JAEA s Studies on Enhancing Nuclear Transparency in the Asia-Pacific Region

Transcription

1 JAEA s Studies on Enhancing Nuclear Transparency in the Asia-Pacific Region Y. Kawakubo and H. Tomikawa Integrated Support Center for Nuclear Nonproliferation and Nuclear(ISCN) Security, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) 0

2 Outlines Introduction Basic Understandings of Transparency Definition Benefit IAEA vs States / States vs States Stakeholders Transparency Studies Performed at JAEA Concept Study Cooperation to CSCAP Remote Monitoring System for Regional Transparency Information Sharing Framework Current Efforts and Future Prospect Other Activities Conclusion 1

3 Introduction International Trend to Strengthening Nonproliferation Regime Transparency in the international relations (Cold War Era) Confidence Building Measure for arms control Transparency of safeguards and nonproliferation (1992~) Firstly introduced by former IAEA Director General, Hans Blix, in 1992 essential to maintain confidence about their peaceful character and dispel any doubts in this regard As a reaction to clandestine nuclear program in Iraq Domestic Situation in Japan Pu utilization was accelerated (early to mid- 1990s) Akatsuki-Maru in 1992, MONJU online in 1994 (Early to mid-1990s) Accountability to international/domestic society became important Transparency study started at JAEA in

4 Definition of Transparency Transparency in Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy A cooperative process of providing information to all interested parties so that they can independently assess the safety, security, and legitimate management of nuclear materials Nuclear Facility Transparency: Definitions and Concepts, Charles D. Harmon et al., Cooperative Monitoring Center Sandia National Laboratories (2000) Features Voluntary process Qualitatively and quantitatively enough for understanding and for independent assessment. Transparency is one of the Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) 3

5 Benefit of Transparency (1) IAEA-States Transparency Undeclared nuclear program in Iraq (1990) Correctness and completeness of declared use of nuclear material in focus SAGSI discussed transparency (a state to provide additional information to IAEA) and openness (additional access) beyond the legal NPT obligation, as a measure to improve IAEA safeguards The discussion was incorporated into expanded declaration and complementary access of Additional Protocol based on INFCIRC/540 The early stage of discussion of IAEA-States transparency directly strengthened IAEA safeguards. 4

6 Benefit of Transparency (2) States-States Transparency (Regional Transparency) NPT reassures information sharing between IAEA and States, but not between States and States States-States transparency is a confidence building measure which provides additional assurance that the existing nuclear programs are peaceful nature It is essential especially where nuclear energy use is increasing /geopolitics concerns exist such as Asia-Pacific region Overview of Japan Atomic Energy Agency s Regional Transparency Efforts, B.Hoffheins, et al., July 2011 Regional transparency promote Confidence Building in the region 5

7 Benefit of Transparency (2) States-States Transparency (Regional Transparency) Sharing meaningful information among the states in the region can elevate SSAC/RSAC capability By promoting IAEA cooperation with SSAC/RSAC, it can complement and reinforce IAEA safeguards Voluntary-based information sharing is encouraged through noninstitutionalized network such as Asia Pacific Safeguards Network (APSN) Regional transparency reinforce and complement IAEA safeguards 6

8 Stakeholders of Transparency Stakeholders: information providers/ receivers IAEA, state governments, facility operators, inspectors, research institutes, academic institutes, public general, media, etc. Considering the security level of information that they can receive Track I : International organizations, government agencies Track II : Nongovernment, professionals Other Tracks: Public citizens, activists, media, etc. 7

9 Transparency Studies at JAEA Transparency studies at JAEA have been performed as a joint project with US. DOE and its national labs Transparency studies started in 1995 and have continued over 18 years A series of studies can be categorized into 4 as below; JAEA/LANL Concept study for the basis of transparency studies JAEA/SNL Framework establishment for transparency implementation 1) Fundamental Concept Study JAEA/SNL Technology demonstration for IAEA SG 3) Demonstration of RMS at JOYO for IAEA SG JAEA/SNL Technology demonstration for regional transparency Application of RMS for Regional Transparency 4) Establishment of Information Sharing Framework JAEA/SNL Cooperation to regional Track II effort 2) Cooperation to CSCAP Fig. JAEA-DOE transparency studies in the past 8

