Web Security. Mahalingam Ramkumar
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1 Web Security Mahalingam Ramkumar
2 Issues Phishing Spreading misinformation Cookies! Authentication Domain name DNS Security Transport layer security Dynamic HTML Java applets, ActiveX, JavaScript Exploiting server side security flaws Server-side scripting languages PHP, Java, ASP, ASP.net, CGI-bin
3 Cookies HTTP is a state-less protocols How do we move from transport layer to sessions? Cookies Designed by Netscape Cookie fields Domain Name Path Content Expiry Secure
4 Cookies Content field a series of name=value Secure field cookie will be returned only if the server is secure (uses SSL) Expiry Persistent and Non-persistent cookies
5 Cookies Cookies are created by web servers Stored in client machine (usually in some directory under the home directory) When a client (browser) connects to a server it checks for cookies for the server domain If a cookie is found, it sends the cookie to the server along with the connection request
6 Applications Banking Gaming sites Shopping carts News sites (setting user preferences) Web portals Just about every thing... Is it possible to do all this without cookies?
7 Cookie Abuse Tracking user habits Advertising agencies buy ad-space for big corporations on pages in major websites. Let us say an agency buys ads in N pages. In each page they add a link to some image for the banner ad Page 1 will have link adagency.com/image1.gif Page N has link adagency.com/imagen.gif (Every page has a unique link)
8 Profiling User Habits User starts with a clean slate User visits page i Sends http request to adagency.com for image_i.gif Adagency server sends back a cookie with a random but unique number This will serve to distinguish the users Now user has a cookie identifying him! Every time the user goes to one of the N sites the cookie is sent to adagency.com!
9 Tracking User Habits Adagency.com gets paid for placing ads On top of that they sell collected user information! Cookies can be blocked Many websites wont work though Fine grained control of cookies Started with Mozilla
10 Spreading Misinformation Modify corporate websites Emulex Corporation Lost 2 billion dollars due to a fake message sent to a news agency Perpetrator made a million dollars! Imitating web sites DNS Spoofing
11 DNS Spoofing Alice types in Bob's domain name Oscar wants to direct Alice to his page Oscar sends a DNS request for Bob's domain And also immediately sends a spoofed response DNS serve now has Oscar's IP (or the IP that Oscar used in the spoofed response) Alice receives the fake IP from the DNS server Don't really need to crack DNS servers!
12 DNS Spoofing Okay, not as simple... Oscar needs to fake a DNS servers IP Not very difficult DNS requests carry a sequence number Need to guess the sequence number not so easy Oscar could register his own DNS server! dns.oscar.com Alice's ISP should be made aware of oscar's dns server Oscar sends a DNS request to Alice's ISP asking for the address of some machine in oscar domain Say os1.oscar.com
13 DNS Spoofing Oscar has Alice's ISP's sequence number now He can send many DNS queries and then answer them too! Sequentially incrementing sequence number each time Only till some one else sends a query to Alice's ISP. Problem could be avoided by using a random number for each query instead of a sequence number difficult to keep track though
14 Secure DNS DNSsec (RFC 2535) Every DNS zone is has a public / private key pair. Not possible to spoof authoritative responses Not all DNS servers use DNSsec DNSsec services Proof of origin Public key distribution Transaction and request authntication
15 DNSsec DNS records are grouped in resource record sets (Rrsets) Each RRset has Multiple A records (for each IP the domain name translates to) Each record is signed Additional records KEY record contains public key of the domain SIG record signed hash
16 DNSsec Signing of Rrsets done offline nd inserted into DNS servers. No public key certificates! How do clients authenticate public keys? Could query a trusted server for verifying the public key Client will be armed with public keys of toplevel domains Top-level domains will authenticate public keys of lower level domains
17 SSL Secure Socket Layer Purpose Reliable end-to-end secure service Provides a secure TCP socket Usually used with Web browsers Can be used for other applications too Introduced by Netscape in 1995 Provided options for 40 and 128 bit keys 40 bits for export Submitted to IETF standards Result TLS (RFC 2246)
18 SSL in the Protocol Stack Application HP CSP AP HTTP Security (SSL) Transport (TCP) Network (IP) Data Link Physical Layer SSL Record Protocol Transport (TCP) HP Handshake Protocol CSP Change Cipher Spec AP Alert Protocol
19 Broad Overview Perform Handshake Exchange of nonces, preferences Exchange of certificates, certificate chains Establishment of shared key Finish handshake Change Cipher Spec To change ciphers on the fly Alert protocol for alerts Unexpected message, bad record, decompression failure... HTTP All performed over SSL Record Layer
20 Handshake Phase 1 Security Capabilities Session ID, Cipher Suite Nonces Phase 2 Server sends certificates, certificate chains, certificate request Client Hello Server Hello Certificate Server Key Exchange Certificate Request Server Hello done Phase 3 Client sends certificates, (optional) Phase 4 Change Cipher Suite Finish handshake protocol Certificate Client key exchange Certificate Verify Change Cipher Spec Finished CSP Finished
21 SSL Record Protocol Data Fragment Compress Add MAC Encrypt Add SSL Header
22 Phase 1 Version Random Nonces Session ID Cipher Suite Crypto algorithms supported in decreasing order of preference For key exchange RSA, Fixed Diffie Helman, Ephemeral DH, Anonymous DH, Fortezza For Cipher Spec Algorithms 3DES, RC4, RC2, DES, DES40, IDEA, Fortezza MAC MD5, SHA1 IsExportable True or False Compression Method
23 Phase 2,3,4 Server Authentication and Key Exchange Certificate, Certificate Chains Server Key exchange message Certificate request Server done Phase 3 Client Authentication and Key Exchange 384 bit (48 byte) pre-master key If login is used, it is outside the scope of the protocol Can be used safely with HTTP over SSL
24 SET Secure Electronic Transaction For Credit card purchases over the Internet Confidentiality Integrity of data Authentication of card holder Authentication of Merchant Can be used over HTTP, SSL/TLS, IPSec
25 Electronic Commerce Components Card holder Internet Merchant Issuer Acquirer
26 Electronic Commerce Components Card holder Internet Merchant Issuer Acquirer Payment Gateway
27 Electronic Commerce Components Card holder Internet Merchant CA Issuer Payment Network Acquirer Payment Gateway
28 Participants Cardholder Merchant Issuer Acquirer Payment Gateway Certification Authority
29 SET Process Customer opens an account Gets a certificate Merchants get certificates Opens an account with an acquirer (bank) Establishes a relationship with a payment gateway Customer verifies merchant Customer places order Merchant verifies customer Merchant checks validity of card with payment gateway Payment gateway interacts with Acquirer Acquirer transfers funds from Issuer to Merchants account
30 Dual Signature (DS) Customers order has two parts Order Information Payment Information Merchant does not need to know credit card number (payment information) Acquirer bank does not need to know order information (order information)
31 Dual Signature Payment Info H PIMD H POMD Order Info H OIMD H Message Digest (SHA-1) E RSA Encryption KRc Customers Private Key POMD Payment and Order Info MD KRc E DS
32 Purchase Request PI DS E EPI Passed to Payment Gateway OIMD Ks Digital Envelope PIMD H POMD KUb E CHC Cardholder Certificate OI DS CHC H OIMD D KUc Compare POMD
33 SET Transactions Purchase request Acknowledged with purchase response by the merchant Payment Authorization EPI (Encrypted PI + DS + OIMD) Digital Envelope (sent by customer) Merchant authorization Info Transaction ID signed by merchant, encrypted with one-time key One time key in an envelope encrypted with gateways public key CHC and Merchants certificate Gateway responds with Authorization Response At this point, merchant can commit to selling goods Payment Capture Capture request Initiated by merchant. Gateway performs necessary action for transfer of funds. Capture response
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