Manual treatment for neck pain; how strong is the evidence?
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1 Manual treatment for neck pain; how strong is the evidence? 1 SIMON DAGENAIS, DC, PHD ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE, DIVISION OF ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA RESEARCH ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO
2 Evidence 2 Strongest evidence Systematic reviews (SRs) Study level data Weakest evidence Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) Observational studies Clinical experience Expert opinion Patient level data
3 Manual therapy Included: Manipulation Mobilization Traction Stretching Myofascial therapy 3 Excluded: Not given by hand Not applied to the spine Multiple therapies not given to control group
4 Neck pain Included: Non-specific neck pain without radiculopathy Acute (<3 months) Chronic (>3 months) Other duration 4 Excluded: Radiculopathy Whiplash Cervicogenic headache Shoulder pain Multiple complaints
5 Summarizing evidence 5 Level Strong Moderate Limited Conflicting RCTs 3 high quality 2 high quality or 4 low quality 1 high quality Results too different to combine
6 RCT quality Criteria: 1. Allocation concealment 2. Withdrawal rate 3. Co-interventions 4. Intention-to-treat 5. Compliance 6. Baseline characteristics 7. Randomization 6 Scoring: Unclear/inadequate = 0 Adequate = 1 Maximum 7 Low quality: 0-4 High quality: 5-7
7 Results Outcomes: Pain: VAS NPRS McGill Million 7 Comparisons: Between groups: At follow-up Function: NDI Within groups: Baseline to follow-up
8 Results 8 Source RCTs found RCTs included 2 Cochrane SRs* Medline search Other 3 3 Total * for mechanical neck disorders, 2006 Manipulation and mobilization for mechanical neck disorders, 2004
9 Results 9 Type RCTs Acute neck pain (<3 months) 4 Chronic neck pain (>3 months) 10 Other duration neck pain 15 High quality 17 Low quality 12
10 Results Manual therapies: C/S HVLA SMT C/S mobilization Instrument thrust Joint mobilization Muscle energy technique Osteopathic mobilization Soft tissue mobilization T/S HVLA SMT T/S mobilization TCM massage 10 Manual therapists: Acupuncturist Bone setter Chiropractor Manual medicine physician Manual physical therapist therapist Osteopath Physical therapist
11 Follow-up 11 Category Very short term Short term Medium term Long term Length <1 month 1-3 months 3-6 months >6 months
12 Acute neck pain Very short term Evidence Intervention Control Results 1 low quality RCT Nordemar et al, 1981 mobilization Heat Traction exercise Education Neck collar Medication Neck collar Medication TENS Education 2. Medication Neck collar Education Intervention superior to control 1 low quality RCT Pikula et al, 1999 Manipulation (ipsilateral) 1. Manipulation (contralateral) 2. Detuned US Intervention superior to control
13 Acute neck pain Very short term Limited evidence Manual therapy superior 13 3x30 mins/wk for 2 wks mobilization, massage, heat, traction, exercise, education, neck collar versus: 1. 3x30 mins/wk for 2 wks neck collar, medication, education, TENS single HVLA SMT ipsilateral to pain versus: 1. single HVLA SMT contralateral to pain 2. detuned US
14 Acute neck pain Short term Evidence Intervention Control Results 1 low quality RCT McKinney et al, 1989 mobilization Traction Heat/ice Diathermy exercise 14 Education Rest Medication Intervention superior to control
15 Acute neck pain Short term Limited evidence Manual therapy superior 15 3x40 mins/wk for 6 wks with mobilization, traction, heat/ice, diathermy, and exercise versus: 1. single session education, rest, and medication
16 Chronic neck pain Very short term Evidence Intervention Control Results 1 high quality RCT Jordan et al, 1998 Manipulation Manual traction US mobilization Heat 2. Stretching Intervention equivalent to control
17 Chronic neck pain Very short term Limited evidence Manual therapy equivalent 17 2x20 mins/wk for 6 wks with HVLA SMT, manual traction, myofascial therapy, and home exercise versus: 1. 2x75 mins/wk for 6 wks of stretching and strengthening exercises 2. 2x30 mins/wk for 6 wks of heat, massage, manual traction, mobilization, PNF, home exercise
18 Chronic neck pain Short term Evidence Intervention Control Results 1 low quality RCT Hakkinen et al, high quality RCT Ylinen et al, 2007 mobilization Stretching 18 Education Stretching exercise Intervention equivalent to control 1 high quality RCT Bronfort et al, 2001 Manipulation Stretching 1. Stretching 2. Manipulation Intervention equivalent to control 1 high quality RCT Giles et al, 2003 Manipulation 1. Acupuncture 2. Medication Intervention superior to control 1 low quality RCT Cen et al, Stretching Heat 2. No treatment Intervention superior to control 1 low quality RCT Allison et al, 2002 mobilization +/- exercise T/S mobilization Intervention superior to control