10 Transparency Studies at JAEA 1) Fundamental Concept Study JAEA-LANL, Overview Ultimate goal was to improve worldwide acceptance of nuclear energy. A fundamental study to define fundamental elements of transparency Executed through independent studies and three workshops; policy environment of transparency, transparency options, and technical options for transparency Achievement Fundamental elements were defined; definition, goal, challenges, criteria for applying transparency, etc. Candidate technologies were listed; remote monitoring system, environmental monitoring, satellite monitoring, independent inspections, etc. This study formed the basis of the following transparency studies and activities at JAEA 9

11 JAEA-SNL, Overview Transparency Studies at JAEA 2) Cooperation to CSCAP The Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP) : the Track II, multilateral organization to address safety and nonproliferation concerns. Provide a structured process of regional confidence building and enhancing transparency The website of Nuclear Transparency in the Asia Pacific was developed by the lead of SNL, which links existing transparency measures across the Asia Pacific region and encourages further transparency The website applied transparency technologies Airborne Radiation (Radiation in Air) Operational Safety of nuclear facilities Transportation Safety Safety of Back End Fuel Facilities Radiation in the water JAEA sent an expert to SNL for 18 months to support the effort 10

12 Achievement Transparency Studies at JAEA 2) Cooperation to CSCAP Online transparency tools were explored; near-real time display of airborne radiation, virtual tour of US WIPP facility, etc. A good example of Track II effort, which demonstrated its large capability of promoting nuclear transparency in international, regional and domestic phase 11

13 Transparency Studies at JAEA 3) Remote Monitoring System at JOYO JAEA-SNL, Overview Developed, demonstrated and matured remote monitoring systems (RMS) for safeguards and regional transparency use over 15 years at JAEA Experimental Fast Reactor JOYO. Original RMS: an on-site monitoring system and remote-site data review stations at JOYO. It was linked to SNL through conventional phone lines (modems) in 1997 The on-site system: a data acquisition system, various sensors including gamma detectors, and a digital camera Remote data review stations: Data is displayed and archived. Expanded to Fresh Fuel storage, and upgraded by applying new technologies 12

14 Objective Installatio n location Technolog ies applied Transparency Studies at JAEA 3) Remote Monitoring System at JOYO SF Sensors &Detectors Micro wave motion sensor, neutron detector for movement detection of SF cask Surveillance Digital video cameras for data acquiring Network Modem links JOYO and SNL for demonstrating fundamental functions of RMS as IAEA SG equipment SF Sensors &Detectors Neutron detectors replaced, Gamma-ray detectors installed Network Modem was replaced with Ethernet, and then internet FF Sensors &Detectors Infrared motion sensor, neutron detector, door sensor Surveillance Video surveillance cameras Network Internet links JOYO and SNL. Virtual Private Network was applied for highly security 1 st generation (prototype) Regional transparency and IAEA SG application SF storage pool at JOYO 2 nd generation Regional transparency and IAEA SG application SF storage pool at JOYO (SF) FFstorage at JOYO (FF) 3 rd generation Regional transparency FF storage pool at JOYO SF RMS components were replaced with commercially available equipment, system was streamlined Information security was enhanced by applying Virtual Private Network (VPN) and encryption FF RMS was removed 13

15 Objective Installatio n location Technolog ies applied Transparency Studies at JAEA 3) Remote Monitoring System at JOYO SF Sensors &Detectors Micro wave motion sensor, neutron New technologies detector for movement detection of SF were applied cask Surveillance (networking and Digital NDA video ) cameras for data acquiring Data evaluation Network function added Modem links JOYO and SNL RMS newly installed at Fresh Fuel storage for demonstrating fundamental functions of RMS as IAEA SG equipment SF Sensors &Detectors Neutron detectors replaced, Gamma-ray detectors installed Network Modem was replaced with Ethernet, and then internet FF Sensors &Detectors Infrared motion sensor, neutron detector, door sensor Surveillance Video surveillance cameras Network Internet links JOYO and SNL. Virtual Private Network was applied for highly security 1 st generation (prototype) Regional transparency and IAEA SG application SF storage pool at JOYO 2 nd generation Regional transparency and IAEA SG application SF storage pool at JOYO (SF) FFstorage at JOYO (FF) 3 rd generation Regional transparency FF storage pool at JOYO SF RMS components were replaced with commercially available equipment, system was streamlined Information security was enhanced by applying Virtual Private Network (VPN) and encryption FF RMS was removed 14

16 Objective Installatio n location Technolog ies applied Transparency Studies at JAEA 3) Remote Monitoring System at JOYO SF Sensors &Detectors Micro wave motion sensor, neutron New technologies detector for movement detection of SF were applied cask Surveillance (networking and Digital NDA video ) cameras for data acquiring Data evaluation Network function added Modem links JOYO and SNL RMS newly installed at Fresh Fuel storage for demonstrating fundamental functions of RMS as IAEA SG equipment SF Sensors &Detectors RMS was Neutron detectors replaced, streamlined Gamma-ray detectors installed Network Modem was replaced with Ethernet, and then internet FF Sensors &Detectors Infrared motion sensor, neutron detector, door sensor Surveillance Video surveillance cameras Network Internet links JOYO and SNL. Virtual Private Network was applied for highly security Replaced with commercially available equipment for general use Higher security of data transmission 1 st generation (prototype) Regional transparency and IAEA SG application SF storage pool at JOYO 2 nd generation Regional transparency and IAEA SG application SF storage pool at JOYO (SF) FFstorage at JOYO (FF) 3 rd generation Regional transparency FF storage pool at JOYO SF RMS components were replaced with commercially available equipment, system was streamlined Information security was enhanced by applying Virtual Private Network (VPN) and encryption FF RMS was removed 15

17 Transparency Studies at JAEA 3) Remote Monitoring System at JOYO Camera View fresh fuel casks in floor door on opposite side of the room Secure Communications virtual private network high bandwidth Internet Data Review Software GARS ALISView Test Equipment DCM-14 camera & controller door switch for external event trigger data collection computer Fig. Schematic of JOYO RMS as of

18 Achievement Transparency Studies at JAEA 3) Remote Monitoring System at JOYO RMS technologies as a transparency measure were demonstrated SNL-KAERI, SNL-INL RMS were also developed ; Remote monitoring network was proposed by linking these independent bi-lateral RMSs JAEA developed and opened a website as a portal of the network to facilitate multi-communication Challenges; nuclear security, proprietary issues, intellectual property, etc. Fig. Image of the basis of multi-communication by linking bi-lateral RMSs Fig. Top page of website portal opened by JAEA 17

19 Transparency Studies at JAEA 4) Information Sharing Framework JAEA-SNL-KINAC, Overview Follow-on study of the RMS demonstrations, executed as a trilateral effort among JAEA-SNL-KINAC Information Sharing Framework (ISF) : communication platform for Track II experts to exchange SG and NP-relevant information in a sustainable and systematic manner ISF shall identifies stakeholders, their needs and concerns as to realize meaningful and sustainable information sharing The project started with defining the requirements for ISF to address major challenges Sustainability: a voluntary process, not derived from legal obligation Non-existence of specific mechanism or clear steps for the information sharing 18

20 Achievement Requirements Implementing the Plan-Do-Check-Adjust (PDCA) cycle for each category of information to be shared. Planning consists of defining the requirements elements. Requirements Elements 1. Objective 2. Audience 3. Boundary 4. Content a. Specific content b. Amount c. Frequency 5.Information security and credibility 6.Infrastructure 7.Evaluation Transparency Studies at JAEA 4) Information Sharing Framework Define requirements elements; Objective1 Audience Scope etc. Improve the plan for ISF Reflect the evaluation results to the plan for the next demonstration Execute ISF following the plan Establish infrastructure Implement information sharing Evaluate ISF, Implement peer review, selfassessment using defined metrics 19

21 Current Efforts To Practical Stage from study and demonstration stage Based on the past achievements, JAEA and KINAC move to the next step to establish ISF and initiate information sharing JAEA-KINAC joint proposal to cooperate with Asia-Pacific Safeguards Network (APSN) at APSN annual meeting 2013 APSN A professional network that draws upon safeguards expertise in the Asia- Pacific to facilitate the exchange of safeguards information, knowledge, and practical experience among member in order to strengthen safeguards capabilities in the region Proposal Incorporate ISF effort for enhancing information sharing among professions within APSN members through Working Group III (IT support)activities. 20

22 Current Efforts Transparency website is under development at JAEA JAEA transparency website is under development on JAEA s own server Link to the JAEA transparency website will be posted on APSN website, feedback will be collected by APSN members Feedback will be appropriately reflected to the website 21

23 Future Prospect Future Prospect to Expand ISF Efforts JAEA transparency website will be continuously improved by reflecting the feedback from APSN members, which encourages its sustainability Once JAEA transparency website demonstrates its significance, it is expected to invite other APSN members as information providers Phase1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Development of JAEA-ISF website. Uploading contents to JAEA-ISF website and posting its link on the APSN website Collecting feedback from APSN members and modify contents and structure of JAEA-ISF website Expanding to invite other APSN members as information providers (KINAC included) CY2014 CY2015 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 OPEN web page 2015, Sep? APSN meeting 22

24 Other Activities (Workshops) JAEA has hosted and co-hosted six transparency workshops to open the discussion of transparency to a wider group of stakeholder Face-to-face discussions were the driving force to advance transparency studies, and confidence building measure as themselves. Workshop on Transparency Technology for Nonproliferation Cooperation in the Asia Pacific, Tokyo, Japan, 2008 Transparency Workshop: Development of an Information Sharing Framework, Tokai, Japan, 2011 Joint Technical Meeting on Regional Cooperative Nuclear Nonproliferation Transparency, Daejeon, Korea,

25 Conclusion JAEA has performed studies and activities for enhancing regional transparency since mid-1990s with background of International trend to strengthen nonproliferation regime Domestic needs to promote acceptance of plutonium utilization in Japan. The studies were performed jointly with US.DOE and its national laboratories The studies included the fundamental concept study, development and demonstration of RMS technologies, cooperation to CSCAP, and the study of ISF JAEA is currently moving forward to a practical stage of nuclear transparency in cooperation with APSN JAEA s effort for regional transparency is expected to further promote confidence building in the Asia-Pacific region and reinforce & complement IAEA safeguards 24

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27 Overview Other Activities (Workshops) JAEA has hosted and co-hosted six transparency workshops to open the discussion of transparency to a wider group of stakeholder Achievement Face-to-face discussions were the driving force to advance transparency studies, and confidence building measure as themselves. # Workshop Title Participants Topics Year Location 1 Transparency and Remote Monitoring 2 Regional Transparency and Wireless Communication 3 Workshop on Regional Cooperation in Remote Monitoring for Transparency & Nonproliferation JAEA, US DOE, SNL, IAEA, ROK, other Japan Orgs. JAEA, IAEA, US DOE, SNL, LANL, ROK, other Japan Orgs. JAEA, US DOE, SNL, IAEA, ROK, other Japan Orgs. Promote remote monitoring as a transparency tool Use of remote monitoring in a regional setting Share experiences and requirements of remote monitoring for regional cooperation & SG 2002 Oarai, Japan 2003 Monju, Japan 2006 Oarai, Japan 26

28 Other Activities (Workshops) # Workshop Title Participants Topics Year Location 4 Workshop on Transparency Technology for Nonproliferation Cooperation in the Asia Pacific 5 Transparency Workshop: Development of an Information Sharing Framework 6 Transparency Workshop II: Development of an Information Sharing Framework JAEA, U. Tokyo, SNL, IAEA, ROK, Vietnam, Australia, Indonesia, PAC Forum CSIS, Canberra, Ludlum, other Japan Orgs. JAEA, SNL, ROK (KAERI, KINAC), IAEA, PNNL JAEA, SNL, ROK (KAERI, KINAC), IAEA Intersection of transparency, technology and regional confidence building Developing next generation experts Review of past efforts and accomplishments Established the need for information sharing Outlined next steps Share the results of needs survey Agreed on the draft requirements for ISF 2008 Tokyo, Japan 2011 Tokai, Japan 2012 Daejeon, ROK 27