovative approaches to community problems and increase efficiency in production and services. The island is fully aware of the fact that telecommunication systems, computer, hardware and software are essential prerequisites, but it is recognized that they do not automatically ensure equitable development. Consequently, all citizens must be put in a position not only to have information but be able to act on it. 2. Science, Technology and Engineering for Innovation and Capacity building in Education and Research. (i) Importance of Engineers Science and technology (S & T) education and research are vital ingredients to foster innovation in a knowledge economy but these factors are by no means sufficient. This is evidenced in Jamaica as well as in many other middle income developing countries, where there are many inventions but few innovations. The reason for this disconnect are many. One of the major missing factors is engineering skills. Engineering is absolutely necessary in most instances to take research and development (R&D) results into the market place. Scale - up, pilot plant and fabrication facilities, are often missing, or very weak, in these countries. 5
6 In this connection, it must be accepted that the quality of engineering is no longer a local issue. For example, products that are being designed and tested in one country are being used by consumers in other countries. Engineers from one state are designing and constructing roads, factories, equipment, machines, bridges and buildings in other jurisdictions. Spare parts, pharmaceutical substances and other products, from one country are used, respectively, to repair and maintain machines and equipment, and are included in medicines and foods in another. Therefore, international standards regarding products and production modalities, including labour, are important to ensure quality products and services. (ii) Engineering Accreditation To improve the quality, quantity and relevance of engineering in Jamaica, the island has joined three other countries in the region, under an Inter-American Development Bank and Organisation of American States initiative, to improve and unify engineering accreditation in the Greater Caribbean. The idea is to create a better qualified engineering and technological workforce which will facilitate both the improved capability of people and work, as well as the possibilities for much higher cross-border activities, enabling the engagement of international companies, and the attraction of foreign direct investment. In Jamaica there is a functional gap between what is taught in the technical and engineering schools and what actually is necessary at the commercial and industrial levels in the wider society. University and technical school students and faculty members are therefore being encouraged to engage in work programmes in communities and businesses, to help ready students and research for the problems of society. 6
7 (iii) Encouragement of Risk Takers and Entrepreneurs Universities are now expected to be more engaged in the practical problems of the society and so special funds are being contemplated to foster these types of arrangements and relationships. Because the S & T complement of workers in Jamaica will be inherently small, and since many of the modern technologies are science based, basic sciences will be seen not so much as sources for new technologies, rather they are regarded as means to conduct proper transfer and adoption of global technologies. The idea is to couple domestic inventions with global information and techniques to promote innovations. In this regard, new approaches are being contemplated to risk talking and the associated inevitability of failures. It has been decided that failures in innovative projects should not be rewarded with ostracism; rather practical encouragement should be extended to entrepreneurs and those willing to take calculated risks. Accordingly, special risk capital and insurance schemes are being designed for this purpose. 3. Progress made in the Implementation of and follow up to the World Summit on the Information Society Outcomes at the Regional and International levels ( i) Weakness in the WSIS Process The WSIS process, especially the Geneva phase, was inundated by marketing and unfortunately the debates were centred around access and new gadgets, rather than practical access for development purposes. This was corrected somewhat in Tunis, where the emphasis was on implementing the ambitious Geneva Action Plan. Regrettably, this emphasis on access is still being witnessed in parts of the Caribbean. 7
8 Here access is automatically equated with technological progress and this progress with development. In many instances, this is clearly not the case. Access must be placed in the context of profitable use, and this is where many of the Caribbean territories fall short. Fortunately, many in the region also recognise that access is not only dependent on connectivity and e-literacy but on information literacy. This presents the awesome challenge of training users on how to select and evaluate information. Any report on the Caribbean region must be made with a degree of caution because of the limited data available on the progress made on the twenty four point Action Plan. This in itself is a reflection of the weak state of regional monitoring and evaluation of the WSIS implementation process. Essentially, there are data and knowledge gaps, which make the setting of priorities and obtaining a clear view of what skills are immediately necessary, very difficult. (ii) Digital Divide Still a Serious Problem Although most countries are convinced of the important role that ICTs can play in socioeconomic development, and often make investments in computers and try to upgrade their telecommunication systems, internally the digital divide is still stark and public access to the information society is still largely an unfulfilled goal. Effecting social inclusion and establishing cohesion priorities are still left to be done. While this is so, the English speaking Caribbean is serviced by one major University, so information flows are quite reasonable between the campuses on the contributing islands. However, much is left to be done to improve linkages between the English and the non-english speaking Universities. Cultural and health information for the large measure are not online. Although, some communities, especially those in privileged areas have a good coverage of computers, their parliaments and the work routine of their Government officials do not routinely involve ICT. 8
9 It is fashionable to proclaim the application of computers in schools as a way to make up for the shortage of teachers and teaching material. However, when computers are supplied to the schools they are underutilised or not used at all, because the skills and plans to apply them are in short supply. Although penetration of television and radio is quite high in the Caribbean, there is much scope for the extended use of these technologies to specifically promote development. (iii) Human Resources Capability All countries in the Caribbean have some form of ICT national strategy. Often these are copied from the good practices of successful countries, however, the ultimate goal of creating knowledge societies is still a far way off because ideas and innovations are still not given the priority they deserve. The spread of individuals who are educated to respect research, experimental development, creativity and innovation, have to be significantly increased to ensure robust implementation of the WSIS Action Plan. Governments will have to take the lead role. However sadly, Government officials themselves are often behind in information literacy and the confident awareness of what S & T can do for development. (iv) Progress of Specific Agenda Items The agenda items of greatest interest to Jamaica and the Caribbean are: (a) Digital Inclusion and Development This is influenced by the costs of connections to the internet and the extended use of open source software. Here there is need for the upgrade of inter regional and national backbones. Jamaica s voice and telephony communications is among the best in the Caribbean, with about 100% penetration. However, less than 3% have an internet account. Internet access costs are high in the Caribbean but wireless technologies and broadband are set to reduce such costs. 9
10 Free and open source software is seen as a means of extending the reach of technology to otherwise marginalized sections of society, but this will require extensive training and certification, as well as R & D and collaboration between the Caribbean and Latin America, which is more advance in the use of this technology. (b) Financing Mechanisms and the Digital Solidarity Fund Financing is another area of strong interest to the Caribbean region. It is felt that funding agencies and countries need to establish more creative ways to fund ICT projects. At present, funding is often supply driven rather than demand led. Funding is not always channeled to where there is most need and is offered under unworkable conditions set by the multilaterals. There is therefore the requirement to harmonize all the efforts to fund ICT projects. (c) E-Government E-government is seen as a good strategy to help reduce the digital divide in the region. The ultimate goal is to have nationwide connectivity to allow each person to have the same opportunity to access internet services. Under the IT strategy of Jamaica, a number of goals are being pursued. These are displayed on the next Slide 3 - National IT Goals of Jamaica. The Government of Jamaica has moved to have e-learning in 150 schools, collect revenue for customs, allow on-line tax payments, make court records available on-line and offer community health services networks to provide voice and data, as well as wireless services for in hospital access to patient records. 10
11 Slide 1 Full Liberalization Afforts New Opportunities Including: Cost effective and higher quality services (Government and Private Sector). Expansion of new and advanced services in all segments of the economy and society leading to jobs, efficiencies and attractiveness to foreign and local investors. Proper allocation and strict administration of the spectrum. Greater global competitiveness increased export of high value services 11
12 Slide 2 Jamaica s Vision of ICT Increased numbers employed in technology intensive industries with highly skilled jobs leading to higher per capita income. Increased number of persons with Secondary and Post Secondary education. (e learning) Provision of world class products and services using ICT. Use of ICT to market and popularize the Jamaican brand, with high quality products and services. Pervasive access by individuals, families and communities to on-line resources and learning opportunities. Promotion of e government and e governance. Strengthening of democratic government by participation and interaction among Jamaicans. Private sector progressively implementing computer applications for their services and operations. 12
13 Slide 3 National Information Technology Goals of Jamaica Provide its citizens with efficient Government services through the use of IT. Establish access to Government services from libraries, post offices, banks, hospitals and other public locations. Deliver two types of services - provide information for the public and perform transactions. Identify and implement a set of government services suitable for electronic self service Expand locations where public can access information and obtain public services. 13
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