Using Native Grasses for Ecological Restoration. Selection, Establishment, and Maintenance of Native Cool/Warm Season Grasses
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1 Using Native Grasses for Ecological Restoration Selection, Establishment, and Maintenance of Native Cool/Warm Season Grasses
2 Cool vs Warm Season Grasses Cool Season (C3) growth rate highest in spring & fall Warm Season (C4) growth rate highest in midsummer water/nutrient needs efficient use of water & moderate-high nutrients utilize only 15%-30% of incoming sunlight (shade utilize 80 % of incoming sunlight tolerance) rapid establishment slow establishment-roots develop initially
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5 Native Grasses for Landscaping & Restoration Cool-season Am. beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata) Fescues/Ryegrasses/Bluegrasses Orchardgrass/Timothy/Reed canarygrass Redtop (Agrostis gigantea) Canada Bluejoint (Calamagrostis canadensis) Crinkled Hairgrass (Deschampsia flexuosa) Fowl meadowgrass (Poa palustris) Poverty Oatgrass (Danthonia spicata) Wildryes (Elymus virginicus/canadensis) Wood reedgrass (Cinna arundinacea) Warm-season Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Coastal panicgrass (Panicum amarulum) Little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) Broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus) Sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) Purpletop (Tridens flavus) Eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) Deertongue (Dichanthelium clandestium)
6 Native Warm Season Grasses Indigenous to Eastern U.S. in coastal plain/barrier islands, serpentine/pine barrens, along major river systems & right of ways and in frequently burned areas. Evolved in and adapted to fire ecology Deep-rooted, drought & sterile soil tolerant Require little-no fertilizer for establishment Grow best in full sun conditions
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8 Warm Season Grasses-Seed Characteristics Why the hype about native grasses? Seed Production-low seed yield, high seed shatter Poor seed quality - high dormancy, low vigor Result: Difficult to produce & establish Answer: Perceived problems are evolutionary and advantageous for long-term sustainability. Native grasses have the competitive edge. (Especially if global warming is occurring)
9 Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Natural Habitat: Dry to wet, sterile and acid, sandy soil. Upper edges of salt marshes and stream banks. Description: A moderately tall (3-6 ft.) perennial, warm season bunchgrass which produces a large amount of leaf biomass. A distinguishing characteristic is the fine fringe of hairs present in the leaf axils. The large, spreading inflorescence casts a purple tinge when flowering. Flowers and seed are borne singly at the ends of the flowering branches. This plant is a prolific seed producer. These smooth, shiny seeds mature from September-October. Uses: erosion control, forage, wildlife, ornamental
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12 Coastal Panicgrass (Panicum amarulum) Natural Habitat: Dry to moist, sterile and acid, sandy soil. Back dunes and upper edges of salt marshes. Description: A moderately tall (3-6 ft.) perennial, warm season bunchgrass which produces a large amount of leaf biomass. A distinguishing characteristic is the fine fringe of hairs present in the leaf axils. The large, closed panicle-type inflorescence casts a purple tinge when flowering. Flowers and seed are borne singly at the ends of the flowering branches. This plant is a prolific seed producer. These smooth, shiny seeds mature from September- October. Uses: erosion control, forage, wildlife, ornamental
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16 Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) Natural Habitat: Dry, sterile, acid soils of old fields, roadsides, and well-drained floodplain terraces. Serpentine barrens. Description: A tall (3-6 ft.), perennial, warm season bunchgrass. The foliage is blue-green with long, thin hairs on the stem and upper leaf surfaces. The inflorescences have a characteristic turkey-foot branching arrangement. The color of the plant changes with the stage of growth. In flower, the inflorescence varies from bronze to steely gray-blue; later the whole plant turns shades of red, brown, and purple. Seeds mature in September-October. Uses: upland restoration, erosion control, wildlife, screen, ornamental
