Integration of Virtualized Worker Nodes in Batch Systems
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1 Integration of Virtualized Worker Nodes Dr. A. Scheurer, Dr. V. Büge, O. Oberst, P. Krauß Linuxtag 2010, Berlin, Session: Cloud Computing, Talk ID: #16197 KIT University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association
2 Outline General Motivation High Energy Physics (HEP) / Particle Physics Introduction to Current Experiments Challenges of HEP Computing HPC Cluster Models & Virtualization Motivation & Overview Performance Benchmarks Virtual Cluster Concept Overview Common API libvirt Implementation Conclusion & Outlook Dr. Armin Scheurer
3 What is High Energy Physics? Dr. Armin Scheurer
4 What is High Energy Physics? Dimensions Macrocosm Crystal Molecule Atom 10 1 m 10-2 m 10-9 m m Energy / Frequency Object Size / Wavelength Elementary Particles Proton Nucleus < m m m Dr. Armin Scheurer
5 What is High Energy Physics? Instruments Energy / Frequency Object Size / Wavelength The smaller an object of interest, the larger the necessary energy to resolve Resolution of optical instruments (magnifying glass, microscope) > 10-8 m Other microscopes (electron, force, tunneling) reach scales of ~ m Smaller scales require particle accelerators and detectors. Resolution is only limited by the energy of the accelerated particles. Current HEP detectors ( microscopes ) operate on scales < m Dr. Armin Scheurer
6 Current HEP Experiments Dr. Armin Scheurer
7 The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ALICE CMS Lake Geneva LHCb ATLAS CERN Proton-Proton Collider Location: CERN Circumference: 27 km Beam Energy: 7 TeV/c² Below Surface: 100 m Temperature: -271 C Energy Use: 1 TWh/a 4 Large Experiments CMS (General-Purpose) Atlas (General-Purpose) LHCb (Physics of b-quarks) Alice (Lead Ion Collisions) 2 Smaller Experiments LHCf and Totem Dr. Armin Scheurer
8 The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Experiment Muon Chambers Hadronic Calorimetry Magnetic Retrun Yoke Technical Details: Total Weigh: Diameter: Total Length: Magnetic Field Solenoid: Yoke: t 15 m 21,5 m 4 Tesla 2 Tesla Silicon Tracker Readout Channels Detector: 100 Mio. Collission Rate: 40 MHz Superconducting Solenoid Electromagnetic Calorimetry Forward Calorimetry Imagine a digital camera with 100 MPixel taking 40 Mio. pictures per second! Dr. Armin Scheurer
9 Pictures of the CMS Detector Dr. Armin Scheurer
10 Collision of Two Proton-Beams Dr. Armin Scheurer
11 Collision of Two Proton-Beams In each proton-proton collision, more than 1000 particles are created. The decay products allow to conclude on underlying physics processes of the collision Dr. Armin Scheurer
12 Collision & Data Rate 60 TB/sec Level 1 Trigger Reduction with ASICs (Hardware) Collision Rate: 40 MHz Event-Size: 1,5 MB 150 GB/sec Tape & HDD Storage for Offline- Analysis 300 MB/sec High Level Trigger Software Data Reduction Recorded Events: 200 per second (1.5 PB / year) Dr. Armin Scheurer
13 What are the computing challenges? Dr. Armin Scheurer
14 LHC / CMS Computing Model Challenges The LHC collaborations are large, e.g. CMS: ~ 40 Nations, > 180 Institutions, > 2000 Scientists and Engineers LHC experiments use distributed computing and storage resources The World-wide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) User analysis jobs go to where the data is Grid services are based on the glite (and OSG) middleware Computing centres are arranged in a four-tiered hierarchical structure Distributed around the globe Huge datasets must be accessible by thousands of physicists, fast and reliable (ideally 24/7) Grid middleware and experiment specific analysis software is only validated and certified on a dedicated operating system (Scientific Linux)! Dr. Armin Scheurer
15 Peculiarities of HEP Analyses Usual data analysis: (e.g. meteorology, geography, finance) Static program code, dynamic data: Set of fixed programs used to analyze new data in short intervals Same approach for HEP data analysis: Static data, dynamic program code: Data acquisition is very expensive Events independent! Jobs can be processed serially, split & distributed to many machines (trivial parallelisation) Data is analysed repeatedly with iteratively improved code 1000 publications from 500 people with 1TB data Dr. Armin Scheurer
16 Why do we aim for virtualization? Dr. Armin Scheurer
17 HPC Cluster Models Isolated Computing Cluster Each group/institution has sep. cluster Administration overhead Can not cover peak loads Group A Group B Group C Dr. Armin Scheurer
18 HPC Cluster Models Isolated Computing Cluster Each group/institution has sep. cluster Administration overhead Can not cover peak loads Group A Group B Group C Shared Computing Cluster All groups share one cluster Setup compromise not always possible Load-balancing by fair-share Dr. Armin Scheurer
19 HPC Cluster Models Isolated Computing Cluster Each group/institution has sep. cluster Administration overhead Can not cover peak loads Group A Group B Group C Shared Computing Cluster All groups share one cluster Setup compromise not always possible Load-balancing by fair-share Dynamic Partitioned Cluster Configure cluster in real-time with VMs Allows any software/os configuration Virtualization layer hidden Load-balancing by fair-share Dr. Armin Scheurer
