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1 XML for Java Developers G Session 4 Sub-Topic 3 Towards P2P Computing Dr. Jean-Claude Franchitti New York University Computer Science Department Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences Part I Soap and Web Services 1

2 Evolution of integration methods 2001 Web App. Standards (Web Services) Early 1990s Late 1990s Web Protocol Standards (HTTP, HTML, XML, RosettaNet, OBI, cxml, ) App. Integration Standards Custom static integration Web Services Machine-to-machine communication Description of service semantics & metadata WSDL: Web Service Definition Language Discovery of appropriate services UDDI: Universal Description, Discovery & Integration service Allow services to be defined, deployed, manipulated & evolved in an automated fashion Basis for expressing higher-level business logic Using flow languages Potential : EDI replacement ERP accelerator Reduce middleware proliferation Improve desktop integration 2

3 Drivers for Web Services Microsoft.NET, Hailstorm Sun Sun ONE HP e-speak IBM Dynamic e-business UN/CEFACT & OASIS ebxml Plus: Oracle, Borland, Submitted to IETF - Nov W3C WG - September 2000 RPC Interoperability problems Naming of communication endpoints CORBA: IORs DCOM: OBJREFs Support for multiple interfaces per object CORBA: implicitly, there is 1 interface in an IOR DCOM: multiple interfaces + Iunknown Format of parameter values CORBA: CDR DCOM: Network Data Representation 3

4 IIOP vs. DCOM (I) IIOP vs. DCOM (II) 4

5 URIs, URLs, URNs Universal Resource Identifier: A formatted string that uniquely identifies a resource Uniform Resource Locator: encode the underlying protocol needed to locate the resource, as well as its location <host> [":" <port>] [<path> ["?" <qry>] Uniform Resource Name: location-independent & in no way imply any protocol or mechanism for locating the resource being identified "urn:" <NID> ":" <NSS> <NID>: namespace <NSS>: namespace-specific string urn:uuid: c Simple Object Access Protocol A light-weight XML messaging convention exchange of structured & typed information no application or transport semantics XML datagrams -> extensibility Common use: RPC-over-HTTP (using XML) getstockquote(), issuequery(), sendorder() Other uses are possible: One-way messaging Multicast The KISS * principle absolute minimum of functionality * Keep It Simple, Stupid! 5

6 SOAP reference UDDI (I) Universal Description, Discovery & Integration An industry initiative for B2B interoperability First spec s outlined by Ariba, Microsoft & IBM Ariba, Microsoft, IBM, HP, SAP: operator nodes Business Registry of Web services Allow companies to register their business & services Accessible via SOAP and via browser < businessentity, businessservice, bindingtemplate, tmodel > Web service: a self-describing, self-contained, modular unit of application logic provides some business functionality to other app s Web services can be mixed & matched with other web services to execute a larger workflow or business Tx. WSDL: Web Service Definition Language 6

7 UDDI (II) XML Schema for UDDI: <businessentity>: Business information <businessservice>: Service information <bindingtemplate>: Binding information <tmodel>: Information on specifications technical fingerprint : list of references Inquiry API Publisher API Coping with Failures? inability to predict, detect, or recover from failures within the systems of the remote partner Use cached <bindingtemplate>, retry-on-failure Rely on partner to update registry entry Discrete business roles UDDI (III) The business of e-business services (IBM) Lifecycle: Build Deploy Run Manage Publish WSDL Find UDDI Bind SOAP Applications will increasingly be based on compositions of services discovered & marshaled dynamically at runtime. 7

