Anticoagulant Treatment With Rivaroxaban in Severe Protein S Deficiency

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1 CASE REPORT Anticoagulant Treatment With Rivaroxaban in Severe Protein S Deficiency AUTHORS: Ida Martinelli, MD, PhD, a Paolo Bucciarelli, MD, a Andrea Artoni, MD, a Emilio F. Fossali, MD, b Serena M. Passamonti, MD, PhD, a Armando Tripodi, PhD, a and Flora Peyvandi, MD, PhD a a A. Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, and b Department of Maternal and Pediatric Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and University of Milan, Milan, Italy KEY WORDS protein S, rivaroxaban, anticoagulant, coagulation Dr Martinelli followed the patient and drafted the initial manuscript; Drs Bucciarelli, Artoni, Fossali, Passamonti, and Gianniello contributed to clinical decisions and critically reviewed the manuscript; Dr Tripodi performed and supervised functional laboratory tests and critically reviewed the manuscript; Dr Peyvandi supervised genetic tests and critically reviewed the manuscript; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. doi: /peds Accepted for publication Jun 18, 2013 Address correspondence to: Ida Martinelli, MD, PhD, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace, 9, Milan, Italy. [email protected] PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, ; Online, ). Copyright 2013 by the American Academy of Pediatrics FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. FUNDING: No external funding. POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. abstract We report a case of a 6-year-old girl with severe protein S deficiency due to a homozygous mutation and recurrent episodes of skin necrosis. She developed purpura fulminans at birth and a catheter-related venous thrombosis complicated by massive pulmonary embolism at the sixth day of life. Long-term oral anticoagulant therapy with a vitamin K-antagonist was started with a therapeutic range of the international normalized ratio of prothrombin time between 2.0 and 3.0. Unfortunately, this common range was not sufficient because recurrent episodes of warfarin-induced skin necrosis developed if the international normalized ratio was,4.0. Vitamin K antagonists decrease plasma level of vitamin K dependent coagulation proteins, including the natural anticoagulant protein C. In our patient, the hypercoagulable state due to warfarin-induced reduction of protein C, other than severe protein S deficiency, outweighed the anticoagulant efficacy of the inhibition of procoagulant factors II, VII, IX, and X. The switch of anticoagulant therapy from warfarin to rivaroxaban, a direct inhibitor of activated factor X that does not inhibit other vitamin K dependent proteins, resulted in the disappearance of skin necrosis at 1 year of follow-up. Rivaroxaban may be considered as a valid anticoagulant alternative in patients with severe inherited protein S deficiency and warfarin-induced skin necrosis. Pediatrics 2013;132:e1435 e1439 PEDIATRICS Volume 132, Number 5, November 2013 e1435

2 Neonatal purpura fulminans is a rare, life-threatening condition caused by severe congenital deficiencies of the natural anticoagulant protein C or S. 1 The clinical presentation is that of skin necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation, which can progress rapidly to multiorgan failure caused by thrombotic occlusion of small- and medium-size blood vessels. Its early recognition and prompt treatment with fresh-frozen plasma, anticoagulants such as heparins or vitamin K antagonists, and, in the case of protein C deficiency, concentrate replacement therapy are essential to reduce mortality and prevent major sequelae. 2 After resolution of the acute phase, longterm treatment with vitamin K antagonists is warranted. However, vitamin K antagonists may induce skin necrosis in patients with congenital protein C or S deficiency by further decreasing their plasma concentration. Alternative anticoagulant drugs are therefore claimed for these patients. CASE REPORT In January 2006, a preterm female infant weighing 1060 g was born by vaginal delivery at the 31 weeks gestation to a 28-year-old primigravid woman with placental abruption. Apgar scores were 6 at 1 minute, 7 at 5 minutes, and 8 at 10 minutes. In the second day of life, she developed skin necrosis of the right-hand fingers and concomitant disseminated intravascular coagulation. Fresh-frozen plasma and platelet units were administered through an indwelling catheter placed in the right innominate vein. On the sixth day of life, she developed a catheter-related vein thrombosis complicated by massive bilateral pulmonary embolism that required intubation and mechanical ventilation. Laboratory tests showed levels of protein S activity (anticoagulant) and free antigen,5%. Both parents, unrelated and asymptomatic for venous thrombosis, had low protein S activity levels (24% the mother and 43% the father). The infant was started on anticoagulant therapy with intravenous heparin and warfarin; the former was stopped after 1 week when the international normalized ratio of prothrombin time was.2.0. Lung computed tomography scanning at hospital discharge showed complete resolution of venous thromboembolism. This first episode of skin necrosis resulted in the loss of part of 3 distal phalanxes of the right hand. At age 14 months, despite an international normalized ratio of 2.5, she developed skin necrosis at the left tibia that was treated with fresh-frozen plasma and low molecular weight heparin. Since then, recurrent episodes of skin necrosis occurred when the international normalized ratio decreased to,4.0. She had no other illnesses or symptoms. In 2011, she had 5 recurrences of skin necrosis, and on April 2012 (at age 6 years), alternative oral anticoagulation with the direct inhibitor of activated factor X rivaroxaban was given after informed consent signed by the parents and approval by the institutional ethics committee of the hospital were obtained. For her body weight of 21 kg, a dose of 5 mg once daily was started the day after warfarin withdrawal, but within few days, she developed multiple areas of skin necrosis on the legs (Fig 1) and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The daily dose of rivaroxaban was therefore gradually increased over a period of 8 weeks to 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, and 40 mg, with only 40 mg being efficacious in preventing skin necrosis at 9 months of follow-up. METHODS Thrombophilia screening was performed in the patient and her parents as described previously. 3 Genomic DNA of the patient and her parents was FIGURE 1 Areas of skin necrosis on patient s calves. extracted from leukocytes and the 15 exons, including the exon-intron boundary regions, of the protein S gene (PROS1) were sequenced by Sanger method on an ABI 3130 genetic analyzer (PE Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA). Pharmacokinetics of plasma concentration of rivaroxaban was performed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (Bayer HealthCare, Wuppertal, Germany). Inhibition of activated factor X was measured by an anti-factor Xa assay calibrated with rivaroxaban-calibration samples (Stago, Asnieres, France). 4 Thrombin generation was measured as endogenous thrombin potential by triggering coagulation in platelet-poor plasma with small amounts of tissue factor (1 pm) and phospholipids (1.0 mm) with the addiction of thrombomodulin (4 nm) to optimize the in vitro activation of the protein C/protein S system. 5 RESULTS Table 1 shows the results of coagulation tests and measurement of the naturally occurring anticoagulant proteins in the patient and her parents. The rest of thrombophilia screening (factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A mutations, antiphospholipid antibodies, fibrinogen, factors VIII and IX, and homocysteine) was normal. DNA analysis of the patient revealed homozygosity for a missense mutation in the e1436 MARTINELLI et al

