SECONDARY SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME (SSIP) 2015

Transcription

1 SECONDARY SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME (SSIP) 2015 GRADE 12 SUBJECT: ACCOUNTING LEARNER NOTES (Page 1 of 73) 1

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS SESSION TOPIC PAGE 5 Fixed Assets Inventory Valuation Consolidation Consolidation Consolidation Reconciliations

3 SESSION NO: FIVE TOPIC: FIXED ASSETS SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT Learners should be given question papers from the beginning of the year. Question papers to be used frequently in class instead of only using textbooks. Teach a section and assess learners using past exam papers so that they can become familiar with the exam questions. The most important is the marking of the assessment and the discussion with learners. Assessment task (SBA) should be examination related. The grade 11 curriculum must be thoroughly mediated so as to ensure that learners are thoroughly prepared for the sections that are continued in grade 12. The applications involved in valuing fixed assets and stock require regular practice and continual reinforcement at appropriate times. These can be integrated into other Grade 12 topics such as Companies, Manufacturing and Projected Income Statements to eliminate the need to devote additional revision time to these topics. Teachers should ensure that the opportunities are used to include these applications in class tasks and tests on a regular basis. Teachers must ensure that the procedures of calculating depreciation and drawing up asset disposal accounts and fixed asset notes are properly addressed by the end of Grade 11. SECTION A: TYPICAL EXAM QUESTIONS QUESTION 6: FIXED ASSETS, INVENTORY VALUATION AND INTERNAL CONTROL (24 marks; 18 minutes) 1.1 FIXED ASSETS You are provided with details of the fixed assets of Ulwazi Ltd. The financial year ends on 31 March REQUIRED: Calculate the missing figures indicated by A, B and C in the Fixed Assets Note below. (9) Prepare the Asset Disposal Account for the computer sold on 31 January (11) You are the internal auditor. State TWO concerns that you would 3

4 voice in respect of the fixed assets with the board of directors. Explain in EACH case why you are concerned. (4) INFORMATION: 1. Fixed Assets Note: Land and buildings Equipment Vehicles Carrying value (1 April 2012) Cost Accumulated depreciation ( - ) ( ) Movements: Additions (cost) Disposals (carrying value) A Depreciation B Carrying value (31 March 2013) Cost Accumulated depreciation ( - ) C Information Unused land was sold for cash at cost to solve cash-flow problems. This property was bought by Pedoma (Pty) Ltd. The majority shareholder in this company is Betty Benson, the CEO's wife. 4

5 3. A computer (equipment) was sold for R800 cash to the CEO, Ben Benson, on 31 January FIXED ASSET REGISTER Item: IT3 Laptop Cost: R Date purchased: 1 October 2010 Rate of depreciation: 25% p.a. on cost E22189 DEPRECIATION ACCUMULATED CARRYING DEPRECIATION VALUE 31 March 2011 R2 250 R2 250 R March 2012 R4 500 R6 750 R January 2013??? 4. A new vehicle costing R was purchased on 30 June Depreciation is written off on Vehicles at 20% p.a. on the diminishing-balance method. 1.2 MASTER LIMITED You are provided with information relating to Master Ltd for the financial year ended 30 June REQUIRED: Use Information 2 to complete the Note for Fixed/Tangible Assets by filling in the missing figures indicated by an * (17) INFORMATION: 1. Note to the Balance Sheet on 30 June 2012 FIXED/TANGIBLE ASSETS LAND AND EQUIPMENT VEHICLES BUILDINGS Carrying value 1 July 2011 R R R Cost Accumulated depreciation 0 ( ) ( ) Movements Additions at cost * * 0 Disposal at carrying value 0 0 * Depreciation 0 * (98 890) Carrying value 30 June * * Cost * 5

6 Accumulated depreciation 0 * * 2. Details of fixed assets Land and buildings were bought during the year and are not depreciated. New equipment was bought for R halfway through the financial year. This transaction has been correctly recorded. Provide for depreciation on equipment at 10% p.a. on cost price. A vehicle was sold for cash at carrying value on 31 March This has been properly recorded. The details of the asset sold from the Fixed Asset Register were as follows: - Cost price, R Accumulated depreciation at beginning of financial year, R Depreciation rate of 20% p.a. on the diminishing-balance method Depreciation on all the vehicles is R for the year. SECTION B: NOTES ON CONTENT 5.1 FIXED ASSETS/TANGIBLE ASSETS TANGIBLE ASSETS Tangible/Fixed assets such as land and buildings, vehicles and equipment are those assets of material value which: are used in the business to generate income are of long life are not purchased for the purpose of resale, in the normal course of business activities. have actual physical existence DEPRECIATION These tangible assets lose their value as a result of wear and tear. The loss of the value of the asset must be brought into account at the end of the financial year as an expense. This loss of value is known as depreciation. This is done in accordance with the matching concept, i.e. all expenses relating to the accounting period must be matched with the accounting period under review. Depreciation is an imputed expense. The cost of a tangible asset (e.g. motor vehicle) must be distributed fairly over the whole life of the asset. The methods of accounting for depreciation are: Fixed installment method (percentage on cost) Diminishing balance method (percentage on carrying value/ book value) 6