8 UDDI Sample Interaction (I) <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?> <Envelope xmlns=' <Body> <find_business generic="1.0" xmlns="urn:uddi-org:api"> <name>microsoft</name> </find_business> </Body> </Envelope> UDDI Sample Interaction (II) <businesslist generic="1.0" operator="microsoft Corporation" truncated="false" xmlns="urn:uddi-org:api"> <businessinfos> <businessinfo businesskey="0076b468-eb27-42e5-ac cff462a3"> <name>microsoft Corporation</name> <description xml:lang="en">empowering people through great software - any time, any place and on any device </description> <serviceinfos> <serviceinfo businesskey="0076b468-eb27-42e5-ac09-955cff462a3" servicekey="8bf2f51f-8ed4-43fe-b665-38d8205d1333"> <name>electronic Business Integration Services</name> </serviceinfo>. <serviceinfo businesskey="0076b468-eb27-42e5-ac09-955cff462a3" servicekey="d2bc296a-723b-4c45-9ed4-494f9e53f1d1"> <name>uddi Web Services</name> </serviceinfo>. </serviceinfos> </businessinfo> </businessinfos> </businesslist> 8

9 UDDI Sample Interaction (III) <find_service generic='1.0' xmlns='urn:uddi-org:api' businesskey='0076b468-eb27-42e5-ac cff462a3'> <name>uddi Web Services</name> </find_service> <servicelist generic="1.0" operator="microsoft Corporation" truncated="false" xmlns="urn:uddi-org:api"> <serviceinfos> <serviceinfo businesskey="0076b468-eb27-42e5-ac cff462a3" servicekey="d2bc296a-723b-4c45-9ed4-494f9e53f1d1"> <name>uddi Web Services</name> </serviceinfo> </serviceinfos> </servicelist> UDDI Sample Interaction (IV) <get_servicedetail generic='1.0' xmlns='urn:uddi-org:api'> <servicekey>d2bc296a-723b-4c45-9ed4-494f9e53f1d1</servicekey> </get_servicedetail> <servicelist generic="1.0" operator="microsoft Corporation" truncated="false" xmlns="urn:uddi-org:api"> <serviceinfos> <serviceinfo businesskey="0076b468-eb27-42e5-ac cff462a3" servicekey="d2bc296a-723b-4c45-9ed4-494f9e53f1d1"> <name>uddi Web Services</name> </serviceinfo> </serviceinfos> </servicelist> <find_business generic='1.0' xmlns='urn:uddi-org:api'> <tmodelbag><tmodelkey>uuid:4cd7e4bc-648b-426d eaac8ae23</tmodelkey></tmodelbag> </find_business> 9

10 UDDI Sample Interaction (V) <servicedetail generic="1.0" operator="microsoft Corporation" truncated="false" xmlns="urn:uddi-org:api"> <businessservice businesskey="0076b468-eb27-42e5-ac cff462a3" servicekey="d2bc296a-723b-4c45-9ed4-494f9e53f1d1"> <name>uddi Web Services</name> <description xml:lang="en">uddi SOAP/XML message-based programmatic web service interfaces.</description> <bindingtemplates> <bindingtemplate bindingkey="a9cafbe4-11c6-4bfe-90f d3de24" servicekey="d2bc296a-723b-4c45-9ed4-494f9e53f1d1"> <description xml:lang="en">production UDDI server, Inquiry interface </description> <accesspoint URLType="http"> <tmodelinstancedetails> <tmodelinstanceinfo tmodelkey="uuid:4cd7e4bc-648b-426d EAAC8AE23"> <description xml:lang="en">uddi SOAP Inquiry Interface</description> </tmodelinstanceinfo> </tmodelinstancedetails> </bindingtemplate>. SOAP Mandatory Features Transport Binding how to get the message to its destination isolates message from transport, for portability across transports Message Envelope what features & services are represented in a message as blocks who should deal with them actor attribute + implied semantics whether they are optional or mandatory mustunderstand attribute + implied semantics 10

11 SOAP Fault Codes 100 Version Mismatch - The call was using an unsupported SOAP version. 200 Must Understand - An XML element was received that contained an element tagged with mustunderstand="true" that was not understood by the receiver. 300 Invalid Request - The receiving application did not process the request because it was incorrectly formed or not supported by the application. 400 Application Faulted - The receiving application faulted when processing the request. The detail element contains the applicationspecific fault. SOAP Optional Features Serialization Mechanism to exchange instances of application-defined data types and directed graphs uniform model for serializing abstract data models that cannot be expressed in XML Schema Section 5 encoding : representation of programming language types RPC Convention how to make calls & responses for a particular type of service Open issue: Security of XML documents? 11

