Effets biologiques des facteurs de croissance sur la régénération musculaire
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1 Effets biologiques des facteurs de croissance sur la régénération musculaire Xavier Bigard (MD, PhD) Professeur Agrégé du Val-de-Grâce Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA) La Tronche (Grenoble) Brétigny/Orge - France
2 Adult skeletal muscle is highly adaptable Skeletal muscle is susceptible to muscle injury after - direct trauma - acute injury ; muscular tears, strains, etc. - intensive exercise, strain injury A complex healing process is quickly initiated at the site of tissue damage
3 Sequential events of muscle degeneration / regeneration
4 Sequential events of muscle degeneration / regeneration 1. Degeneration Disruption of myofiber integrity - autolysis Inflammation Injury Activation day 1 after notexin injection 4h 8h Response of inflammatory cells (neutrophils) 2days Infiltration of macrophages Activation, proliferation of satellite cells Removal of cellular debris
5 Sequential events of muscle degeneration / regeneration 1. Degeneration Disruption of myofiber integrity - autolysis 2. Regeneration Proliferation Injury Activation 2j Stop 8j 4h 8h 2days Myoblasts Fusion Myotubes
6 Sequential events of muscle degeneration / regeneration 1. Degeneration Disruption of myofiber integrity - autolysis 2. Regeneration Proliferation Injury Activation 2j Stop 8j 4h 8h 2days 3. Maturation and muscle growth Maturation myofiber growth Fusion
7 Satellite cell activation, proliferation and differentiation are under the control of growth factors released in extracellular space, from injured myofibers active immune cells, platelets, endothelial cells, motor neurons. All these growth factors play a role in specific stages of muscle regeneration, In vivo, there is a fine balance between stimulatory and inhibitory factors (++++).
8 basal lamina sarcolemma The satellite cell niche. proximity of vessels, myonuclei and satellite cells ; strong interaction between cells through growth factors and cytokines.
9 SC activation Initial injury FGF SC proliferation SC fusion and myofiber maturation
10 stimulatory factors FGF HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) stored in the extracellular matrix, directly released by injury, the first to activate SCs, released after MMP expression by satellite cells (SC), essential during the first steps of regeneration, stimulates SC migration to the site of injury.
11 stimulatory factors FGF FGFs (fibrolast growth factors, FGF2, FGF6) markedly released during the primary inflammatory response, induces SC proliferation, and inhibits the myotube formation, expresses genes essential for differentiation (MRFs), key role on capillary proliferation and nerve repair.
12 stimulatory factors FGF s (Platelet derived growth factor) markedly released by degranulated platelets, induces SC proliferation, inhibits the terminal differentiation into myotubes.
13 stimulatory factors FGF IGF-1 and 2, major role in myofiber regeneration, unique, because stimulate proliferation, differentiation and maturation.
14 inibitory factors FGF TGFb superfamily (TGFb-1, -2, myostatin, etc.), myostatin maintains SC at the quiescent state, downregulates markers of SC activation,
15 Growth factors and Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) The current hypothesis is that PRP injections deliver supraphysiological concentrations of GFs at the injured site, influencing all cellular steps needed for myofiber regeneration, and then enhancing muscle regeneration. The main growth factors extracted from PRPs HGF, b-fgf,, IGF-I and II, VEGF, angiopoietin-1, etc. The speed and quality of myofiber regeneration is related to the kinetics of GF release, GF interactions, GF availability at the site of tissue damage.
16 Growth factors and Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) The speed and quality of myofiber regeneration is related to the kinetics of GF release, GF interactions, GF availability at the site of tissue damage HGF FGF IGF TGFb 4h J1 J3 J5 J7
17 Growth factors and Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) The speed and quality of myofiber regeneration is related to the kinetics of GF release, GF interactions, GF availability at the site of tissue damage - presence (L-PRP) or not of neutrophils (P-PRP) - neutrophils may exacerbate tissue damage through proinflammatory cytokines,
18 PRP-1 system concentrated platelets (1.99 / blood) diminished leukocytes (0.13 ) PRP-2 system concentrated platelets (4.69 ) concentrated leukocytes (4.26 ) PRP-1 PRP-2 (ng/ml) 6.4 ± ± 4.7 P<0.05 TGF-b b (ng/ml) 20 ± ± 12.9 P<0.05 MMP-9 (ng/ml) 40 ± ± 32.9 P<0.05 IL-1b b (pg/ml) 0.31 ± ± 1.2 P<0.05 Sundman et al. 2011
19 Growth factors and Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) The speed and quality of myofiber regeneration is related to the kinetics of GF release, GF interactions, GF availability at the site of tissue damage - presence (L-PRP) or not of neutrophils (P-PRP) - neutrophils may exacerbate tissue damage through proinflammatory cytokines, - what is the exact GF composition of PRP extracts? according to the preparation method, the inter-, intra-individual variability
20 Conclusions 1) Muscle recovery after injury results from a very sophisticated biological machinery that involves growth factors, cytokines, transcription factors and several intracellular pathways, in sequential cellular steps. fine balance between positive (HGF, FGF,, IGF-1) and negative regulators (TGFb). 2) The potential use of growth factors and cytokines extracted from PRPs is of potential interest but - is PRP an ideal means for improving muscle healing? - are GF interesting for improving myofiber repair? - how to improve the expected effects of PRP? # the ideal balance between stimulatory and inhibitory factors # conditions of extraction.
21 Team «Biomechanics-Muscle-Nutrition» Nathalie Koulmann Nadine Simler Rachel Chapot Sébastien Banzet Bernard Serrurier Hervé Sanchez Alexandra Malgoyre Estelle Habouzit Hélène Richard Emmanuelle Fink Olivier Birot
22 Thank you for your attention
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