20 Is the performance loss acceptable for our purpose? Dr. Armin Scheurer
21 Performance: Benchmarks Synthetic Benchmarks: e.g. SPEC2000, Bonnie++, NetPerf Test CPU, disk I/O, network performance individually Hard to measure correlations VMBench: use standard HEP workflows to monitor the performance VMBench uses well defined default CMS analysis workflows Modularized core, could load several Watchers to get data from different Sources, e.g.: Memory, CPU load Current network speed Performance tests have been done on KVM and XEN virtualized systems Dr. Armin Scheurer
22 Running Time (Absolute) Running Time (Relative) Performance: Results (KVM) Performance: Virtual vs. Native [# VMs] 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Performance: Virtual vs. Native [Workflow Step] Native Virtual Benchmark runs stable and at good performance: Overall performance loss between 7% to 10% Main reason for performance loss due to parallel filesystem (Lustre) No paravirtualized Lustre driver available Scalable solution: Host exports Lustre via NFS to guest VMs Native Virtual Performance Loss: OK HEP can benefit from shared clusters with virtualization Dr. Armin Scheurer
23 The ViBatch Concept & Implementation Dr. Armin Scheurer
24 Virtual Cluster Concept: ViBatch Dr. Armin Scheurer
25 Virtual Cluster Concept: ViBatch Dr. Armin Scheurer
26 Virtual Cluster Concept: ViBatch Use prologue & epilogue scripting functionality of standard batch system No modification of batch system Minor configuration changes Tested with: Maui/Torque, SGE Batch system treats VM as user job VM creation/deployment very small compared to running time of standard HEP jobs No virtualized batch client necessary Dr. Armin Scheurer
27 Interoperability of ViBatch ViBatch uses libvirt libvirt is a library providing an API to basically all common virtualizers Command line interface: virsh GUI: virt-manager Provides bindings to: C/C++, Python, Perl, Ruby, Java, C# and others Security aspects: Encrypted (TLS, x509 cert) remote management Authentication with Kerberos & SASL Local access control, PolicyKit libvirt provides everything needed to manage and control a dynamic virtual cluster independent from the used hypervisor Dr. Armin Scheurer
28 Implementation: KIT IC1 Cluster IC1 Cluster Shared between 9 institutions of KIT Very different setup requirements, mostly parallel HPC Without virtualization, no possibility to take part due to restriction on Scientific Linux IC1 Hardware & Software Setup 1600 CPU cores 200 x 8 core Intel Xeon X5355 (VT-x, 64bit) 3200 GB memory 2 GB memory / core 400 TB Lustre filesystem Exported via NFS to VMs Operating system Host: SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10.2 (Kernel ) Guest: Scientific Linux CERN 5 (patched to Kernel ) Hypervisor KVM Version Dr. Armin Scheurer
29 Implementation: Schema 1. Create VM image 2. Start VM 3. Wait for VM to finish booting (check lockfile) 4. Pipe job to VM 1. Stop VM 2. Delete VM image Simple layout easy to integrate: Prologue & epilogue do VM creation & destruction Can be used besides native cluster functionality Queue determines if native host or which VM is used Dr. Armin Scheurer
30 Implementation: Security Aspects Epilogue & Prologue scripts run as user Root privileges required (start/stop XEN and KVM guests) Necessary scripts in sudoers list To start a job inside a VM, password-less login required Currently each user brings his own SSH key Future plans: Creation of one-time user/host keys Grid usage user@vm user@ce (CE: Grid Compute Element) User can be identified in case of misbehaviour (Grid certificate) No other connections needed/allowed. User has no possibility to run code outside of VM Dr. Armin Scheurer
31 Implementation: Current Status Integrated in existing production system (SLES10) Two VM queues (SLC5 and Debian Lenny) VM templates/images stored on local HDD of worker nodes Automatic image deployment in development Stable operation user jobs Jobs with high I/O, CPU load and network traffic Robustness Simulation of node or batch system crashes ViBatch preliminary code & documentation available on our Trac-server: Dr. Armin Scheurer
32 Outlook Future plans: Automatic image deployment P2P, cluster FS, etc. Scalability? More diffrent VM images and setups User defined images? Parallel usage of different hypervisors on the same cluster Integration of glite Grid middleware Security: Automated creation of WNs with one-time SSH keys (user/host) Dr. Armin Scheurer
33 Conclusion HEP has high demands on computing Distributed resources: CPU and especially storage complicates setup HEP needs validated and certified OS and software environment Native usage of worker nodes in shared clusters is not possible Virtualization offers the possibility to benefit from shared clusters Flexibility Easy administration Security Load-balancing Performance loss small compared to benefit ViBatch Dynamic Cluster Concept Easy to integrate Light-weight & transparent No batch system modification necessary, only pro/epilogue functionality Independent from hypervisor Dr. Armin Scheurer
34 Thank you! ;-) Dr. Armin Scheurer
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