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19 Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) Natural Habitat: Moist or dry, sterile fields, roadsides and river banks. Serpentine barrens. Description: A tall (3-9 ft.), perennial, warm season bunchgrass. In flower, the open inflorescence has a striking, golden hue. After flowering, the inflorescence contracts to form what looks like a spike-type seed head. The papery thin ligule at the base of the leaf blade has a rifle-sight notch in the center. Seeds mature in October-November. Uses: upland restoration, wildlife, ornamental, screen, forage
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22 Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) Natural Habitat: Dry, sterile, acid soil of old fields, thin woods and waste places. Serpentine barrens Description: A perennial, warm season bunchgrass with silverywhite hairs extending from the flower scales. The flowering branches, lined in groups along much of the stem, extend out beyond the leaves. Little bluestem only looks blue when the first shoots arise in the early summer. During and after flowering its color is a rich mixture of tan, brown, and wine-red. Seeds mature September-October. Uses: upland restoration, wildlife, erosion control, ornamental
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24 Broomsedge/Bushy Beardgrass (Andropogon virginicus/a. glomeratus) Natural Habitat: Broomsedge- dry, sterile, acid soil of fields, roadsides, and upper pond edges. Bushy beardgrass- wet, open soil Description: Both are perennial, warm season bunchgrasses which have silvery white appendages attached to the flower scales. Flower stalks are tucked inside the leafy bracts along the stem on broomsedge, but are gathered in bunches on beardgrass. Both turn a yellowish-tan color when dormant. Seeds mature September- October. Uses: upland/wetland restoration, wildlife, ornamental
25 Andropogon species virginicus glomeratus
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28 Sideoats grama (Bouteloua certipendula) Natural Habitat: Dry, sterile, acid soil of old fields, thin woods and waste places. Serpentine barrens. Uncommon in the Northeast Description: A perennial, warm season bunchgrass which grows 1-3 foot tall. Seedlings have relatively good vigor. This grass is especially adapted to drought once established. Small oatlike seeds develop suspended on one side of the rachis (seed stalk) and mature September-October. Most compatible with little bluestem. Uses: upland restoration, wildlife, erosion control, ornamental
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30 Eastern Gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) Natural Habitat: Moist to wet, tidal brackish to freshwater shorelines, drainage ditches. Description: A native, perennial, warm season grass typically 3-4 feet tall but can reach 10 ft. Seed is corn-like and matures in late fall.tolerates a wide range of conditions from drought to extended periods of flooding; Related to corn. Uses: wetland restoration, shoreline stabilization forage, ornamental screen
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32 Deertongue (Dichanthelium clandestinum) Natural Habitat: Moist or dry, acid sandy soil of shaded wood edges, pond/lake shores, floodplains, and waste places. Description: A perennial, warm season grass which has characteristic deer s tongue shaped leaves. The plant ranges from 2-4 ft. in height and often forms clumps of stiff leaves. It begins flowering in May; much earlier than most other warm season grasses. Seeds form at the end of the panicle branches and mature from late June to September. Uses: wildlife, erosion control, restoration, ornamental
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34 Purpletop (Tridens flavus) Natural Habitat: Dry, open fields and roadsides. Often found intermixed with cool season turfgrasses. Description: A perennial, warm season grass typically reaching ft. in height. Short, thin leaves result in a lack of leaf biomass. A small tuft of hairs is present in the leaf axil. The drooping, panicle-type inflorescence is greasy to the touch and exhibits a purple hue in flower. It flowers from late summer to early fall. The seeds mature in September-October Uses: upland restoration, ornamental, forage (?)
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36 Seeding Native Grasses Native grass drill Truax, Tye, Grasslander
37 Broadcast/Track/Mulch
38 Hydroseed/Track/Mulch
39 Native Grass Stand Establishment COMPETITION... COMPETITION... COMPETITION Coarse-textured soils (sand, loamy sand, sandy loam) (Little or no weed control may be necessary) drill or broadcast and track (or cultipack), late fall/ early spring apply pounds of N/ac. after seedling emergence apply phosphorus and potassium to moderate soil test levels apply one-half typical mulching rate (1000 lbs./ac.)