12 SOAP Example POST /Accounts/Henrik HTTP/1.1 Host: Content-Length: nnnn Content-Type: text/xml; charset="utf-8" SOAPAction: "Some-URI" <SOAP:Envelope xmlns:soap=" SOAP:encodingStyle=" <SOAP:Header> <t:transaction xmlns:t="some-uri" SOAP:mustUnderstand="1"> </t:transaction> </SOAP:Header> <SOAP:Body> <m:deposit xmlns:m="some-uri"> <m:amount>200</m:amount> </m:deposit> </SOAP:Body> </SOAP:Envelope> Alternative SOAP Stacks Based on HTTP Based on SMTP Based on SIP (on top of UDP) Support for extension modules -encryption - digital signatures - explicit routing (SOAP-RP) - caching Modules can address any SOAP processor using the "actor" attribute Can be optional or mandatory using the "mustunderstand" attribute 12

13 SOAP Message Paths & Routing SOAP is built on underlying transports, which have their own concepts of: Message Exchange Pattern HTTP: request/response SMTP: one-way Message Routing HTTP: proxies DNS: lookup SMTP: DNS MX record, intermediary configuration Some applications using SOAP may need to determine their own concepts of MEP & routing Message path & routing has an implied relationship with the processing model intra-node processing & inter-node processing are linked. SOAP References SOAP 1.1 specification W3C XML Protocol Activity SOAP/WebServices Resource Center Public SOAP Services listing soap/print.asp 13

14 Part II Jini and JXTA Distributed programming Distributed computing is more difficult than local computing because of: Network latency Concurrency issues Memory (state) management Inevitable partial failure Remote increasingly looks like local 14

15 Jini A set of interfaces & protocols Spontaneous networking Federations of software services and/or devices H/W & S/W entities are represented by Java objects Located & accessed via Java interfaces Self-healing networks Vision: Make the installation & use of devices & app. software as simple as plugging in a phone Java tone Java VM homogeneous network Portable object code architecture independence Downloadable code dynamic environment Unified type system Jini & Java Key component: Lookup Service -repository of service proxies -Clients download services on-demand 15

16 Using the Lookup service Clients inquire by service type Discovery & Join protocols - based on UDP multicast Discovery & Join Traditional Technology: Device is added to computer Device definition is edited in node configuration table Computer is restarted Updated configuration table is pushed to network device map Jini Technology: Device is plugged in & powered up Lookup service receives multicast Lookup service authenticates source Lookup service sends advertisement Device joins Lookup service 16

17 Finding & using a service Communication is bet. the service & its proxy: -Independent of wire protocol -Protocol can change without affecting client - RMI semantics Distributed leasing (I) Protocol for managing resources using a renewable, duration-based model Contract between objects (grantor & holder) Resources can be shared or private Provides a method of managing resources in an environment where partial failures occur Time-based grants of resources or services Negotiated for a set period of time Can be shared or exclusive Leases may be: Cancelled (explicit cleanup) Renewed (explicit extension) Allowed to expire (implicit cleanup) Obtained & manipulated by 3rd parties 17

18 Distributed leasing (II) Resources are allocated only as long as continued interest is shown The lease holder is responsible to renew lease before expiry The network is self-healing Distributed Events Extend Java event model to work in a distributed network Register interest, receive notification Allow for use of event managers Support various delivery models Push, pull, filter Use the Distributed Leasing protocol 18

19 Distributed transactions Designed for distributed object coordination Light weight, object-oriented Supports two-phase commit Uses Distributed Leasing protocol Implemented in Transaction Manager service Jini & JavaSpaces 19

20 Architecture layers Communication Events 20

21 Processes (I) A JavaSpace can be replicated on all machines. The dotted lines show the partitioning of the JavaSpace into subspaces. a) Tuples are broadcast on WRITE b) READs are local, but the removing of an instance when calling TAKE must be broadcast Processes (II) Unreplicated JavaSpace. a) A WRITE is done locally. b) A READ or TAKE requires the template tuple to be broadcast in order to find a tuple instance 21

22 Processes (III) Partial broadcasting of tuples & template tuples. The Jini Lookup Service (I) Field ServiceID Service AttributeSets Description The identifier of the service associated with this item. A (possibly remote) reference to the object implementing the service. A set of tuples describing the service. 22

23 The Jini Lookup Service (II) Tuple Type ServiceInfo Location Address Attributes Name, manufacturer, vendor, version, model, serial number Floor, room, building Street, organization, organizational unit, locality, state or province, postal code, country Examples of predefined tuples for service items. Synchronization of Transactions 23

24 PAM Evolution of network computing C/S model is increasingly seen as a limiting factor! 24

25 Motivation for peer-to-peer (p2p) Vast underutilization of Internet assets: Information World data production: 2x10 18 bytes/year Published: 3x10 12 bytes Transient data cannot be captured by Web crawlers Google: 1.3x10 8 pages Bandwidth x 10 6 increase since 1975 ~x2 every 16 months Yet hot spots remain! Computing resources Concentrated in data centers Crippling rate of increase of workloads Hard to keep up with demand! JXTA software architecture Platform- & transport-independent protocols 25

26 JXTA concepts (I) UUID: 128-bit internal identifier per entity Must be explicitly bound to external name to form a security principal The authenticity of the binding can be ensured by including digital signatures Advertisement: XML document that names & describes the existence of a resource Peer, peer group, pipe, services ( codats ) Messages: Datagram-like, assuming unreliable, asynchronous, unidirectional transport Envelope: header, msg digest, source end-point (optional), destination end-point Stack of protocol headers & bodies Variable number of bytes + security credentials JXTA concepts (II) Peers: any entity that can interact with (a subset of) the JXTA protocols End-point: a URI identifying a logical destination on a transport that supports datagram-like messaging Peer group: a collection of co-operating peers Eg: in the context of a service World Peer Group Pipes: Asynchronous, uni-directional comm. Channels A pipe s end-point can be bound to one or more peer endpoints Usually dynamically, at run-time 26

27 JXTA protocols Peer discovery Find advertisements Peer resolver Search for peers, peer groups, pipes, Peer information Inquire a peer s capabilities & status Peer membership Obtain group membership requirements Spec s of credentials, authenticator, Apply for/update/cancel membership Pipe binding Bind an advertisement to a pipe end-point End-point routing Ask a peer router for available routes for a destination Peers may not be directly connected Different transports, Firewalls, NATs JXTA Shell (I) Command-line access to the JXTA platform Publish, search & execute codats Discover peers & groups Create pipes to connect peers Send/receive messages Stdin := default input pipe Stdout := default output pipe Pipes can be dynamically disconnected & reconnected: cat myfile grep jxta cat myfile >p1 ; grep <p1 jxta grep <p1 unix 27

28 JXTA Shell (II) cat: Display advertisement, message, structured document (as read using importfile) mkpipe i o <pipe-adv> mkmsg send <outpipe> <msg> recv [-t <timeout>] <inpipe> Codats can be imported into codat containers: share <URI> Currently, only local file:// URIs are supported Symbolic name + size + MIME type + encoding ls: listing of codats currently cached by the local peer For the current peer group JXTA Shell (III) whoami [-g] Display the local peer s or current peer group s advertisement mkadv mkgrp chgrp join leave peers r Propagate peer inquiry Results are cached locally peers Display currently known peers peerinfo <id> groups 28

29 References Jini Network Technology Web site Jiniology articles JXTA project Web site 29

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