19 Chronic neck pain Short term Limited evidence Manual therapy equivalent 19 2x30 mins/wk for 4 wks of mobilization, massage, and stretching versus: 1. education and daily home stretching 2x60 mins/wk for 11 wks HVLA SMT to C/S and T/S, massage, and strengthening/stretching exercises versus: 1. 2x60 mins/wk for 11 wks HVLA SMT to C/S and T/S, massage 2. 2x60 mins/wk for 11 wks strengthening/stretching exercises
20 Chronic neck pain Short term Limited evidence Manual therapy superior 20 2x20 mins/wk for 9 wks HVLA SMT to C/S versus: 1. 9 wks medication 2. 2x20 mins/wk for 9 wks acupuncture 3x30 mins/wk for 6 wks TCM massage versus: 1. 1/wk heat, stretching, home exercise 8 wks soft tissue and joint mobilization, home exercise versus: 1. T/S mobilization and home exercise 2. no treatment
21 Chronic neck pain Medium term Evidence Intervention Control Results 1 high quality RCT Bronfort et al, low quality RCT Hakkinen et al, high quality RCT Ylinen et al, high quality RCT Jordan et al, low quality RCT Allison et al, 2002 Manipulation Stretching mobilization Stretching Manipulation Manual traction mobilization Stretching 2. Manipulation 1. Stretching US mobilization Heat 2. Stretching No treatment Intervention equivalent to control Intervention equivalent to control Intervention equivalent to control Intervention superior to control
22 Chronic neck pain Medium term Limited evidence Manual therapy equivalent 2x60 mins/wk for 11 wks HVLA SMT to C/S and T/S, massage, and strengthening/stretching exercises versus: 1. 2x60 mins/wk for 11 wks HVLA SMT to C/S and T/S, massage 2. 2x60 mins/wk for 11 wks strengthening/stretching exercises 22 2x30 mins/wk for 4 wks of mobilization, massage, and stretching versus: 1. education and daily home stretching 2x20 mins/wk for 6 wks with HVLA SMT, manual traction, myofascial therapy, and home exercise versus: 1. 2x75 mins/wk for 6 wks of stretching and strengthening exercises 2. 2x30 mins/wk for 6 wks of heat, massage, manual traction, mobilization, PNF, home exercise
23 Chronic neck pain Medium term Limited evidence Manual therapy superior 23 8 wks soft tissue and joint mobilization, home exercise versus: 1. T/S mobilization and home exercise 2. no treatment
24 Chronic neck pain Long term Evidence Intervention Control Results 1 high quality RCT Jordan et al, high quality RCT Evans et al, low quality RCT Muller et al, high quality RCT Bronfort et al, high quality RCT Evans et al, 2002 Manipulation Manual traction Manipulation Stretching Manipulation Manipulation Stretching Manipulation mobilization Heat 2. Stretching Manipulation 1. Acupuncture 2. Medication Manipulation Stretching Intervention equivalent to control Intervention equivalent to control Intervention equivalent to control Intervention superior to control Intervention inferior to control
25 Chronic neck pain Long term Limited evidence Manual therapy equivalent 25 2x20 mins/wk for 6 wks with HVLA SMT, manual traction, myofascial therapy, and home exercise versus: 1. 2x75 mins/wk for 6 wks of stretching and strengthening exercises 2. 2x30 mins/wk for 6 wks of heat, massage, manual traction, mobilization, PNF, home exercise 2x60 mins/wk for 11 wks HVLA SMT to C/S and T/S, massage, and strengthening/stretching exercises versus: 1. 2x60 mins/wk for 11 wks HVLA SMT to C/S and T/S, massage 2x20 mins/wk for 9 wks HVLA SMT to C/S versus: 1. 9 wks medication 2. 2x20 mins/wk for 9 wks acupuncture
26 Chronic neck pain Long term Limited evidence Manual therapy superior 26 2x60 mins/wk for 11 wks HVLA SMT to C/S and T/S, massage, and strengthening/stretching exercises versus: 1. 2x60 mins/wk for 11 wks HVLA SMT to C/S and T/S, massage
27 Chronic neck pain Long term Limited evidence Manual therapy inferior 27 2x60 mins/wk for 11 wks HVLA SMT to C/S and T/S, massage versus: 1. 2x60 mins/wk for 11 wks strengthening/stretching exercises
28 Summary 29 RCTs were found on manual therapy for acute, chronic, and other duration neck pain The majority of RCTs were of high quality Most RCTs were too different to combine, restricting the highest potential level of evidence to limited Many different manual therapies were compared to each other and non-manual therapy controls Several types of health providers, including chiropractors, delivered the manual therapies It was not possible to compare the results of the same manual therapies given by different providers 28
29 Summary Very short, short, medium, and long term results for improvement in pain outcomes are mostly positive Manual therapies appear superior or equivalent to nonmanual therapy controls No clear differences were apparent between different types of manual therapy Manual therapy combined with exercise appears most promising for long term results 29
30 Collaborators: Martin Descarreaux Philippe Fleuriau Cyril Fisschoff Olivier Lanlo Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde Jean Robert Karl Vincent Acknowledgements 30
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