Travel Vaccines. Olive Health & Travel Clinic. Phone

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1 Travel Vaccines Olive Health & Travel Clinic Phone

2 Diphtheria, Tetanus and Polio (DTP) The DTP is a class of combination vaccines against three infectious diseases in humans: diphtheria, tetanus and polio. Diphtheria is a potentially fatal an infectious bacterial disease that affects the nose, throat and sometimes skin and is commonly spread through coughs and sneezes. It can cause problems breathing. In rare cases, it can be fatal when the disease causes heart failure, respiratory failure, or an accumulation of toxins in the nervous system. : symptoms are related to the respiratory area of the body as this is where Diphtheria attacks. Those affected may experience sore throat, cough, headache, chills and fever, problems breathing and may appear light blue. Tetanus is a bacterial infection which most commonly enters the body through a puncture wound. The disease causes a number of muscle spasms and can be fatal. : symptoms appear between four and twenty-one days after being infected. The first symptom is lockjaw which is a severe stiffness in a group of muscles which make it hard for your mouth to open and is commonly experienced alongside spasms. It spreads to the neck and limbs over up to three days. It may become hard to swallow and in some rare severe incidents causes trouble breathing leading to possible suffocation. Polio is an acute viral infection which can be fatal. It is a very contagious disease and can result in permanent nerve damage and in turn paralysed limbs and respiratory muscles. commonly do not appear until up to twenty days although Polio is highly infectious. Early symptoms include fever, vomiting, chest pain, headaches and fatigue. In some rare cases the person may end up paralysed, most commonly in the legs and among these cases it can be fatal when breathing muscles are immobilised.

3 Diphtheria, Tetanus and Polio (DTP) (cont) Every traveller who has not had the vaccine is at risk. Those with greater risk are children who have not been immunised and older adults who have not received a vaccination as a child. In general, the DTP vaccine is required every 10 years and is offered as a single dose injection which covers diphtheria, tetanus and polio. Diphtheria is mostly prevalent in Indonesia, India, Russia and Papua New Guinea. Tetanus bacterium is prevalent in many places across the world but highly prevalent in China, India, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Russia, sub-saharan Africa, the Middle East and a number of countries in Central and some of South America including Columbia, Ecuador and Peru. Polio is most prevalent in Central Africa and particular areas in Asia (South East, East and Central). High risk countries are Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria.

4 Cholera Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal illness caused by a bacteria. It affects the small bowel and causes painless, watery diarrhoea. Within 1-5 days of catching the bacteria, those affected experience painless diarrhoea appearing pale and cloudy, and vomiting clear liquid. All travellers to high-risk areas should take the cholera vaccine. Cholera is vaccinepreventable, with the cholera vaccine offering 85-90% protection. A course of oral cholera tablets is recommended which lasts for up to 2 years. Cholera is prevalent in places with poor sanitation, alongside poor water and food hygiene, especially in parts experiencing war or natural disasters. It is highly prevalent in Africa, Asia, and Central and South America.

5 Malaria Malaria is widespread in tropical countries and is spread by mosquitoes. It only takes one bite from an infected female Anopheles mosquito to transmit malaria. It is very serious and can be fatal. Initial symptoms are flu-like including sweats, fever and chills which are often mild and difficult to identify as malaria. Normally, a person shows symptoms between 7 to 18 days after being infected. However, it can take up to a year for symptoms to develop. The most severe type of malaria could lead to life-threatening complications like breathing difficulties and organ failure if not treated quickly. If you are travelling to an area with a risk of malaria you may be recommended to take antimalarial tablets to prevent you from becoming infected. Course of tablets. The regime will depend on the type of tablets and the length of stay in the malarial risks area. Malaria occurs world-wide, but is most prevalent in Africa, South America, Middle East, East Asia and South East Asia.

6 Hepatitis A Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver caused by the Hepatitis A virus. In most cases, it is caught through having contaminated food and water. Infected people can also contaminate others through poor hygiene. Most commonly fever, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, muscular aches, vomiting, loss of weight and discolouration of skin and eyes. It may take up to two weeks for symptoms to develop. The virus varies in severity and is recommended for all ages. Older people often experience severe illness, whereas small children may experience mild or no symptoms. 2 injections are required for a 25 year protection, ideally 6-12 months apart Hepatitis A is widespread around the globe but is mostly prevalent in Central and South America, Africa and Asia and even more prevalent in areas with poor sanitation.

7 Hepatitis B Hepatitis B is a viral Infection which may result in severe liver problems and can be deadly. You can get infected with hepatitis B if you have contact with an infected person s blood or other body fluids. Nausea/vomiting, gastro-intestinal upset, mild fever, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and flulike symptoms. Also, jaundice may occur. People at risk and who should consider vaccination are: people travelling to high-risk countries people who inject drugs or have a partner who injects drugs people who change their sexual partners frequently men who have sex with men babies born to infected mothers close family and sexual partners of someone with hepatitis B anyone who receives regular blood transfusions or blood products people with any form of liver disease people with chronic kidney disease male and female sex workers people who work somewhere that places them at risk of contact with blood or body fluids, such as nurses, prison staff, doctors, dentists and laboratory staff prisoners families adopting/fostering children from high-risk countries It can also spread through tattooing, body piercing and acupuncture For full protection, you will need 3 injections as a course over 4 to 6 months. Boosters are recommended every 5 years for travellers or anyone thought to be at continuing risk of infection. Travel booster schedule will also depend on travel plan.

8 Hepatitis B (cont) Hepatitis B is prevalent everywhere in the world. Regions where there is higher risk of Hepatitis B include India, China, Eastern Europe, Russia, Central and South America, South East Asia, Africa and numerous islands in the South Pacific.

9 Typhoid Typhoid is a bacterial infection which may cause toxic heart disease, pneumonia, swelling of the brain and without antibiotic therapy can lead to death. It is spread through contamination of food and drink. Fever, headache, confusion, chills, nausea, loss of appetite, vague abdominal pain and sometimes constipation in adults. People travelling to regions where there are poor standards of personal and food hygiene and poor sanitation. Available in both tablet and injection form. Injection is required every 3 years. The course of tablets is taken on days 1, 3 and 5. It is widespread in most parts of the globe, including the Middle East, South and Central America, Africa, South Asia and some parts of South East Asia. There have also been reports of Typhoid outbreaks in Eastern Europe in countries including Ukraine, Russia, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan.

10 Meningitis ACWY Meningitis is a severe, possibly fatal bacterial infection causing swelling of brain lining and spinal cord and poisoning of the blood. It can lead to disability and death, especially if there is blood poisoning. Meningitis is passed from person to person and can quickly spread amongst the population. Common signs & symptoms of meningitis and septicaemia are fever, cold hands and feet, vomiting, drowsiness, difficult to wake, loss of consciousness, confusion and irritation, severe muscle and joint pain, pale blotchy skin, spots/rash, severe headache, stiff neck, dislike of bright lights and convulsions/seizures. Travellers to Sub-Saharan Africa and Saudi Arabia should take the vaccine. Some countries, for example Saudi Arabia, demand that you provide a Meningitis ACWY certificate prior to entering the country. This is especially necessary for those travelling for Hajj and Umrah. A single dose is required every five years. Meningitis is prevalent everywhere in the world, especially in sub-saharan Africa, an area sometimes referred to as the meningitis belt, where meningitis A is the most frequent cause of the illness, but there have been recent outbreaks of W, X and C.

11 Rabies Rabies is a viral infection which spreads from animal to human, usually as a result of an animal bite, and targets the brain and nervous system. It is mostly always fatal once symptoms develop. High temperature, irrational fear of water, sensitivity to light, fear of drafts of air and confusion or aggressive behaviour. There is no cure or treatment for rabies. Once the infection has taken hold, it is almost always lethal. If you are travelling to a country with a high rabies risk, it is advised that you protect yourself with a preventative rabies vaccine. 3 doses over a month on days 1, 7 and then between days 21 and 28. Rabies is prevalent worldwide. Countries with a particularly high risk of rabies include all countries on the African continent, large parts of Asia and South America.

12 Japanese Encephalitis Japanese Encephalitis is a viral infection which is passed on by mosquitoes possibly causing swelling of the brain, leading to permanent brain damage or death. appear five to fifteen after being bitten. At first flu symptoms may occur, and then brain swelling, leading to symptoms including severe fever, convulsions, confusion and paralysis. The disease can lead to permanent brain damage or death. Travellers going to agricultural areas, or countries at risk for longer than three to four weeks. Course of two injections 28 days apart. Boosters are required every 1 to 2 years. The risk is high commonly during the rainy season for temperate Asian Countries which include Thailand, Cambodia and India. In tropical countries, or example Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia there is risk all year round.

13 Tick-borne Encephalitis Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infection spread to humans by the bite of a small spider-like parasite called a tick. In some cases, the virus can spread to the layer of protective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord (meningitis) or the brain itself (encephalitis). Around one in every 100 cases of tick-borne encephalitis is fatal. Initial symptoms of TBE are similar to flu and can include a high temperature (fever), headache, tiredness, muscle pain, nausea and general discomfort. These symptoms usually last for up to eight days, after which point most people make a full recovery. In some cases, those affected have gone on to develop encephalitis which may cause paralysis and sometimes death. These second-stage symptoms can include changes in mental state, such as confusion, drowsiness or disorientation, seizures (fits), sensitivity to bright light (photophobia), an inability to speak and paralysis (inability to move certain body parts). If TBE reaches this stage, you will usually need to be admitted to hospital. These symptoms tend to get slowly better over a few weeks, but it may take several months or years to make a full recovery and there is a risk you could experience long-term complications such as memory problems, problems with concentration and a short attention span, and changes in behaviour such as becoming more impulsive and having poor judgement. The best way to prevent TBE is to be vaccinated against the infection before you travel if you are planning to work or travel in a part of the world where there is a risk of TBE, particularly if you are planning to visit rural areas or go hiking or camping.

14 Tick-borne Encephalitis (cont) Course of 3 doses at month 1, 3 and 5. For accelerated protection, the second dose can be given as little as 14 days after the first. For complete protection, start the course of injections 6 months before travelling. Get your first booster within three years, then every 3 to 5 years. There are cases of infection among travellers returning from countries within Europe and Asia where TBE-infected ticks are found. Infected ticks are mainly found in many parts of Europe especially Romania, Poland and Lithuania. There are also two sub-types of TBE found in Russia and in some countries in East Asia, particularly forested regions of China and Japan.

15 Yellow Fever Yellow fever is a very severe and often deathly virus spread by mosquitoes in tropical regions of South America and Africa. It is prevalent in jungle and urban environments and especially during the rainy season. The first stage of Yellow Fever includes fever, nausea/vomiting, muscle pain and loss of appetite. After a few days many affected appear better. But, within a day of apparent improvement some people experience a more serious stage including haemorrhagic fever and deterioration of the kidney. Almost every country affected requires yellow fever vaccination certificate before allowing travelers to enter. Required every 10 years. Yellow fever is prevalent in tropical regions of South America and sub-saharan and West Africa.

16 Cranbrook House, 635 Cranbrook Road Gants Hill Ilford, IG2 6SX Phone: Olive Health & Travel Clinic Website: