The UK market for business services. The national, regional and constituency picture in 2013

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1 The UK market for business services The national, regional and constituency picture in 2013 Report prepared by Oxford Economics for the Business Services Association

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3 Contents Summary of methodology... 3 Executive summary Introduction Sectors and activities covered Report structure The UK market for business services Estimates of total turnover Contribution to UK gross value added Contribution to UK employment Contribution to the exchequer Regional and constituency-level estimates Regional-level estimates Constituency-level estimates How the estimates are derived National level estimates of turnover by sector Telecommunications and IT services Facilities management Business process outsourcing Construction-related services Outsourced frontline public services National level estimates of and employment Estimating the regional level values Estimating the constituency level values Annex: Detailed tables List of tables Table 1.1: Activities covered by this report... 6 Table 2.1: The UK market for business services... 9 Table 3.1: UK business services by region Table 4.1: Market and non-market provision in the detailed input-output table Table A.1: Estimation of sector employment Table A.2: Estimation of sector tax contribution Table A.3: Regional estimates by industrial sector Table A.4: Estimates by parliamentary constituency... 31

4 List of charts Chart 2.1: Business services share of UK output Chart 2.2: Business services activity by institutional sector of client Chart 2.3: Turnover of business services by activity Chart 2.4: Business services share of UK Chart 2.5: Business services share of UK jobs Chart 2.6: Jobs in business services in context Chart 2.7: Sector tax contribution Chart 3.1: Sector contribution to gross value added by region Chart 3.2: Sector contribution to employment by region

5 Summary of methodology This report sets out the value of select service activities in the UK, which we collectively label business services, including estimates at the national, regional and parliamentary constituency level. It is similar to a report published in 2012 concerned with the provision of outsourced services, except that this report covers all UK-business-to-UK-business and UK-business-to-UK-government activity in four broad areas namely telecommunications and IT services, facilities management, business process outsourcing and constructionrelated services as well as the provision of frontline public services by private sector entities. Our primary measure of industry size is the turnover derived from activities of these types. Our estimates are derived by combining information on turnover by sector found in the Annual Business Survey (ABS) with that contained in official supply and use tables concerned with the pattern of transactions between different sectors of the UK economy. More precisely, where possible we took as our starting point the 2013 turnover of business units classified to the industries of interest in the ABS. We then estimated the proportion of that turnover relating (in most cases) to UK-business-to-UK-business and UK-business-to-UK-government transactions, by reference to the latest summary and detailed supply and use tables (relating to 2012 and 2010 respectively). Exceptions to this methodology include property repair and maintenance work, where turnover is calculated by reference to official output figures for construction contractors output by type; public transport services (within frontline services for local government), where we take the total turnover of the relevant sector in the ABS and then deduct provision by publicly-owned providers based on information from government accounts; and other outsourced frontline public services, where we count only sales by the market sector concerned to either the non-market sector as a whole or to the corresponding part of the non-market sector only. Having estimated industry turnover, we then established the gross value added () and jobs directly attributable to these activities, most typically using the -to-turnover and employment-to- ratios found in the ABS. Finally, at the national level, we estimated the tax contribution of the industry by estimating the breakdown of into component parts such as profits and wages, and deriving the consequent likely payment of five major company and employee taxes, based on ratios in the national accounts. Estimates for 2013 turnover and at the regional level were then calculated by reference to the proportionate split for each industry in the latest available regional version of the ABS (which relates to 2012 data). Jobs were then allocated taking into account the pattern of relative productivity indicated by industry-level data in the regional accounts and regional labour market statistics. Finally, estimates at the constituency level were made by allocating the regional total for jobs for each sector of interest in proportion to total jobs for the corresponding detailedlevel industry, using the Business Register Employment Survey. and turnover at the constituency level were then derived, using the region-by-industry -to-jobs and turnover-to- ratios implicit in the regional level estimates. 3

6 Executive summary Oxford Economics was asked by the BSA The Business Services Association to estimate the value of certain UK-business-to-UK-business and UK-business-to-UKgovernment activities, referred to collectively as business services. This value was to be expressed in terms of both turnover and gross value added () and, in addition, associated job numbers and tax revenue flows were to be calculated. Estimates of turnover, and jobs were also to be set out at the regional and parliamentary constituency levels. This report sets out the results. These activities include all UK-business-to-UK-business and UK-business-to-UKgovernment transactions in 11 fields: telecommunications; IT and data-related services; catering; combined facilities support services; cleaning and related activities; landscape service activities; security services; office and other business support services; property repair and maintenance; property development services; and engineering-related consultancy and testing. Private provision of frontline public services is also included. Putting all of the evidence together, we find turnover across all of these sectors to be in the region of 263 billion, equivalent to 8¾% of total economy-wide output. A detailed breakdown of turnover by sector of provider is set out in the report. The split between customer type by institutional sector is around 70%-30% in favour of the private rather than public realm. We further estimate that these services contribute around 142 billion a year to the gross value added measure of UK output output net of spending on bought-in supplies and goods and services, essentially equal to the sum of wages and profits. That is 9¼% of the total. In the process these activities directly support around 3.3 million jobs, equivalent to 10¼% of all UK workforce jobs or 11¾% of the nation s employee jobs. Businesses in these sectors are likely to pay some 16 billion a year to the UK exchequer in corporation tax, employers national insurance and business property rates (in relation to the included activities alone). On top of this, their employees will pay something like 17½ billion in income tax and employee NICs as a result of their earnings in connection with these activities. The total contribution relating to these five taxes alone, of 33½ billion, accounts for 10½% of all revenues from these sources and would have been sufficient to fund the entire activities of the Department of Transport, Home Office and Ministry of Justice combined. At the regional level, the share of business services jobs in total jobs ranges from 8¼% in Northern Ireland to 11¾% in the South East. This ratio is also somewhat below the national average in Yorkshire and the Humber and Wales, but for the remaining seven countries and regions it falls into the fairly narrow 9¾%-10¾% range. 4

7 1 Introduction This report sets out estimates of the value of business services. This includes sales to other UK businesses and to parts of the UK government by UK-based providers of telecommunications and IT services, facilities management, business process outsourcing and construction-related services. It also includes the provision of frontline public services by private entities to or on behalf of the public authorities. Two monetary values are measured, namely turnover and gross value added () 1, and in addition estimates are presented concerned with associated jobs and tax revenue flows. We also set out estimates for turnover, and jobs at the regional and parliamentary constituency levels. As in previous Oxford Economics reports for the BSA 2, concerned with outsourced activities, at the national level this task involved estimating the turnover resulting from firms operating in the included markets, mainly by combining total turnover for the relevant sector as found in the Annual Business Survey (ABS) with the split by customer type in sector sales contained in the national accounts supply and use (input-output) tables. Measures of gross value added (), employment and UK tax contributions were then arrived at taking into account ratios implicit in the ABS and other official datasets. Estimates were then derived for the standard regions and countries of the UK, by allocating the national totals for turnover and in proportion to the split for each sector in the regional version of the ABS. Employment was then allocated taking into account the relative productivity pattern indicated by other region-by-industry official datasets. The regional-level estimates in turn were then broken down into estimates for the Westminster parliamentary constituencies, based on detailed official employment data. 1.1 Sectors and activities covered Table 1.1 sets out the activities covered by the estimates in this report. 1 Gross value added () is equal to output or turnover, measured net of taxes on products such as VAT, minus goods and services bought in from other entities. It therefore comprises total employment costs and profits, together with a few remaining taxes on production (chiefly business rates and business vehicle duties). It is also sometimes referred to as GDP at basic prices. The headline measure of gross domestic product, i.e. GDP at market prices, is equal to with taxes on products added back. 2 Oxford Economics, The size of the UK outsourcing market across the private and public sectors, April 2011, and UK outsourcing across the public and private sectors: An updated national, regional and constituency picture, November

8 Table 1.1: Activities covered by this report Sector in this study Sector(s) in Standard Industrial Classification (SIC 2007) Sales by 1,2 Sales to 2,3 Telecommunications and IT services Telecommunications Telecommunications (61) IT and data-related services Computer programming, consultancy and related activities (62); Data processing, hosting and related activities, and web portals (63.1) Catering Food and beverage service activities (56) Combined facilities management Cleaning and related activities Combined facilities support activities (81.1) Cleaning activities (81.2) Landscape services Landscape service activities (81.3) Security services Security and investigation activities (80) Domestic providers of goods and services Business process outsourcing Facilities management Constructionrelated services Office and other business support services Property repair & maintenance Property development services Engineering-related consultancy and testing Office administrative, office support and other business support activities (82) Specialised construction activities (43) (part 4 ) Development of building projects (41.1); Architectural activities (71.11) Engineering activities and related technical consultancy (71.12); Technical testing and analysis (71.2) Domestic providers of services other than entities classified to the non-market and NPISH sectors 5 Waste collection, treatment and disposal Frontline services for local government activities, and materials recovery (38) 6; Urban and suburban passenger land transport (49.31) 5,7 ; Education (85) 6,8 ; Residential care Outsourced frontline public services Frontline services for central government activities (87) 6,8 ; Social work activities without accommodation (88) 6,8 Remediation activities and other waste management services (39) 9 ; Activities of employment placement agencies (78.1) (part 10 ); Public administration, defence and compulsory social security (84) 8,11 Non-market domestic providers of goods and services 7,8 Frontline health services Human health activities (86) 8 1 The value of sales is measured net of taxes on products such as VAT and excise duties. 2 The detailed supply-and-use table splits out nonmarket providers and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH) in the case of certain industrial sectors where this is deemed relevant. The non-market sector relates to government functions delivered free at the point of use, so some public sector activity (e.g transport-related) is not classified as non-market. The NPISH sector includes universities as well as charities and clubs. 3 Sales to households and for export are therefore excluded except in the case of public transport. The supply-and-use table also separates out sales of a capital nature from other business-to-business transactions, although these are not significant in the case of most sectors covered by this report. 4 Property repair and maintenance (R&M) does not fit well with the SIC classification; nor is the supply-and-use table that useful as work of a capital nature is separated out and not split by customer type. This activity is therefore based on the official measure of the output of construction contractors, with all R&M work for public sector clients and all non-residential R&M work for private sector clients being counted. 5 For local public transport services, all services operated by public sector bodies are excluded even though these do not appear as 'non-market' in the supply-and-use table. 6 A minority of these services are allocated to central rather than local government. 7 Sales to all entities are counted in the case of local public transport services, including sales directly to private households, on the grounds that this provision can be regarded as being 'on behalf of' the public authorities. 8 For education, health, residential care and social work, and public administration and defence, only sales by the 'market sector' to the corresponding 'non-market' sector are counted. 9 A minority of these services are allocated to local rather than central government. 10 Activity relating to the Work Programme only. 11 This should include activities relating to e.g. courts, prisons and defence, other than those allocated instead to the 'security services' sector. 6

9 1.2 Report structure The remainder of this report is set out as follows: Chapter 2 sets out our conclusions on the overall size of the market for these services in the UK, in terms of annual turnover, gross value added and employment, together with the sector s contribution to key tax revenues. The tables in this chapter include a breakdown by industry of provider and by institutional sector (government or business 3 ) of the client. Chapter 3 summarises the results at a regional level, and highlights some key points relating to the breakdown at a parliamentary constituency level. Chapter 4 sets out how the results for turnover, and employment at the national level were derived, looking at each sector in turn, together with a brief description of the methodology used to arrive at the regional and local level results. More detailed tables relating to the national and regional picture are included in the Annex, along with the top-level estimates for parliamentary constituencies. Glossary and abbreviations used ABS Annual Business Survey an official survey showing turnover, gross value added, other financial indicators and employment for UK industries at a detailed level. Basic prices a valuation net of taxes on products such as VAT. BSA The Business Services Association. Business services the range of select service activities covered by this report, as set out in Table 1.1. Final demand purchases of goods and services for final use, e.g. by household consumers. This is distinguished from intermediate demand. GDP gross domestic product the total net value of goods and services produced by the economy or by an industrial sector, measured at market prices. gross value added the total net value of goods and services produced by the economy or an industrial sector, measured at basic prices. An industry s will be equal to its output or turnover net of its intermediate consumption. Industry or industrial sector businesses and other providers of goods and services classified by type of output. 3 In most cases this split is based on the split in intermediate purchases in the supply-and-use tables, with sales to government equated to sales to identified non-market entities and sales to business equated to all other intermediate sales. Sales to some public sector operations (most notably public corporations) will therefore be counted as sales to business rather than government as a result, as will sales to non-profit institutions serving households. However, all outsourced local public transport activity (within frontline services for local government ) is counted as government sector, including sales to private as well as public sector entities. 7

10 Input-output table a table showing transactions between different sectors of an economy as well as the value of final outputs and consumption. Institutional sector businesses and other providers of goods and services classified by ownership (private / public sector) and/or pricing practices (market / non-market / NPISH sector). Intermediate consumption or intermediate demand goods and services bought by one producer from another and then used up in the production process. Market prices a valuation inclusive of taxes on products such as VAT. Market providers businesses and other entities producing goods and/or services and selling them on a commercial basis. Non-market providers public sector entities producing services to be provided free at the point of use to final consumers. NPISH sector non-profit institutions serving households private entities providing goods and services to households on a free or non-commercial basis, including charities, clubs and universities amongst others. Output the gross value of activity attributed to an industry, essentially the same as turnover. Outsourced services services typically undertaken in-house in the past, but now provided by a separate private business. This can include services provided by one business to another as well as services provided by a business to a government body. Purchasers prices market prices. SIC standard industrial classification. An official system for classifying businesses and other providers of goods and services into industries, at both broad and detailed levels, with each industry being given a numerical identifier. For example, services to buildings and landscape activities form SIC sector 81 in the latest (2007) classification, while cleaning activities within that form SIC sector Services to buildings and landscape activities form a two digitlevel industry while cleaning activities form a three digit-level industry. Supply-and-use table input-output table. Turnover the value of an industry s sales. Workforce jobs the total number of jobs in the economy including self-employed jobs as well as employee jobs. The number of workforce jobs is a little higher than the headline employment figure, which refers to the total number of people in employment (including selfemployment), as some individuals have more than one job. Yorkshire and H. Yorkshire and the Humber. 8

11 2 The UK market for business services In this Chapter we set out our key conclusions on the annual turnover and gross value added of the service activities within the scope of this report, together with the sector s contribution to UK employment and tax revenues. The methodology used to arrive at these results is set out in Chapter Estimates of total turnover Based on the data sources detailed in Chapter 4, we estimate that turnover across all of the service activities covered by this report amounted to around 263 billion in 2013, equivalent to some 8¾% of economy-wide output. Table 2.1 sets out some detail in terms of service provided and institutional sector of the client. In terms of the latter, the split is around 70%-30% in favour of work for the business sector rather than the government sector. Table 2.1: The UK market for business services 2013 Teleommunications and IT services Work for government sector Work for business sector Total Work for government sector Work for business sector Telecommunications IT and data-related services Facilities management Catering Combined facilities management Cleaning and related activities Landscape services Security services Business process outsourcing Office and other business support services Construction-related services Property repair and maintenance Property development services Engineering-related consultancy and testing Outsourced frontline public services Turnover ( billion) Gross value added ( billion) Frontline services for local government Frontline services for central government Frontline health services Total Total business services As % total UK output 2.6% 6.0% 8.7% As % total UK gross value added % 6.4% 9.3% - As % of total 30% 70% 100% 32% 68% 100% 9

12 Chart 2.1: Business services share of UK output Chart 2.2: Business services activity by institutional sector of client 10

13 Chart 2.3: Turnover of business services by activity 2.2 Contribution to UK gross value added Table 2.1 also shows estimates of gross value added output net of spending on bought-in supplies of goods and services which is essentially equal to the sum of employment costs, profits and business property rates. Chart 2.4: Business services share of UK 11

14 At around 142 billion, this work accounts for some 9¼% of economy-wide gross value added. The sector s share of value added is, therefore, a little higher than its share of total output, consistent with the ratio of bought-in goods and services to these companies own labour and capital input being lower than for other producers across the UK. This in turn will reflect these companies focus on tailored services as opposed to e.g. the manufacture and/or distribution of goods. 2.3 Contribution to UK employment Estimates of employment in these sectors can be worked out by looking at the ratio of jobs to gross value added in the nearest sectors available, mainly from the Annual Business Survey but where necessary using other official data. On this basis we calculate that some 3.3 million jobs are supported by business services activities. That is equivalent to 10¼% of all UK workforce jobs (employee plus self-employed jobs), or 11¾% of UK employee jobs. Chart 2.5: Business services share of UK jobs The number of jobs directly dependent on business services is put at some 895,000 in frontline services for local authorities, 367,000 in cleaning and related activities, 340,000 in IT and datarelated activities, 289,000 in engineering-related consultancy and testing, 282,000 in property repair and maintenance, 261,000 in frontline health services and 198,000 in security services. Comparatively high productivity levels in telecommunications, IT and data-related services, property development services and engineering-related consultancy and testing mean that the share of jobs supported by these activities is low in comparison with the share of generated. Table A1 in the Annex sets out more detail by sector with an indication of how these estimates were arrived at. As Chart 2.6 shows, the total business services sector, as defined in this report, is estimated to employ many more individuals than the whole of manufacturing, and more than financial 12

15 services and public administration put together. In addition, jobs supported by the largest business services sub-sectors as we have defined them compare well with those supported in high-profile industrial sectors such as mechanical engineering, chemicals and pharmaceuticals and motor vehicle manufacture, and with employment (including self-employment) across the whole of the agricultural sector. Chart 2.6: Jobs in business services in context 2.4 Contribution to the exchequer Given the sector s contribution to value added and employment, we would expect it to make a significant contribution to the UK exchequer. Details of our estimates here are set out in Table A2 in the Annex. Looking at just three major business taxes corporation tax, employers national insurance contributions and business rates we would expect companies in this sector to have paid in the region of 16 billion in 2013 in relation to the activities covered by this study. In addition, the firms employees will have paid around 17½ billion in income tax and employee national insurance in that year, relating to their earnings derived from those activities. That makes a total of 33½ billion, equivalent to almost 10½% of all revenues from these five taxes in To put this in context, the spending totals for three key government departments combined, namely the Department for Transport, Home Office and Ministry of Justice, amounted to 32¼ billion in the government financial year ending in March These calculations do not include other taxes that might be paid by these firms in the course of their operations, other taxes generated as an indirect result of their activities, or other taxes paid by their employees. Taxes such as VAT, fuel duties, other excise duties and stamp duties also raise significant amounts, a proportion of which would relate directly or indirectly to firms undertaking activities of this kind. 13

16 Chart 2.7: Sector tax contribution 14

17 3 Regional and constituency-level estimates Estimates of turnover and were derived for the standard regions and countries of the UK, by allocating the national totals in proportion to the total values for the associated (refined-level) industries in the regional version of the Annual Business Survey, with jobs then allocated by reference to relative productivity patterns indicated by other official region-by-industry datasets. These values in turn were then broken down into constituency-level figures, based on the detailed constituency-level employment data that is available. 3.1 Regional-level estimates Table 3.1 summarises how turnover and would be allocated across the countries and regions of the UK if, as it is reasonable to assume, that allocation were in proportion to the distribution of these values for the associated industries across the nation. It also sets out our estimates of employment, calculated by reference to official indicators of and jobs on a region-by-industry basis, and the associated shares of each regional economy accounted for by business services. More detail is set out in Table A3 in Annex 1. Table 3.1: UK business services by region Business services activity by region Turnover Jobs (000s) Turnover as % total regional output as % total regional Jobs as % total regional jobs North East % 9.7% 10.0% North West % 9.3% 10.7% Yorkshire and H % 7.6% 8.5% East Midlands % 8.2% 9.8% West Midlands % 9.2% 10.3% East of England % 9.4% 10.3% London % 9.3% 9.7% South East % 12.4% 11.7% South West % 9.0% 10.5% Wales % 7.1% 9.3% Scotland % 9.5% 10.5% Northern Ireland % 6.7% 8.2% Total UK , % 9.3% 10.2% As Table 3.1 and Chart 3.1 illustrate, the share of business services in total regional is highest in the South East, at 12.4%. Seven regions are reasonably close to the UK average of 9.3%, with Yorkshire and the Humber (7.6%) and the East Midlands (8.2%) below the average, and Northern Ireland (6.7%) and Wales (7.1%) having the lowest shares. 15

18 Compared to the previous reports concerned specifically with outsourced services, one notable difference is the shift from below average to a little above average in the cases of Scotland and the North East. This is largely explained by the relative importance of engineering-related services and telecommunications to the Scottish and North Eastern economies respectively activities which make up an important part of the business services sector but most of which did not count as outsourced for the purposes of the previous reports. Chart 3.1: Sector contribution to gross value added by region Chart 3.2: Sector contribution to employment by region 16

19 For shares in regional employment (Table 3.1 and Chart 3.2), the pattern is similar for the most part, as would be expected, with the South East being most reliant on these services in relative terms and Northern Ireland the least. However, there is some re-ordering amongst the regions in the middle of the range, when compared with the picture for, reflecting a complicated pattern of relative ratios. For example, in London s case implied productivity is 151% of the UK average (measured in money terms) for these services specifically, compared with 144% of the UK average across all sectors of the economy. This has the effect of pushing London down the league table when considering the relative importance of jobs provided by the sector as opposed to the relative importance of generated by the sector. With the sector share in total jobs at 10.2% across the UK as a whole, the separate countries and regions fall into the 8¼%-11¾% range. 3.2 Constituency-level estimates Starting with the regional-level estimates and taking into account detailed employment data, estimates were then derived for the Westminster parliamentary constituencies using the methodology described in Section 4.4. These results are set out in Table A4 in the Annex. The estimated share of business services sector activity in total local economic activity varies between 3% and 25% in the case of turnover, between 3¾% and 22¾% in the case of, and between 4¼% and 21½% in the case of workforce jobs. We would stress that these estimates have been derived in a top-down manner from available official statistics concerned with each industry s total economic activity, rather than the specific proportion of that activity falling within our definition of the sector. The figures can be regarded as giving a broad indication of the value of activity and associated number of jobs that could reasonably be expected to relate to business services activity in each local area. They are not based on an actual count of this work and should therefore be treated with a suitable degree of caution. 17

20 4 How the estimates are derived The basic methodology for arriving at our estimates of turnover was as follows: Step 1: Determine whether the work of a particular industrial sector includes activities of a business services nature, and take the turnover as reported for 2013 in the latest Annual Business Survey (ABS) as the starting point. Step 2: Split that turnover into sales by customer type final households, overseas customers, UK business-to-business transactions, UK business-to-government transactions by assuming that it is split in proportion to total demand for the nearest corresponding product group as indicated by the national accounts input-output (supply and use) tables 4. Step 3: Determine which of these categories of transaction should be counted for the purposes of this report. In most but not all cases this would be UK business-to-business and business-to-government sales, as reflected in intermediate consumption 5. For a few sectors a different methodology had to be used, as explained at the relevant points in the remainder of this chapter. 4 Industry turnover is similar to industry output at basic prices, i.e. valued excluding taxes such as VAT charged on the sale of products by the industry (though still effectively including the cost of such taxes where they are levied on purchases by the industry). The input-output tables meanwhile show how sales of the corresponding product group are split between intermediate purchases by other producers (including parts of government in their role as producers ), broken down by industrial sector of purchaser, and categories of final demand including UK household consumption, exports and UK government consumption (relating to government in its role as funder of services provided free at the point of use to the public). Fixed investment covering purchases of a capital nature by businesses, households and government is a further, single final demand category. For the purposes of this study we have had to combine information from two input-output tables: the latest full and in-depth table which relates to 2010, and the most recent summary table which relates to The former allows for a much more accurate picture of the pattern of transactions as required for these purposes, by showing the split in purchases of domestic output measured at basic prices, and by separating out non-market providers and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH) for relevant sectors. The second gives a more up-to-date picture, but with the value of transactions relating to domestic output and imports combined and measured at purchasers prices (i.e. inclusive of sales taxes), and with no separation of the industries into market, nonmarket and NPISH producers. In some cases the industry in the ABS used to provide the starting point for the turnover figure may be too refined to be replicated in the input-output table, requiring us to use a broader corresponding industry in order to estimate the split by customer type. Our estimates therefore involve several implicit assumptions and for this as well as other reasons should therefore be viewed as approximations. 5 Intermediate consumption in the input-output tables is broken down by industry of purchaser, rather than public and private purchasers as such, although the detailed 2010 table does split out non-market service providers. Sales of services by these providers line up precisely with government final consumption. For the typical sector we therefore count sales of business services to these entities as sales to the government sector, and all other business services sales as being sold to the business sector. However, not all public sector activity is counted as non-market and so most work for public corporations, and a small amount of that for parts of central and local government, will be captured in the work for business sector category. The latter category will also include services provided to private non-profit organisations of all kinds. 18

21 4.1 National level estimates of turnover by sector Telecommunications and IT services Telecommunications: The telecommunications sector in the ABS (section 61 of the latest standard industrial classification ( SIC 2007 )) corresponds precisely to this sector. Total industry turnover here is put at 61.8 billion in Using the 2012 and 2010 input-output tables ( summary and detailed respectively), demand for domestically-produced services within section 61 is estimated to split in the following way by customer type: Intermediate consumption by non-market producers: 5%. Intermediate consumption by other producers: 38%. Household consumption: 43%. Fixed investment: 2%. Exports: 13%. Taking business-to-business and business-to-government transactions (excluding fixed investment ) as being the relevant activity for the purposes of this report results in our estimated turnover figure of 26.6 billion, of which 3.2 billion is classified as work for the government sector. IT and data-related services: These activities are taken to correspond to sections 62 ( computer programming, consulting and related activities ) and 63.1 ( data processing, hosting and related activities; web portals ) in the ABS, with the remainder of section 63 ( information service activities ) excluded. Total turnover of these sectors in 2013 was 85.4 billion. In the input-output tables, section 62 alone had to be used to estimate the split by customer type. This yielded the following proportions: Intermediate consumption by non-market producers: 2%. Intermediate consumption by other producers: 54%. Fixed investment: 33%. Exports: 9%. As in the 2011 and 2012 outsourcing studies we count as business services all transactions classified to intermediate consumption, while excluding those of a capital nature. Our consequent estimate for relevant turnover is 48.4 billion, of which 2.0 billion relates to work for the government Facilities management Catering: Taking the wider catering industry to be section 56 in the ABS ( food and beverage service activities ), this sector s overall turnover amounted to 56.0 billion in Based on the input-output tables, demand for the precisely-corresponding product group was split in broadly the following way: Intermediate consumption by non-market producers: 2%. Intermediate consumption by other producers: 3%. Final household consumption: 91%. Exports: 5%. 19

22 Business-to-business and business-to-government transactions therefore account for only a small proportion of demand. Counting all of these sales as business services for the purposes of this report, we find relevant turnover to be 2.3 billion, including 0.8 billion of activity for government sector clients. (In principle, it would probably be preferable to take only event catering activities and other food service activities sections and 56.29, with turnover of 8.3 billion as the starting point for this estimate, thereby excluding the activities of restaurants and bars altogether. However, the input-output tables do not show the pattern of demand specifically for these services, and simply splitting this total in proportion to demand for the wider catering sector would almost certainly result in a severe under-estimate of the relevant activity.) Combined facilities management: Turnover of businesses classified to the combined facilities support activities sector (SIC 81.1) amounted to 11.6 billion in The split in demand for the whole of section 81 ( services to buildings and landscape ), meanwhile, is estimated to be: Intermediate consumption by non-market producers: 14%. Intermediate consumption by other producers: 84%. Exports: 2%. On this basis turnover of activities classified to the UK market amounts to 11.5 billion, of which 1.7 billion was accounted for by government sector clients. Cleaning and related activities: Cleaning activities (SIC 81.2) covers a wide array of services, from general cleaning of buildings through to specific types of industrial cleaning as well as, for example, janitorial services 6 and pest control. The ABS shows turnover for this sector to have been 7.5 billion in Combining this with the split in demand for the wider services to buildings and landscape sector (above), we calculate a relevant turnover figure of 7.4 billion in 2013, of which 1.1 billion related to services for the government sector. Landscape services: The turnover of landscape service activities (SIC 81.3) was 3.6 billion in Combining this with the above demand split for the wider sector results in a relevant turnover value of 3.5 billion, of which 0.5 billion relates to work for government clients. Security services: Taking security and investigation activities (SIC 80) to be the relevant sector here, the ABS shows turnover to have been 7.2 billion in 2013 while the input-output tables point to a split in demand as follows: Intermediate consumption by non-market producers: 22%. Intermediate consumption by other producers: 76%. Household consumption: 1%. Exports: 4%. Taking all intermediate consumption to be relevant, sector turnover in 2013 would have been 7.0 billion, including 1.6 billion of output for government clients. 6 Firms undertaking textile services may be classified either to this category or to the washing and cleaning of textiles and fur sub-sector (96.01), depending on the precise nature of the main activity of the business concerned. The latter falls within the other personal service activities industry (96), which is excluded from this analysis. 20

23 4.1.3 Business process outsourcing Office and other business support services: For the purposes of this report we take the whole of SIC code 82 ( office administrative, office support and other business support activities ) to be relevant. This includes combined office administrative service activities (82.11), photocopying, document preparation and other specialised office support activities (82.19), activities of call centres (82.2), organisation of conventions and trade shows (82.3), activities of collection agencies and credit bureaux (82.91), packaging activities (82.92) and other business support activities not elsewhere specified (82.99). The ABS shows how in 2013 the turnover of this sector totalled 45.7 billion. For the precisely corresponding sector, the input-output tables point to a split in demand as follows: Intermediate consumption by non-market producers: 2%. Intermediate consumption by other producers: 32%. Fixed investment: 1%. Exports: 64%. With a majority of these services exported, the UK-based market for these services works out at 15.5 billion in total, of which 0.7 billion is for non-market sector clients Construction-related services Property repair and maintenance: These activities can be thought of as cutting across various activities within the specialised construction activities sector (43), with a significant amount of value counted within fixed investment and therefore not separated out by client type in the input-output tables. Consequently, neither the ABS nor the input-output tables are helpful in this case. Instead, as in the previous reports relating to outsourcing activity, we rely for our estimate of turnover on the construction output dataset published regularly by the Office for National Statistics. This covers only the work of private sector firms classified as construction contractors, and therefore excludes work carried out by other companies on their own behalf (from utility companies and supermarkets to smaller operations with their own maintenance teams), as well as public sector directly-employed workforces. Consequently we count the value of all repair and maintenance (R&M) work covered by this dataset, other than that relating to private sector housing, as being relevant here i.e. R&M activity relating to public and privately-owned nonresidential buildings and structures, plus public housing R&M work. On this basis and taking into account equivalent data for Northern Ireland as well as the main dataset that is limited to Great Britain we arrive at a total of 31.2 billion of work in Of this amount, a little more than a half some 16.2 billion was for or on behalf of national or local government. Property development services: This category combines SIC category 41.1 (development of building projects) with SIC (architectural activities). In 2013, total turnover for providers of these services totalled 29.2 billion. To estimate the split in demand by client group we had to use demand for the domestic output of SIC 71 as a whole ( architectural and engineering services; technical testing and analysis ). This showed the following pattern: Intermediate demand by non-market producers: 5%. 21

24 Intermediate demand by other producers: 70%. Household consumption: 1%. Fixed investment: 9%. Exports: 15%. Taking intermediate demand as the relevant activity, this results in an estimated turnover for the sector of 21.8 billion, of which 1.5 billion relates to work for the government sector. Engineering-related consultancy and testing: This sector is defined as embracing engineering activities and related technical consultancy (71.12) and technical testing and analysis (71.2), which the ABS shows to have had a turnover of 53.0 billion in Based on the above demand composition for the wider industry (SIC 71) results in a relevant turnover of 39.5 billion, of which 2.7 billion arose from work for the government Outsourced frontline public services For the purposes of this report outsourced frontline public services have been split between those for local government, those for central government, and frontline health services. For various reasons it is difficult to take the ABS as the starting point for turnover in the case of most activities included here, so different approaches have been taken. Table 4.1: Market and non-market provision in the detailed input-output table Waste management in the estimated 2012 input-output table billion Sales to: 38 Waste collection etc service providers (market) 38 Waste collection etc service providers (non-market) Other nonmarket producers Other producers Local government final consumption Other final demand (mainly exported services) Total intermediate and final demand Sales of 38 Waste collection etc services (market provision) 38 Waste collection etc services (non-market provision) All other products Total consumption of domestic output, basic prices Imports Taxes on products Gross value added Total output Total frontline services for local and central government: The following methods were used to arrive at the total value of different types of service for local and central government bodies: Waste management activities: Table 4.1 shows part of the pattern of transactions in Oxford Economics estimated domestic input-output table for 2012 (based on the official summary table for 2012 and detailed table for 2010). Ratios found in the detailed table allow 22

25 us to separate out market from non-market provision in the case of industries with both types of provider including waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials recovery (SIC 38) and to identify transactions between market and non-market entities. It can be seen how market providers of waste collection services undertook 2.1 billion of work for non-market providers of such services this being the value of outsourced local public waste collection. Market providers of these services were also paid 1.0 billion by other parts of the government sector. We take the total of 3.1 billion of sales to clients across the government sector as having been the relevant turnover in This is then scaled up to an estimated 3.3 billion for 2013, based on growth in turnover of the corresponding sector in the ABS (the sector there combining public and private sector provision). Remediation services: Remediation services include the clean-up of contaminated buildings and sites, including nuclear decommissioning. The ABS shows that in 2013 turnover of SIC 39 ( remediation activities and other waste management services ) was just under 0.5 billion. The input-output tables meanwhile show this to have been split between intermediate demand by non-market produces, intermediate demand by other producers and fixed investment in the ratio 75%-18%-8%. Counting intermediate demand by nonmarket producers only in this case (as we are only including outsourced public services here), relevant turnover amounts to just under 0.4 billion. Looking ahead, it seems likely that activity in this area will become much more significant, given that the Government has made provision for 69.8 billion of future costs in relation to nuclear decommissioning 7. Law and order, justice and defence functions: In order to capture the value of private sector work undertaken in relation to courtroom, prison, prisoner rehabilitation and defencerelated services, we took the value of sales by the public administration and defence market sector (SIC 84) to the public administration and defence non-market sector from the estimated input-output table for This amount 8 was a comparatively modest 0.3 billion although it is possible that work of this nature will become more significant in the years ahead. It was scaled down marginally to arrive at an estimate for 2013, in line with the change in nominal for the sector as a whole. (No indicator of turnover or output in 2013 is available as this sector is not included in the ABS.) The Work Programme: We took the value of this programme to contractors to be 0.7 billion, taken from the government s detailed expenditure plans 9. (Businesses involved in the Work Programme are likely to be classified to the employment services sector, so this value will not be captured elsewhere.) Frontline educational services: For frontline educational services we have taken the purchase by non-market education providers only of marketed education provision (SIC 85), which amounted to 5.3 billion in 2012, based on our estimated input-output table for that year. This was scaled to 5.8 billion for 2013, based on growth in turnover in the corresponding sector in the ABS (the sector there comprising all non-government education providers including universities and other non-profit bodies as well as market providers). 7 Source: Whole of Government Accounts, year ended 31 March 2013 (published June 2014). 8 Some aspects of these services, e.g. delivery of prisoners, may already be captured instead in the turnover of security services providers. Work counted as being of a capital nature will also be excluded. 9 Department for Work and Pensions Business Plan, , published on the official No 10 website. 23

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