7 The above methods were dealt with in detail in grade 10 and 11. Wear and tear can be calculated on a straight-line basis provided the taxpayer complies with certain requirements: adequate records must be maintained the method must be applied to all assets in the same class the taxpayer must be able to provide a detailed schedule of assets disposed of, including date of acquisition, tax value in the previous tax year, the price on disposal or scrapping, the final written down value of the asset to be reflected at R1, the records must be maintained so that each asset s value can be established at any point in time The asset must be used in the taxpayer s trade. The following, amongst others, rates for wear and tear allowances are allowed by SARS: WEAR AND TEAR ALLOWANCES Wear and tear can be calculated on a straight-line basis provided the taxpayer complies with certain requirements: adequate records must be maintained the method must be applied to all assets in the same class the taxpayer must be able to provide a detailed schedule of assets disposed of, including date of acquisition, tax value in the previous tax year, the price on disposal or scrapping, the final written down value of the asset to be reflected at R1, the records must be maintained so that each asset s value can be established at any point in time The asset must be used in the taxpayer s trade. The most common of which are: Item Number of years Asset Years Cellular telephones 2 Computers (mainframe or servers) 5 Computers (personal computers) 3 Delivery vehicles 4 Fax machines 3 Furniture & fittings 6 Office equipment mechanical 5 Office equipment electronic 3 Passenger cars 5 7

8 Photocopying equipment 5 Trucks (heavy-duty) 3 Trucks (other) 4 Assets costing R7 000 or less can be written off in full in the year of acquisition. The wear and tear may be claimed on either the diminishing balance method or on cost, in which certain requirements apply. LIFESPAN OF ASSETS If the estimated life of an asset extends beyond the current financial year, future financial periods will benefit from the use of the asset. Thus, the need for depreciation arises. Depreciation is the process of systematic distribution of the cost of the asset over its useful life. The life span of the asset cannot be determined with accuracy. It must therefore be estimated. It may be measured in terms of time, production or service. Factors in a business which play a part to determine the life span are: experience with similar assets in the past current condition of the asset policy with regard to replacement of fixed assets The wear and tear allowances table as provided by SARS will assist the business to determine the life span of the asset, when the usefulness of the asset comes to an end and what measures must be taken to dispose and/or replace the asset concerned. AGE OF ASSETS The age of an asset will be influenced by the recommendations from SARS. It would be useful for the company to determine the age by looking at the rate of depreciation by SARS. The method of depreciation will also influence the age of the asset. However, an asset will still be useful after it has been written off. For example, SARS recommends 33, 33% depreciation rate p.a. for computers, fax machines, etc. It means the asset has a useful life of 3 years. After 3 years the computer may still be used, and at a profit if it is sold. The sale will be recorded as a profit on sale of asset. REPLACEMENT RATE This is also linked to the above explanation. It will be advisable for businesses to use the rate of depreciation recommended by SARS as shown under 5.3. An asset should be replaced after provision has been made for the accumulated depreciation. This process also assists the business in the budgeting process. The accountant will provide for the replacement in the budget over a period to cushion the actual purchase when the replacement time falls due. 8

9 CARRYING VALUE OF ONE RAND When Accumulated Depreciation exceeds the cost of the asset than the carrying value must equal R1, 00 (One rand) e.g. Cost = R Accumulated depreciation at beginning = R Depreciation = current year = R Accumulated depreciation = R Carrying value = R (Cannot be negative) Annual depreciation must be reduced to R1 999 so that the carrying value will be R1,00 The accumulated depreciation must be shown as R Cost R Accumulated depreciation R Carrying value (closing date) R 1 DISPOSAL OF TANGIBLE ASSETS Tangible assets are possessions with a relatively long lifespan which are not purchased for the purpose of resale, in the normal course of business activities. Tangible assets, such as vehicles, equipment and buildings are purchased for use by the business. However, the business may find that they no longer require a particular asset, e.g. an old vehicle and may thus decide to sell the asset. These disposals can take place at any time during the accounting period. (The financial year). Before disposal, proper authorisation is required for the sale of the asset. In the case of a sole trader, the owner himself would conclude the transaction and he has the required authority to enter into the transaction. The asset can be disposed in one of the following ways: On credit General Journal For cash Cash Receipts Journal Trade-in (for new asset) General Journal For personal use General Journal Given away as donation General Journal This disposal can take place at The beginning of the accounting period The end of the accounting period During the accounting period THE ABOVE HAS BEEN DEALT WITH IN GRADE 11 9

10 SECTION C: HOMEWORK QUESTIONS QUESTION ONE You are provided with information relating to PK Limited, a public company. The financial year end is on 30 June REQUIRED: Study the information provided and answer the questions that follow Prepare the Asset Disposal Account on 31 December 2009 in the General Ledger. Complete the Note for Fixed (Tangible) Assets on 30 June (9) (15) INFORMATION: Equipment bought on 30 June 2007 for R was sold for cash on 31 December 2009 at carrying value. New equipment was purchased on 1 February 2010 for R Depreciation on equipment is written off at 15% p.a. on cost price. The following totals were extracted from the financial statements on 30 June 2010: Balance Sheet Land and buildings Equipment at cost Accumulated depreciation on? equipment QUESTION TWO 2 You are provided with the Pre-adjustment Trial Balance of Khachwee Limited for the year ended 30 June REQUIRED: 2.1 Prepare the Asset Disposal Account to record the sale of vehicles. See information G and H under Adjustments below. (9) 10

11 INFORMATION: 1. KACHWEE LTD EXTRACT FROM THE PRE-ADJUSTMENT TRIAL BALANCE AS AT 30 JUNE 2011 DEBIT CREDIT Balance Sheet Accounts Section R R Land and buildings Vehicles Equipment Accumulated depreciation on vehicles Accumulated depreciation on equipment ADJUSTMENTS: A. A vehicle was sold on credit for R on 31 December The fixed-asset register revealed the following regarding this vehicle: R Cost price Accumulated depreciation on 1 July This transaction has not yet been recorded by the bookkeeper. B. Make provision for depreciation as follows: Vehicles at 15% p.a. on cost price Equipment at 10% p.a. on the diminishing balance method. NOTE: New equipment to the value of R was purchased on 1 September This has been correctly recorded. SECTION D: SOLUTIONS FOR SECTION A QUESTION 1.1 FIXED ASSETS Calculate the missing figures indicated by A, B and C in the Fixed Asset Note: CALCULATION ANSWER 9 11

12 A R R B R R % x ( ) x 20% x 9/12 C If B All or nothing R Any one part correct R Operation R LEDGER OF ULWAZI LTD ASSET DISPOSAL ACCOUNT 2013 Jan 31 Equipment Jan 31 Accu depr on equipment One part of workings correct Bank Loss on disposal Operation May be a profit, depending on figures You are the internal auditor. State TWO concerns that you would voice in respect of the fixed assets with the board of directors. Explain in EACH case why you are concerned. Reason must correspond to the concern CONCERN Any TWO REASON Any TWO Land and buildings were sold at cost price Unreasonable purchase price for a computer (R800) taken by CEO Should have been sold at its current market value A loss of R6 700 has been incurred / he should be charged the fair market value / unethical Nepotism shown by the CEO Land and buildings being used to solve a cash flow problem Land and buildings were not sold at its current market value / was not advertised to public / Deal has been finalised with his wife / Corruption Land and building normally appreciate in value (loss of possible profits) Vehicles were bought These might not be necessary 4 12

13 (R ) 1.2 MASTER LIMITED NOTE TO THE BALANCE SHEET ON 30 JUNE 2012 FIXED/TANGIBLE ASSETS Land and Equipment Vehicles Buildings Carrying value 1 July Cost Accumulated depreciation 0 ( ) ( ) Movements Additions at cost Disposal at carrying value 0 0 ( ) ( ) operation one part correct Depreciation (E: ) 0 ( ) operation one part correct (98 890) Inspect reasonable Inspect reasonable Carrying value 30 June Cost Accumulated depreciation 0 ( ) Inspect reasonable ( ) Inspect reasonable 17 SESSION NO: SIX TOPIC: INVENTORY VALUATION IMPORTANT ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED BY EDUCATORS Revision on the perpetual and periodic stock systems. Discuss the different methods of stock valuation: Specific identification. FIFO. Weighted average. LIFO not covered in the curriculum. GAAP, IFRS and ethical issues SECTION A: TYPICAL EXAM QUESTIONS 13

14 QUESTION 1: CONCEPTS, INVENTORY (45 marks;30 minutes) 1.1 CONCEPTS REQUIRED: Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE: The FIFO method of stock valuation is based on the assumption that stock acquired last is the first merchandise to be sold. Under the perpetual stock system carriage on goods bought is debited to the Trading Stock Account. Under the periodic stock system, when goods are sold, the cost of sales is recorded at the same time. All businesses in South Africa must charge value-added tax on all goods that they sell and all services that they provide. When the owner of a clothing business takes clothing for personal use at cost price, VAT is levied on these goods. (10) 1.2 INVENTORY VALUATION You are provided with information relating to Quality Building Suppliers for April They buy boxes of floor tiles and sell them to retailers around Hazyview. They use the weighted-average method for stock valuation and the periodic inventory system. Refer to the table below Calculate the total value of the opening stock (A). (3) Calculate the value of the tiles received on 25 April 2012 (B). (4) Calculate the value of the closing stock using the weightedaverage method. (6) INFORMATION BOXES OF TILES ON HAND VALUE PER UNIT CARRIAGE ON PURCHASES TOTAL VALUE Opening stock (1 April 2012) 600 R85,00 (A) Boxes of tiles purchased during the month 3 160? 10 April R90,00 R4 500 R April R95,00 R5 700 R April R120,00 R5 760 (B) Boxes of damaged tiles returned to supplier (these tiles were originally delivered on 25 April) 100?? 14

15 Sales for the month R160,00 R Closing stock (30 April 2012) 1 150?? 1.3 INVENTORY VALUATION AND INTERNAL CONTROL You are provided with information relating to Fast Save Traders owned by Mohammed Khan. The business sells school shirts. Their financial year ends on 31 July The business uses the FIFO (first in first out) method to value stock. The periodic inventory system is used Calculate the value of closing stock according to the FIFO method on 31 July (7) Calculate: Mark-up percentage (%) achieved on cost Stock holding period (use average stock in your calculation) (4) (4) The business aims at a mark-up of 30% on cost. As the internal auditor, what would you investigate? Explain. State TWO points. (4) The stock holding period for 2012 was 30 days. Should Mohammed be satisfied with the stock holding period for 2013? Explain. (3) INFORMATION: 1. Sales and cost of sales for the year: TOTAL Sales (3 600 shirts at R140 each) R Cost of sales R Inventories of shirts: NUMBER OF UNITS PRICE PER UNIT TOTAL 1 August R80 R July ?? 15

16 3. Purchases and returns: NUMBER OF UNITS PRICE PER UNIT TOTAL Purchases: 12 October R110 R December R130 R March R100 R June R120 R R Returns: 7 March 2013 (60) R100 (R6 000) 24 June 2013 (150) R120 (R18 000) NET TOTAL R SECTION B: NOTES ON CONTENT INTRODUCTION The proper valuation of stock is very important as it influences the financial statements, and also because the investment in stock normally constitutes a large percentage of total assets. Millions of rand are invested in raw materials, work-inprocess and finished goods. It is therefore important for a company to decide which method of stock valuation to use. STOCK VALUATION METHODS There are generally 3 methods used to valuate stock. The 3 methods are: FIFO - First in first out Weighted average method Specific identification method FIRST IN, FIRST OUT METHOD (FIFO) Sale of goods is based on First in, first out basis, i.e. goods bought first are the first to be issued for sale. The following transactions were concluded in respect of boots bought and sold by Jonnie Boots Traders for the year ended 31 December 20.9 EXAMPLE INSTRUCTION Use the FIFO method to determine the following: The number of boots on hand at the end of the year. Value of stock on hand at the end of the period 16

17 The closing stock Gross profit Cost of sales INFORMATION: Extracted from invoices, delivery notes and stock control records for 20.9 Details Month Quantity Price Bought January 120 boots at R120 each June 80 boots at R140 each November 40 boots at R160 each Sold for the year 168 boots at R100 each Stock on hand at year end? STOCK REGISTER Date 20.9 Jan 20.9 June 20.9 Nov Quantit y Unit price 120 R R140 Amoun t R R Quantit y sold Stoc k on hand Value of unsold stock 120 NIL R4 480 Cumulati ve value of unsold stock 40 R160 R R6 400 R Profit Total 240 R R R Total sold Cost of sales 168 R200 R R10 880= R R R Stoc k on hand *72 R * = = 72 17

18 Trading stock account to determine closing stock and gross profit Trading account Opening stock nil Sales Purchases Closing stock Profit and loss (Gross profit) Cost of sales and Gross profit COST OF SALES GROSS PROFIT 120 boots at R120 each Sales boots at R140 each Cost of sales (21 120) Cost of sales Gross Profit Value of Stock on hand Details Month Quantity Price Amount Stock on hand Bought January 120 boots at R nil each June 80 boots at R each November 40 boots at R160 each Sold for the year 168 boots at R200 each Stock on hand at year end 72 boots? 72 Calculation: QUANTITY BOUGHT 120 boots bought all sold nil 80 boots bought sold 48 on hand 32 X R140 R boots bought sold nil on hand 40 X R160 = R6 400 R6 400 Value of Stock on hand R Cost of stock 18

19 WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD The weighted average method does not take quantities into account but average price into account. With the receipt of goods the average cost of each item is recalculated or calculated at the end of the financial year. The following transactions were concluded in respect of boots bought and sold by Jonnie Boots Traders for INSTRUCTION: Use the Weighted Average method to determine the following: The no. of boots on hand at the end of the period Value of stock on hand at the end of the period The closing stock Gross profit Cost of sales INFORMATION: Details Month Quantity Price Bought January 120 boots at R120 each June 80 boots at R140 each November 40 boots at R160 each Sold for the year 168 boots at R100 each Stock on hand at year end 72 boots Date 20.9 Jan 20.9 June 20.9 Nov Quan tity Unit price Amount Quantit y sold Stoc k on hand Value of unsol d stock 120 R120 R NIL 0 80 R140 R R4 480 Cumulativ e value of unsold stock 40 R160 R R6 400 R Profit Total 240 R R R Average R divide by

20 Cost price Total sold = R133, R200 R Stock on hand *72 72XR133,33 =R9 599,76 Cost of sales R R9 599,76= R22 400,24 R * = = 72 Trading account to determine closing stock and gross profit Trading account Opening stock nil Sales Purchases Closing stock Profit and loss (Gross profit) COST OF SALES GROSS PROFIT 120 boots at R133,33 each ,60 Sales boots at R133,33 each Cost of sales (22 400) Cost of sales ,44 Gross Profit Cost of sales and gross profit (rounded off) COMPARISON FIFO WEIGHTED Closing Stock value Gross Profit Cost of sales Specific identification method of inventory valuation You are provided with information relating to AA Car Dealers. The business uses the specific identification method of valuing stock. The following items are in stock at the beginning of May 2013: 20

21 Description Cost price Published selling price Item 1 Audi A1 (1.2 litre R R engine) Item 2 Audi A3 (2.0 litre R R engine) Item 3 Audi A6 (1.8 litre R R engine) Item 4 Audi A8 (3.0 litre R R engine) Items 1 and 3 are sold for cash during May 2013 at their published selling prices.. Required: (a) (b) (c) (d) Calculate the following: Value of trading stock on 31 May 2013 Gross profit earned during May 2013 Explain why it would be unreasonable for this business to value its stock items on the basis of FIFO or Weighted Average. Explain why it would be unreasonable for certain other businesses to use the specific identification method e.g. a fruit shop which sells apples. AA Car Dealers do not want the cost prices of stock items to be public knowledge. What strategies could they use to keep the cost prices confidential? Solution: (a) Value of trading stock on 31 May 2013 = R R = R Gross profit earned during May 2013 = Sales Cost of sales = ( ) ( ) = R (b) Explain why it would be unreasonable for this business to value its stock items on the basis of FIFO or Weighted Average. They sell discrete (separate) items (i.e. cars) that are very different from each other in terms of price and character. It would be inappropriate to value the cars based on the last two items bought or the weighted average because the cost prices vary considerably. Also they sell low volumes of these large articles. This makes it easier to identify the specific cost on each car. 21

22 (c) Explain why it would be unreasonable for certain other businesses to use the specific identification method e.g. a fruit shop which sells apples. Apples comprise numerous similar articles sold at similar prices. Cost prices might change from day to day, or from supplier to supplier, the articles would all be placed in containers for customers to select. Difficult to apply a specific price to any one apple. (d) AA Car Dealers do not want the cost prices of stock items to be public knowledge. What strategies could they use to keep the cost prices confidential? Keep the cost prices in a catalogue which can be secured in the manager s office. Secret cost code e.g. a 10-letter word such as BLACKHORSE where B=1, L=2 etc. Allocate separate product numbers to each item and record them on the computer system together with the specific cost prices. SECTION C: HOMEWORK QUESTIONS QUESTION 1: INVENTORY VALUATION (30 marks; 20 minutes) 1.1 INVENTORY VALUATION Speedy Traders sells one type of bicycle to major retail stores around South Africa. They make use of the FIFO method for stock valuation and use the periodic inventory system. The business is owned by Steve Martin. REQUIRED: What do the letters FIFO stand for? Calculate the value per bicycle on hand on 1 July Calculate the value of the closing stock on 30 June 2011 according to the FIFO method. Calculate the gross profit on 30 June (2) (2) (4) (6) The owner and the accountant disagree on the method of stock valuation. Steve, the owner, wants to continue using the FIFO method, because he says it is easier to calculate. Bongi, the 22

23 accountant, wants to use the weighted-average method, because she says the profit will be lower, and therefore the income tax will be lower. As internal auditor, what would you say to Steve and Bongi? State TWO points. (4) INFORMATION: The information below appeared in the records of Speedy Traders for the year ended 30 June The business used a fixed selling price of R6 750 per bicycle. INFORMATION ON STOCK NUMBER OF BICYCLES VALUE PER BICYCLE TOTAL VALUE Bicycles on hand on 1 July ? R Bicycles bought during the year 630 R September R3 800 R January R4 500 R May R4 200 R Bicycles returned from January 5 R4 500 R purchases Bicycles sold during the year 450 R6 750 R Bicycles on hand on 30 June ?? 1.2 PROBLEM-SOLVING Quick Bikes sells one brand of scooters. The owner, Doctor Zulu, has three branches operating in Riverside, Valley View and Mountain Rise. The three branches are managed by Robby, Vusi and Melanie, respectively. Doctor Zulu has obtained the annual figures from the three branches for the financial period ending 28 February REQUIRED: Identify ONE problem in relation to each branch, quoting figures to support the problem. In each case, offer Doctor Zulu advice on how to solve the problem. (12) INFORMATION: 23

24 RIVERSIDE (ROBBY) VALLEY VIEW (VUSI) MOUNTAIN RISE (MELANIE) Number of scooters available for sale Number of scooters sold during the year Physical count on 28 February Nil Cost price per scooter R7 500 R7 500 R7 500 Selling price per scooter R R R Advertising per year R R R Salary of manager R per month R per month R per month 30 SECTION D: SOLUTIONS FOR SECTION A QUESTION Indicate whether the statements are TRUE or FALSE False Accept T or F instead of True or False True False False True Calculate the total value of the opening stock (A). 600 x R85 = R operation one part correct; accept without R sign 3 24

25 1.2.2 Calculate the value of the tiles received on 25 April 2012 (B). 960 x R120 + R5 760 = R operation one part correct R (2 marks) accept without R sign Calculate the value of closing stock using the weighted average method. see if Inspect reasonable (or ) x = (or ) x = R ,93 operation one part correct or R ,92 or R OR R102,23 x = R ,50 or R R102,07 x = R ,50 or R or R (4 marks) (1 mark) (1 method mark) Value of closing stock according to the FIFO method # R x R120 If 970 # 240 x R100 One part correct OR Operation R Operation R mark 1 mark 1 mark 1 mark 2 marks Calculation of mark-up percentage (%) achieved on cost (2 or nothing) Any one part correct x 100 = 21,3% or 21,29% R Calculation of stock holding period (use average stock in your calculation) See must be added to to get the method mark Award 2 marks for average stock if correct (see 6.2.1) ½ (R R ) x 365 R = 69,35 days or 70 days or 2,3 months Operation, one part correct, shown in days or months 8 25

26 1.3.3 The business aims at a mark-up of 30% on cost. As the internal auditor, what would you investigate? Explain. State TWO points. See above. Points below will depend on MU% calculated. Any TWO Good answer = 2 marks; part answer = 1 mark Excessive trade discounts offered to customers Incorrect mark-up calculations Too many items sold at seasonal sales (discounts) Excessive stock on hand leading to clearance sales Theft of cash / stock Counter competitors prices OR: Will have to increase selling (marked) prices in future Buy in bulk Cheaper supplier The stock holding period for 2012 was 30 days. Should Mohammed be satisfied with the stock holding period for 2013? Explain. See above. Points below will depend on stock period calculated. Yes/No: Explanation: Good answer = 2 marks; part answer = 1 mark Explanation for NO: The stock holding period has increased (from 30 days to 70 days). This is not good as money is tied up in stock Stock might not be sold if it deteriorates More chance of stock theft Explanation for YES: Stock levels too low in 2012 and now less likely to run out of stock Better prices through bulk purchases. 3 SESSION NO: SEVEN TOPIC: CONSOLIDATION SECTION A: TYPICAL EXAM QUESTIONS QUESTION 1 Companies: Financial Statements and Interpretation (85 marks ; 51 minutes) A Financial Statements and Interpretation You are provided with information from the accounting records of Meera Traders LTD. The financial year-end is 28 February The company is registered with an authorised share capital of R

27 REQUIRED: Briefly explain the GAAP principle that relates to doing adjustments at the end of the financial year. (2) Taking into account the additional information (adjustments), complete the Income Statement for the year ended 28 February (23) 1.2 Prepare the Note for Trade and Other Receivables. (7) Complete the partially completed Balance Sheet. (18) 1.3 Refer to the table of indicators provided (a) Calculate the CURRENT RATIO and the ACID TEST RATIO for (7) (b) Comment on the liquidity position of this business. Quote TWO financial indicators/figures to support your argument. (6) Shareholders were not happy with the dividends they received. Calculate the dividend per share (DPS) and the earnings per share (EPS) for the current year. (7) Use your findings above (as well as other financial indicators provided) to explain why the shareholders are unhappy. (4) 1.4 The company intends issuing all unissued shares in the next financial year. One of the shareholders approached a director and requested that he be allowed to purchase the shares before they are offered to the public. Should the director be allowed to do this? Explain. (3) INFORMATION: 1. Balances and Totals from the Pre-adjustment Trial Balance on 28 February Ordinary Share Capital ( shares) Retained income (1 March 2012) Loan: Sandy Bank (12,5%) Fixed Deposit: BB Bank Tangible Assets (carrying value on 28 February 2013) Trading stock Debtors control Provision for bad debts (1 March 2012) Creditors Control Bank (overdraft)

28 Cash float Petty cash SARS: Income Tax (Dr) Gross Profit on 28 February Salaries Discount allowed Audit fees Directors fees Consumable stores Interest on investment Rent Income Profit on sale of asset 470 Insurance Stationery Sundry expenses Ordinary share dividends Additional Information: (a) Stock count at the end of the financial year revealed the following stock on hand: Trading stock: R Consumable stores: R1 130 (b) The account of X. Payi (a debtor), must be written off as a bad debt, R830. (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) R400 received from Y. Bother (a debtor whose account was previously written off) was posted to the Debtors Control Account. This must still be corrected. After taking into account the adjustments involving debtors, the provision for bad debts must be adjusted to 5% of debtors. Rent income for February 2013 was not yet received. Take into account that the rent increased by R360 per month from 1 September Half the insurance paid relates to the next financial year. Interest on fixed deposit for the last quarter of the financial year was not received. Note that the R was invested on 1 March Interest on loan is capitalised on 28 February The current year s interest is included in the loan balance above. Note that R of the loan is repayable on 1 March each year. No other payments were made. Depreciation of R must be taken into account. 28

29 (j) Income tax for the year amounts to R (k) A final dividend of R8 800 was declared. There were no additional shares issued in this financial year neither were any shares bought back. 3 Financial Indicators: 28 FEB FEB 2012 Current ratio? 1,5 : 1 Acid test ratio? 0,9 : 1 Debtors average collection period 38 days 41 days Creditors average payment period 42 days 40 days EPS (Earnings per share)? 26 cents DPS (Dividends per share)? 23 cents % return on shareholders equity 30% 37% Current interest rate on investments 10% B Auditing and Professional Bodies The audit report received from the independent auditors highlighted the following: 1. The financial statements are the responsibility of the company s directors. Their responsibility is to express an opinion on the financial statements based on the audit performed. 2. The audit includes, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts in the financial statements and assessing the accounting principles used. 3. It stated that the financial statements fairly present, in all material respects, the financial position of the company, and that it is in accordance with IFRS as well as the Companies Act of South Africa. QUESTIONS: 1.5 Explain why it is important for the independent auditor to be a member of a professional body such as SAICA. (2) 1.6 Give an example of the evidence that auditors would use in compiling an audit report. (2) 1.7 What does on a test basis imply? Explain. (2) 29

30 1.8 Explain why the company should be satisfied with the audit report. (2) 8 SECTION B: HOMEWORK QUESTIONS QUESTION 1 COMPANY REPORTING (65 marks; 30 minutes) 1.1 INCOME STATEMENT You are provided with information relating to Samora Sports Limited. The company sells sports equipment and repairs equipment for their customers. REQUIRED: Prepare the Income Statement for the year ended 30 June 2008 after taking all the adjustments and additional information into account. (50) INFORMATION: 1. Figures extracted from the Pre-Adjustment Trial Balance on 30 June 2008: Ordinary share capital (R5 Issue price) R Fixed deposit Trading stock Debtors control Equipment (for office and shop) Accumulated depreciation on office and shop equipment Mortgage loan from Credbank Sales Debtors allowances Cost of sales? Service fee income (in respect of repair services) Rent income Interest income Salaries and wages Employers' contributions to Pension Fund and UIF Audit fees Directors fees Consumable stores Bank charges Sundry expenses? 30

31 2. Adjustments and additional information: The auditors have identified the following errors or omissions: 2.1 The auditors are owed a further R after completing the audit. 2.2 Bank charges of R310 reflected on the June 2008 bank statement have not yet been entered in the books. 2.3 A credit note issued to a debtor, A Mona, dated 28 June 2008 was not recorded in the books. The credit note was for: Goods returned by A Mona, R (the cost was R4 800) Price reduction on unsatisfactory repair of a tennis racket, R The stock count on 30 June 2008 revealed the following on hand: Trading stock, R Consumable stores, R An employee was left out of the Salaries Journal for June The details from his pay-slip were: Gross salary R6 000 PAYE deduction (18%) (1 080) Pension deduction (7,5%) (450) UIF (60) Net salary R4 410 The business contributions were: Pension Fund: 10,5% of gross salary UIF: Rand-for-rand basis 2.6 The tenant paid the July and August rent in June The rent was increased by R700 per month on 1 January Provide for depreciation on office and shop equipment at 10% p.a. on the diminishing-balance method. Note that new shop equipment costing R was purchased half-way through the financial year (this was properly recorded). 2.8 Interest on the loan was capitalised. The loan statement from Credbank on 30 June 2008 reflects the following: CREDBANK Loan statement on 30 June 2008 Balance on 1 July 2007 R Interest charged? Monthly payments to Credbank in terms of the loan agreement (12 months x R4 300) R Balance on 30 June 2008 R The interest expense for the year has not yet been entered in the books. 31

32 2.9 Use the following percentages to calculate the missing figures: Mark-up % achieved: 60% on cost Operating profit on sales: 20% Income tax rate: 30% of net profit 1.2 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND AUDITING The following audit report was issued by the auditors of Samora Sports Ltd: Audit opinion To the shareholders: In our opinion, the financial statements fairly present, in all material respects, the financial position of the company and the group at 30 June 2008 and the results of their operations and cash flows for the year ended, in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, and in the manner required by the Companies Act in South Africa. I.M. Wright & Associates Chartered Accountants (SA) Registered Accountants and Auditors Pretoria 10 August Why does the Companies Act make it a requirement for public companies to be audited? (2) Although this audit opinion is addressed to the shareholders, other interested persons will also want to read it. Name ONE other person who would be interested in this audit opinion, and give a reason for his/her interest in the opinion. (3) At the AGM, one of the shareholders says that he is not happy with the words 'fairly present' in the audit report. He wants the auditors to say that the financial statements are 'correct in all respects'. What explanation should be given to this shareholder? State ONE point. (3) The directors are not happy with the high audit fees reflected in the Income Statement. Explain why improvement in internal control will have a positive effect on the external auditors' fees. State ONE point. (3) SAICA is one of the main professional bodies governing accountants in this country. Explain TWO of the main roles performed by SAICA. (4) 32

33 SECTION C: SOLUTIONS FOR SECTION A QUESTION 1 Companies: Financial Statements and Interpretation (85 marks ; 51 minutes) A Financial Statements and Interpretation Briefly explain the GAAP principle that relates to doing adjustments at the end of the financial year. Matching concept Any valid response. Income and expenses are recognised and recorded in the period in which they apply. Expenses must be matched against the income earned in a specific financial year 33

34 1.1.1 INCOME STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 28 FEBRUARY 2013 GROSS PROFIT Other Income Rent Income ( ) Profit on sale of asset 470 Bad Debts Recovered 400 Provision for Bad Debt Adjustment ( ) 220 GROSS INCOME Operating Expenses ( ) Salaries Discount Allowed Audit fees Directors fees Stationery Sundry Expenses Consumable Stores ( ) Insurance ( ) or 6 400/ Bad Debts 830 Depreciation ( ) given Trading Stock deficit ( ) OPERATING PROFIT Interest Income ( ) or x 4 / NET PROFIT BEFORE INTEREST EXPENSE Interest Expense ( x 12,5 / 112,5) (15 000) NET PROFIT BEFORE INCOME TAX Income Tax (22 475) NET PROFIT FOR THE YEAR each for foreign entries (balance sheet accounts) max -2 Misplaced items must be marked wrong

35 1.2: MEERA TRADERS LTD BALANCE SHEET AS AT 28 FEBRUARY 2013 ASSETS NOTES NON-CURRENT ASSETS Tangible Assets Financial Assets: Fixed Deposit CURRENT ASSETS Inventories Trade and other receivables Cash and cash equivalents ( ) Check transfer ( ) TOTAL ASSETS (5) EQUITY AND LIABILITIES SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY Ordinary share capital Share premium Retained income ( ) NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES Loan: Sandy Bank ( ) CURRENT LIABILITIES inspect Trade and other payables (Creditors) Accept various combinations for Trade and other payables SARS: (Income Tax) ( ) Shareholders for dividends Short term portion of loan Bank overdraft TOTAL EQUITIES AND LIABILITIES (13) Note the general rules when awarding method marks. -1 for foreign items (max -3) Balance Sheet accounts misplaced are not foreign. Award the marks (-1 for each misplaced item) 8 35

36 TRADE AND OTHER RECEIVABLES Trade Debtors ( ) Provision for Bad Debts (855) Accrued Income ( ) Prepaid expenses (a) Calculate the CURRENT RATIO and the ACID TEST RATIO for CURRENT RATIO Check amounts transferred from QUESTION : ,97 : 1 ACID TEST RATIO ( ) : Check QUESTION Or ( ) 0,47 : 1 7 (b) Comment on the liquidity position of this business. Quote TWO financial indicators/figures to support your argument. Must mention two of Current Ratio, Acid Test Ratio, Debtors Collection period and/or Creditors Payment period. -1 for any other ratios mentioned (if more than three ratios listed) for quoting figures for an explanation each Current ratio and the Acid Test ratio have decreased and are well below efficient levels. Debtors take too long to settle their accounts (30 days) Creditors are paid well within the normal 60 days allowed 6 36

37 1.3.2 Shareholders were not happy with the dividends they received. Calculate the dividend per share (DPS) and the earnings per share (EPS) for the current year. DPS EPS x x = 20 cents = 30 cents (30,3) Use your findings above (as well as other financial indicators provided) to explain why the shareholders are unhappy. Two valid explanation The shareholders received a lower DPS than last year, although the EPS increased. The business chose to retain income rather than distribute dividends. Further, the ROSHE is much higher than interest on alternative investments (meaning that they should be pleased) yet the DPS is reduced The company intends issuing all unissued shares in the next financial year. One of the shareholders approached a director and requested that he be allowed to purchase the shares before they are offered to the public. Should he be allowed to do this? Explain. Any valid explanation No. It is unethical and against the Company s Act. All shares must be advertised and the general public must have access to them. (Transparency). The Shareholders become members of the public and must compete for the new shares in the market. (award part marks for incomplete/partial answers) 3 B Auditing and Professional Bodies 1.5 Explain why it is important for the independent auditor to be a member of a professional body such as SAICA. Any valid response Assurance of knowledge of accounting and auditing principles/ensures uniformity or standardisation of treatment of financial information Continuous professional training/bound by a professional code of conduct/cannot be negligent in his duties 2 37

38 1.6 Give an example of the evidence that auditors would use in compiling an audit report. Any valid response Any one of: asset register; stock register; record of debtors and creditors; journals and documents, etc What does on a test basis imply? Explain. Any valid response Auditors do random sampling (they do not check every document or procedure) they give an opinion based on the sample they tested Explain why the company should be satisfied with this audit report. Any valid response The report is unqualified. No material errors/problems detected/auditors are satisfied that fair presentation is noted/the statements are reliable. 2 QUESTION 1 TOTAL: 85 SESSION NO: EIGHT TOPIC: CONSOLIDATION SECTION A: TYPICAL EXAM QUESTIONS COMPANY QUESTION 1 Marvin Traders Limited has a registered authorised share capital of ordinary shares. Their financial year ends on the last day of February each year. New shares were issued on 1 April REQUIRED: (for the 2012 financial year ended 29 February 2012) 1.1 Prepare the following notes to the Cash Flow Statement on 29 February 2012: Reconciliation between net profit before taxation and cash 38

39 generated by operations Dividends paid Income tax paid (14) (7) (7) 1.2 Calculate the average price of the shares on 29 February (4) 1.3 Study the following ratios and explain what this means for the business: Current ratio Acid-test ratio ,18 : 1 0,85 : 1 0,57 : 1 0,31 : 1 (6) Calculate the debt equity ratio (shareholders' equity) ratio for the 2012 financial year. Calculate the creditor's payment period (in months) for the 2012 financial year. Calculate the number of days the company had to wait in the 2012 financial year before debtors settled their debts. Outline TWO ways in which management could encourage debtors to pay their debts earlier. Calculate the net asset value per share on 29 February Calculate the return on average shareholders' equity (after tax) for Do you think that the return average shareholders' equity calculated in QUESTION 1.9 is acceptable? Give a brief explanation for your answer. (5) (5) (5) (4) (5) (4) (4) INFORMATION: 1. EXTRACTS FROM THE INCOME STATEMENT: Sales (this includes credit sales of R for 2012) Cost of sales Interest on loan Depreciation: Equipment Vehicles Income tax Net profit after tax EXTRACT FROM THE BALANCE SHEET: Interim dividends declared and paid

40 2. EXTRACTS FROM THE POST-CLOSING TRIAL BALANCE ON 29 FEBRUARY: Ordinary shareholders' equity Ordinary share capital Retained income/accumulated profit Long-term liabilities (15% p.a.) Fixed assets at carrying value Current assets Trading inventory Debtors' control Cash and cash equivalents Current liabilities Bank overdraft Creditors' control Accrued expenses South African Revenue Service (Income tax) Shareholders for dividends ORDINARY SHARE CAPITAL The ordinary share capital on 1 March 2011 consisted of: ordinary shares issued in the 2009 financial year at R4,00 per share ordinary shares issued in the 2010 financial year at R7, 00 per share. The new shares were sold at R10 per share 70 SECTION B: HOMEWORK QUESTIONS QUESTION 1 CASH FLOW AND INTERPRETATION OF A COMPANY You are provided with information relating to Glebo Limited for the year ended 30 June Glebo Limited is a public company listed on the JSE Securities Exchange. They are based in Pretoria and they sell office stationery. The directors of Glebo Limited decided to open new branches in Bloemfontein and Witbank halfway through the year. Note: Answer the questions below. Where you are asked to comment on financial indicators you must quote the name of the relevant indicator as well as the figure, which is provided or calculated in the question for that indicator. 40