3 CASE REPORT TABLE 1 Global Coagulation Tests and Plasma Levels of the Naturally Occurring Anticoagulant Proteins in the Patient and Her Parents Variable Normal Values Patient Patient s Mother Patient s Father Prothrombin time (ratio) Activated partial thromboplastin time (ratio) Antithrombin activity (%) Protein C activity, chromogenic method (%) a Protein S activity, anticoagulant method (%) b Free protein S antigen (%) c a Chromogenic Protein C, Instrumentation Laboratories, Bedford, Massachusetts. b Hemosil ProS, Instrumentation Laboratory, Orangeburg, New York. c Dako A384 and P419, Glostrup, Denmark. PROS1 gene, c.200a.c p.glu67ala (previously reported as Glu26Ala) 6 (Fig 2A), that was heterozygous in her parents. The pharmacokinetic profile showed a rapid absorption of the drug and a mean half-life of 3.5 hours (Fig 2B). Anti-factor Xa activity was correlated with plasma rivaroxaban concentration (r = 0.96, P,.001; Fig 2C), and both showed an inverse correlation with endogenous thrombin potential (r = 0.95 and r = 0.88, respectively, P,.001 for both; Fig 2D), indicating the lowest amount of thrombin generation when the highest anti-factor Xa activity of rivaroxaban concentration was achieved. DISCUSSION Protein S is a vitamin K dependent plasma protein that plays an important role in the regulation of blood coagulation. It acts as a nonenzymatic cofactor of activated protein C, which selectively inhibits the procoagulant factors V and VIII in their activated form, thereby downregulating the coagulation cascade. 7 Inherited protein S deficiency is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. 8 The estimated prevalence of heterozygous protein S deficiency, which is associated with plasma levels approximately half of normal, varies from 1 in 1000 to 3 in individuals in the general population. 9 Extremely low plasma levels determined by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the protein S gene are rare and associated with the onset of purpura fulminans in the neonatal period. 1 Symptomatic newborns need longterm anticoagulation, and to date the recommended treatment is a vitamin K antagonist. However, despite maintaining an international normalized ratio of the prothrombin time range within the therapeutic range for the treatment venous thromboembolism, or even much higher in our child, patients with severe deficiency of protein S or protein C may develop warfarininduced skin necrosis. An alternative drug not acting on vitamin K dependent proteins is therefore warranted for these patients. The direct oral anticoagulants targeting activated factor II or factor X have at least the same efficacy and safety as vitamin K antagonists in adults, 10 but no data in children are available. Dabigatran etexilate, a direct antithrombin (factor II) inhibitor, has been successfully used for preventing warfarininduced skin necrosis in a 21-year-old patient with severe protein C deficiency. 11 Because thrombin activates protein C when it binds thrombomodulin, 12 we preferred to preserve this natural anticoagulant mechanism and administered the direct inhibitor of activated factor X rivaroxaban, which also increases thrombomodulin plasma levels, to our patient. 13 Why does this child require such a high daily dose of rivaroxaban to be free from skin necrosis? The pharmacokinetic profile performed with a daily dose of 30 mg showed a rapid metabolism of the drug, particularly during the day, with a peak of activity reached 1 to 2 hours after oral intake and a mean half-life of 3.5 hours. These figures are approximately half those seen in adults. 14 Because skin necrosis always occurred within a couple of hours from drug intake, we decided to keep the patient at trough plasma concentrations of rivaroxaban for as short a time as possible by giving this drug at a dosage of 10 mg every 6 hours. Although 4 daily administrations are demanding for the child and parents, they are compliant, and at 1 year of follow-up it remained efficacious and safe because she had no recurrent skin necrosis or side effects including bleeding episodes. At present there is insufficient experience on the use of rivaroxaban in children and on the target anti-xa levels that should be achieved, but it is known that for some drugs, such as warfarin, children require higher doses than adults. 15 We believe that the explanation lies in part in the massive hypercoagulable state caused by homozygous protein S deficiency, which requires strong anticoagulation. The magnitude of the hypercoagulable state of our patient is unknown because she has always been on anticoagulant therapies. However, at trough and peak concentration of rivaroxaban, the endogenous thrombin potential, a marker of thrombin formation, was higher when she was taking 20 mg (1423 nm/min and 989 nm/min) than 40 mg per day (1126 nm/ min and 779 nm/min). Similar results were obtained for plasma levels of D-dimer, a marker of thrombin activation PEDIATRICS Volume 132, Number 5, November 2013 e1437

4 FIGURE 2 Laboratory tests. A, The gene analysis in the patient and her parents, with circles representing female members and square the male member and shading indicating homozygosity (full) or heterozygosity (half) for a missense mutation in the PROS1 gene, c.200a.c p.glu67ala. This change predicted a switch of glutamic acid (Glu) to alanine (Ala) at amino acid position 67 in the GLA domain of the protein. B, The pharmacokinetic profile of rivaroxaban plasma concentration when the patient was taking 10 mg 3 times (blue line, diamonds and arrows) and 4 times (red line, dots and arrows) daily. C, The positive correlation between rivaroxaban plasma concentration and the functional test anti-factor Xa activity (blue diamonds for 10 mg 3 times and red dots 4 times daily). D, The inverse correlation between the amount of thrombin generation measured as endogenous thrombin potential with thrombomodulin and antifactor Xa activity (blue diamonds for 10 mg 3 times and red dots 4 times daily). (data not shown), confirming the need of high doses of rivaroxaban to counterbalance our patient s hypercoagulable state. This is the first description of the use of rivaroxaban, a direct inhibitor of activated factor X, in a child with skin necrosis induced by severe protein S deficiency or warfarin treatment. We believe that rivaroxaban may be considered as a valid anticoagulant alternative to vitamin K antagonists in patients with severe inherited protein S deficiency because it does not reduce the anticoagulant function of activated protein C. At present, efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban are monitored monthly clinically and with laboratory tests in our patient. There is no specific antidote for rivaroxaban. In case of life-threatening bleeding, treatment with prothrombin complex concentrates or recombinant activated factor VII are the most plausible options. 16 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Drs Anthonie W.A. Lensing and Dagmar Kubitza of Bayer HealthCare for their support in discussing this difficult case and Drs Gabriele Rohde and Christa Schuettler of Bayer Health- Care for performing the pharmacokinetic studies. We thank the nurses and volunteers of the pediatric ward who cared for this patient. Finally, we thank her parents for their cooperation and support. e1438 MARTINELLI et al

5 CASE REPORT REFERENCES 1. Price VE, Ledingham DL, Krümpel A, Chan AK. Diagnosis and management of neonatal purpura fulminans. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;16(6): Veldman A, Fischer D, Wong FY, et al. Human protein C concentrate in the treatment of purpura fulminans: a retrospective analysis of safety and outcome in 94 pediatric patients. Crit Care. 2010;14(4):R Bucciarelli P, Passamonti SM, Biguzzi E, et al. Low borderline plasma levels of antithrombin, protein C and protein S are risk factors for venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10(9): Samama MM, Amiral J, Guinet C, Perzborn E, Depasse F. An optimised, rapid chromogenic assay, specific for measuring direct factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban) in plasma. Thromb Haemost. 2010;104(5): Chantarangkul V, Clerici M, Bressi C, Giesen PL, Tripodi A. Thrombin generation assessed as endogenous thrombin potential in patients with hyper- or hypo-coagulability. Haematologica. 2003;88(5): Gandrille S, Borgel D, Eschwege-Gufflet V, et al. Identification of 15 different candidate causal point mutations and three polymorphisms in 19 patients with protein S deficiency using a scanning method for the analysis of the protein S active gene. Blood. 1995;85(1): Dahlbäck B, Stenflo J. A natural anticoagulant pathway: proteins C, S, C4b-binding protein and thrombomodulin. In: Forbes CD, Duncan PT, Tuddenham EGD, eds. Haemostasis and Thrombosis.Vol.1.3rded.Bloom, AL: Churchill Livingstone; 1994: Broekmans AW, Bertina RM, Reinalda-Poot J, et al. Hereditary protein S deficiency and venous thrombo-embolism. A study in three Dutch families. Thromb Haemost. 1985;53(2): Dykes AC, Walker ID, McMahon AD, Islam SI, Tait RC. A study of Protein S antigen levels in 3788 healthy volunteers: influence of age, sex and hormone use, and estimate for prevalence of deficiency state. Br J Haematol. 2001;113(3): Fox BD, Kahn SR, Langleben D, Eisenberg MJ, Shimony A. Efficacy and safety of novel oral anticoagulants for treatment of acute venous thromboembolism: direct and adjusted indirect meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2012;345:e7498 doi: /bmj Hermans C, Eeckhoudt S, Lambert C. Dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa ) for preventing warfarin-induced skin necrosis in a patient with severe protein C deficiency. Thromb Haemost. 2012;107(6): Esmon CT. The regulation of natural anticoagulant pathways. Science. 1987;235(4794): Chan MY, Lin M, Lucas J, et al. Plasma proteomics of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation on chronic anti-coagulation with warfarin or a direct factor Xa inhibitor. Thromb Haemost. 2012;108(6): Mueck W, Borris LC, Dahl OE, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of once- and twice-daily rivaroxaban for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Thromb Haemost. 2008;100(3): Monagle P, Chan AKC, Goldenberg NA, et al; American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic therapy in neonates and children. Chest. 2012;141(suppl 2):e737S e801s 16. Makris M, Van Veen JJ, Tait CR, Mumford AD, Laffan M; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guideline on the management of bleeding in patients on antithrombotic agents. Br J Haematol. 2013;160(1):35 46 PEDIATRICS Volume 132, Number 5, November 2013 e1439

6 Anticoagulant Treatment With Rivaroxaban in Severe Protein S Deficiency Ida Martinelli, Paolo Bucciarelli, Andrea Artoni, Emilio F. Fossali, Serena M. Passamonti, Armando Tripodi and Flora Peyvandi Pediatrics 2013;132;e1435; originally published online October 21, 2013; DOI: /peds Updated Information & Services References Subspecialty Collections Permissions & Licensing Reprints including high resolution figures, can be found at: /content/132/5/e1435.full.html This article cites 15 articles, 4 of which can be accessed free at: /content/132/5/e1435.full.html#ref-list-1 This article, along with others on similar topics, appears in the following collection(s): Hematology/Oncology /cgi/collection/hematology:oncology_sub Blood Disorders /cgi/collection/blood_disorders_sub Information about reproducing this article in parts (figures, tables) or in its entirety can be found online at: /site/misc/permissions.xhtml Information about ordering reprints can be found online: /site/misc/reprints.xhtml PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, Copyright 2013 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: Online ISSN:

7 Anticoagulant Treatment With Rivaroxaban in Severe Protein S Deficiency Ida Martinelli, Paolo Bucciarelli, Andrea Artoni, Emilio F. Fossali, Serena M. Passamonti, Armando Tripodi and Flora Peyvandi Pediatrics 2013;132;e1435; originally published online October 21, 2013; DOI: /peds The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: /content/132/5/e1435.full.html PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, Copyright 2013 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: Online ISSN: