Trends of Opioid Misuse and Diversion: Lessons from the United States
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1 Trends of Opioid Misuse and Diversion: Lessons from the United States 31 October 2012 Richard C. Dart, MD, PhD Director Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center Professor - University of Colorado, Department of Emergency Medicine 1
2 Unintentional Drug Death 2
3 The Prescription Drug Abuse Epidemic 100% Number of deaths 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Methadone, 16.2% Other opioid painkillers, 22.0% Benzo./antidepress, 6.5% Cocaine, 25.1% '99 '00 '01 '02 '03 '04 Year Heroin, 7.7% Meth / amphet., 6.4% Other specified drugs, 16.1% prescription opioid cocaine heroin 40% of Opioid Analgesic Deaths Paulozzi, CDC
4 Moving Forward: USA Pharmaceutical strategies Improve physical tamper resistance (i.e. OxyContin, Exalgo ) Incorporate deterrent (i.e. Suboxone, Embeda ) Regulatory strategies REMS: FDA Approval of Extended Release (ER) & Long Acting (LA) opioid Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy (REMS) in July 2012; other class-wide REMS in draft Prescription Monitoring Programs (PMP) across US Measuring impact of these strategies RADARS System Data Trending Mosaic approach 4
5 Prescription Opioid Misuse & Diversion United States Experience Deaths from opioid abuse have surpassed deaths caused by motor vehicle accidents Abuse deterrent formulations Increasing availability of generic products Toll of accidental pediatric exposures Outline of Presentation RADARS System Methodology & General Results Trends with abuse deterrent formulations & market changes Medical outcomes following pediatric exposures Lessons learned 5
6 What is the RADARS System? History 2001, created by Purdue Pharma 2006, Denver Health and Hospital Authority Purpose Multiple pharmaceutical subscribers Independent program Denver Public Safety Net Hospital for 150 years State sanctioned independent authority Measure rates of misuse, abuse and diversion of prescription drugs 6
7 Mosaic Approach to Surveillance Poison Center Acute Events 51 Centers 47 States Drug Diversion Criminal Justice 280 investigator 50 states Opioid Tx Program (OTP) Patients in Tx 73 programs 33 states Survey of Key Informants Patients (SKIP) Patients in Tx 125 practices 50 states College Survey 2000 students 50 States 3x each year StreetRx Users/Buyers Crowdsourcing 50 states 7
8 RADARS System Process A Tale of Two Denominators POPULATION RATE = Counts by System US Population Disease burden on whole population Does not account for drug availability UNIQUE RECIPIENTS OF Counts by System = DISPENSED DRUG (URDD) RATE URDD Number of unique people filling prescription for drug (refills excluded) 8
9 RADARS System Opioid Abuse Population Rate (Ranked Highest-Lowest) 2011 Rank Poison Center Opioid Treatment 1 Survey of Key Informant Pts Drug Diversion College Survey Hydrocodone Oxycodone Hydrocodone Oxycodone Hydrocodone Oxycodone Hydrocodone Oxycodone Hydrocodone Oxycodone Tramadol Methadone Morphine Morphine Morphine Methadone Morphine Hydromorphone Buprenorphine Tramadol Morphine Hydromorphone Methadone Methadone Fentanyl Buprenorphine Buprenorphine Buprenorphine Hydromorphone Methadone Fentanyl Fentanyl Fentanyl Tramadol Buprenorphine Hydromorphone Tramadol Tramadol Fentanyl Hydromorphone 9
10 RADARS System Opioid Abuse URDD Rates (Ranked Highest-Lowest) 2011 Rank Poison Center Opioid Treatment 1 Survey of Key Informant Pts Drug Diversion College Survey Methadone Methadone Hydromorphone Methadone Methadone Buprenorphine Hydromorphone Methadone Hydromorphone Hydromorphone Morphine Morphine Morphine Buprenorphine Morphine Hydromorphone Buprenorphine Buprenorphine Morphine Fentanyl Fentanyl Fentanyl Fentanyl Oxycodone Buprenorphine Tramadol Oxycodone Oxycodone Fentanyl Oxycodone Oxycodone Hydrocodone Hydrocodone Hydrocodone Hydrocodone Hydrocodone Tramadol Tramadol Tramadol Tramadol 10
11 RADARS System Opioid Abuse Trends Rates by Program, Population Q1 2002Q3 2003Q1 2003Q3 2004Q1 2004Q3 2005Q1 2005Q3 2006Q1 2006Q3 2007Q1 2007Q3 2008Q1 2008Q3 2009Q1 2009Q3 2010Q1 2010Q3 2011Q1 2011Q Drug Diversion Poison Center Opioid Treatment SKIP URDD Q1 2002Q3 2003Q1 2003Q3 2004Q1 2004Q3 2005Q1 2005Q3 2006Q1 2006Q3 2007Q1 2007Q3 2008Q1 2008Q3 2009Q1 2009Q3 2010Q1 2010Q3 2011Q1 2011Q Drug Diversion Poison Center Opioid Treatment SKIP
12 RADARS System Opioid Abuse Trends Poison Center Program Intentional Exposures Buprenorphine Fentanyl Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Methadone Morphine Oxycodone Oxymorphone / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /2003 Quarter/Year Rate per 1,000 URDD
13 US CDC* Mortality Data Drug-related deaths involving opioids, by type of opioid Drug Abuse Warning Network Medical Examiner System, 13 states, 2009 Opioid No. Death rate/100kg MME All deaths Single drug deaths All deaths Single drug deaths RR All deaths Single drug deaths (95% CI) All deaths Single drug deaths Buprenorphine Fentanyl Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Morphine Oxycodone 1, Methadone 1, referent referent Total 3, MME = morphine milligram equivalent; RR = rate ratio; CI = confidence interval. *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Counts for each opioid might not sum to the total shown for all deaths because some deaths involved more than one opioid. CDC, July Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Vital Signs: Risk for Overdose from Methadone Used for Pain Relief United States,
14 CDC: 2009 Mortality Data Rank Rank CDC Death rate/100kg MME 1 methadone 2 morphine 3 hydrocodone 4 hydromorphone 5 oxycodone 6 fentanyl 7 buprenorphine MME = morphine milligram equivalent URDD = unique recipient of dispensed drug 14
15 Rank RADARS System vs CDC 2009 Mortality Data Rank PC Program Rate/1,000 URDD CDC Death rate/100kg MME 1 methadone methadone 2 morphine morphine 3 fentanyl hydrocodone 4 buprenorphine hydromorphone 5 hydromorphone oxycodone 6 oxycodone fentanyl 7 hydrocodone buprenorphine MME = morphine milligram equivalent URDD = unique recipient of dispensed drug Spearman rank correlation is fairly strong (p=0.052) in the ranks of the two estimates.. 15
16 Abuse Deterrent Formulations Effective Innovation or Marketing Gambit? OxyContin Suboxone
17 OxyContin URDD Rate Exposures/1000 URDD Poison Center Drug (%) OxyContin -31.3% Other Opioids -10.0% Before Reformulation After Reformulation Drug (%) OxyContin -52.9% Other Opioids -16.8% Cases/1000 URDD Drug Diversion URDD: Unique recipients of dispensed drug 17
18 Endorsements/1000 URDD OxyContin URDD Rate Opioid Treatment Program Drug (%) OxyContin -14.8% Other Opioids -11.6% Before Reformulation After Reformulation Drug (%) OxyContin -9.4% Other Opioids 7.6% URDD: Unique recipients of dispensed drug Endorsements/1000 URDD Survey of Key Informant Patients
19 100% 90% 80% Route of OxyContin Abuse Survey Key Informant Pts, Other Routes OxyContin OP Formulation Released 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Swallowed 10% 0%
20 Increase in Oxycodone Population Rate is Driven by IR Formulation Oxycodone IR Oxycodone OxyContin Rate per 100,000 Population Drug Diversion 04/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /2002 Oxycodone Rate per 100,000 Population Poison Centers IR Oxycodone OxyContin 04/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Quarter/Year
21 Data support that reformulated OxyContin is tamper and abuse deterrent Poison Center abuse, Drug Diversion and Opioid Treatment Program cases have decreased OxyContin rates decreased at a much higher percentage than other opioids over the same time period Decrease in both Population and URDD rates suggests reduction in both availability and desirability New formulation still is abused SKIP data show minimal effect Abuse of other drugs increasing Net effect? Reformulated OxyContin Conclusions URDD: Unique recipients of dispensed drug; SKIP: Survey of key informants patients 21
22 Availability of Buprenorphine has Expanded Unique Recipient of Dispensed Drug (URDD) Suboxone Tablets Suboxone Oral Film 2006Q1 2006Q2 2006Q3 2006Q4 2007Q1 2007Q2 2007Q3 2007Q4 2008Q1 2008Q2 2008Q3 2008Q4 2009Q1 2009Q2 2009Q3 2009Q4 2010Q1 2010Q2 2010Q3 2010Q4 2011Q1 2011Q2 2011Q3 2011Q4 2012Q1 URDD Total SI Buprenorphine Total Buprenorphine
23 Buprenorphine Rates Poison Center, Drug Diversion Programs Population Rate ( ) Population Rate per 100, Poison Center Suboxone Tablets Suboxone Oral Film Total SI buprenorphine Total buprenorphine Not otherwise specified buprenorphine Population Rate per 100, Drug Diversion Suboxone Tablets Suboxone Oral Film Total SI buprenorphine Total buprenorphine Not otherwise specified buprenorphine 23
24 Opioid Treatment Program Population v. URDD Rate 2010 Q Q Population rate per 100, URDD rate per 1, Total buprenorphine SI buprenorphine tablets Not otherwise specified buprenorphine Suboxone tablets Suboxone oral film Total buprenorphine SI buprenorphine tablets Suboxone tablets Suboxone oral film 24
25 Survey Key Informants Patients Population v. URDD Rate, 2010 Q Q Population rate per 100, URDD rate per 1, Total buprenorphine SI buprenorphine tablets Not otherwise specified buprenorphine Suboxone tablets Suboxone oral film Total buprenorphine SI buprenorphine tablets Suboxone tablets Suboxone oral film 25 25
26 RADARS System Poison Center Program Exposure Rates and Medical Outcomes in Children 26
27 Poison Center Program Unintentional General, Population and URDD Rates Children 0-12 Years (2009 Q4 2012Q1) Rate per 100,000 Population Rate per 1,000 URDD Single ingredient buprenoprhine Suboxone Suboxone Oral Film Single ingredient buprenoprhine Suboxone Suboxone Oral Film 27
28 28
29 Buprenorphine Conclusions Has availability of buprenorphine expanded? Dramatic increase in people filling a prescription (URDD) Marked increase of misuse and abuse in all systems Is Suboxone an abuse deterrent formulation? Yes, endorsements are falling and lower than single ingredient in most programs Misuse and abuse of buprenorphine in high risk populations (OTP and SKIP) Total endorsements rising quickly Single ingredient is generally preferred URDD: Unique recipients of dispensed drug; OTP: Opioid treatment program; SKIP: Survey of key informants patients 29
30 StreetRx.com 30
31 StreetRx ( Search: Ontario 31
32 Street Price Quotient OxyContin Reformulation Analysis 32
33 RADARS System Intervention Assessments 33
34 Operation UNITE Launched in 2003 to address prescription opioid abuse in Kentucky Three-pronged intervention Education Enforcement Treatment
35 Rise in Abuse Less in Operation UNITE Region 200 The RADARS System Poison Center Program Intentional Abuse Population Rates All Opioids 2 nd Quarter 2006 to 4 th Quarter 2011 Percent Change from Baseline
36 Rise in Abuse is Attenuated in States with PDMPs States without a PDMP Poison Center cases: Increase 1.9% per quarter* Opioid Treatment Program: Increase 4.9% per quarter States with a PDMP Poison center cases increase at 0.2% per quarter Opioid Treatment Program: Increase 2.6% per quarter * All increases are percent increases per quarter, exponential, adjusted for population and unique recipients of a dispensed drug (URDD) Reifler LZ, Droz D, Bailey JE, Schnoll SH, Fant R, Dart RC, Bucher-Bartelson BB. Do prescription monitoring programs impact state trends in opioid abuse / misuse? Pain Med 2012; 13:
37 Summary Important to employ mosaic approach No one data source is perfect Different sources answer different questions Triangulation and validation of external data sources Initial evidence supports that abuse deterrent formulations reduce abuse of those products Dependent upon how drug is misused Important to monitor consequence of squeezing the balloon Policy implications Should formulations with higher abuse remain on market? 37
38 Thank You! For further information or questions: 38
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