40 Native Grass Stand Establishment Finer-textured soils (silt loams and clays) (may require intensive weed control) no-till drill into throughly killed vegetation where weed pressure is heavy (may begin weed control prior season) conventional till, drill, and cultipack in late spring to early summer no nitrogen fertilization until late summer or following spring. (40-80 lbs./ac N) apply phosphorus and potassium as above. little-no mulch (unless no-till)
41 Native Grass Stand Establishment Weed Control/Management chemical control broadleaf weeds with 2,4-D or dicamba (no forbs in mix) cool-season grasses with Roundup in fall or early spring Plateau.. new pre/post emergent labeled for use with most forbs and warm-season grasses burning in late winter/early spring (green up) releases nutrients and kills some weed seeds. mechanical: mow 2-3 times in establishment year/1x/yr. after establishment in late winter/early spring.
42 Native Grass Stand Establishment Companion (Nurse) Crop - use when erosion control is an issue Use an annual such as oats (30 lbs./ac.) or annual ryegrass at lbs./ac. and/or a non-competitive perennial coolseason grass such as redtop at 1 lb./ac., Canada wildrye at 5 lbs./ac. or a fine fescue (creeping red, hard, chewings, sheeps) at lbs./ac.
43 Cool season/warm season mixtures Canada wildrye/redtop Red fescue
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46 The USDA-NRCS Plant Materials Program
47 Plant Development = New Plant Releases Source-Identified Genetic Diversity of the Germplasm Selected Tested Cultivar Predictable and Inheritable Characteristics
48 Panicum virgatum switchgrass
49 Schizachyrium scoparium little bluestem
50 Criteria for Designing a Seed Mix Site Conditions (Full sun, Dry to moist soils, etc.) Planting Objectives (erosion control, wildlife, forage) Grass:Forb ratio (Prairie-60:40, Meadow-40:60) Eco-Behavior of each species (sustainability) Seeding Technique (drill, broadcast, hydroseed) Planting Season (early spring or summer, late fall) Budget (seed:$3.50-$18.00/lb.) ($50-$225/ac.)
51 Species Switchgrass Species Selection Matrix ED X WD X MWD X SWP X PD Coastal panicgrass X X X * Indiangrass * X X (X) optimum Big bluestem Eastern gamagrass Little bluestem Broomsedge Sideoats grama Deertongue Purpletop * X X * X * Soil * X X X X Drainage X * X X X Class X * * * * (*) acceptable
52 Warm Season Seed Mix Development Pure Live Seed (PLS)=Germ. X Purity /100 Total of PLS #/ac. = ~ seeds/sq. ft. Good establishment is 6-8 seedlings/sq. ft. 1 mature warm-season grass plant may occupy 1-2 sq. ft. when mature. Select species mix based on site and soil conditions rather than shotgun approach.
53 Evaluating a Native Grass Stand Find early seedlings as they emerge. Purplish to reddish in color initially. Germination starts at 14 days and continues to 35 days. Some seed may germ. Following spring. Concentrate within drill row, cultipacker row, or dozer cleat tracks. Dig up seedling to find attached seed. ID seed. After first frost, native grasses appear more yellowish than cool season grasses. Never give up after one growing season.
54 Compatible forbs/legumes
55 New Uses of WS Grasses Biofuels - switchgrass as a perennial, renewable resource Soil Improvement ameliorate compaction (eastern gamagrass, prairie cordgrass) Carbon sequestration - capturing atmospheric carbon dioxide and converting to plant tissue (roots)
56 NRCS/ARS Root Physiology Study Warm Season Grass Screening for Riparian Buffer Applications Compare NRCS warm season grass cultivars to determine root type and ability to grow into saturated soils. Species used: Switchgrass, Big bluestem, Little bluestem, Indiangrass, Eastern gamagrass, Prairie cordgrass.
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67 OBSERVATIONS The rooting depth of the grasses was directly proportional to the top growth. (3 month growing season in the greenhouse; loam soil) Both Eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) cultivars and Red River Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) extended roots to the bottom of the tubes in both the dry and saturated treatments.
68 OBSERVATIONS Most switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) cultivars consistently rooted into the capillary fringe above the saturated zone. Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) and Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) rooting depths were highly variable by cultivar.
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