Belgium 73 Bentham 177 bodily harm 38 40, 95, 159, 216

Transcription

1 Index abuse of process 52, 223 accident see also collision 11 12, 44 legal meaning of 12 ACPO see Association of Chief Police Officers age see also young drivers 20, 183, 186 7, 194 aggravated vehicle taking; aggravated TWOC , 138, 139, 140, 141, 142 sentencing aggressive driving 26, 138, 186, 206 alcohol see also drink-driving effects of 67 pedestrians and 46, 89 alternative charges 97, 126 alternative verdicts 134, 140 arrest 103 Article 6 European Convention on Human Rights 62, 64, 81 2 assault 120, 121, 194, 214 Association of Chief Police Officers 30, 40, 87, 90 93, 111, 131, 222, 223 Australia 72, 176, 181 average driver 188 9, 192, 198, 218 automatism 17 18, 24, 32 Attorney-General 102 Belgium 73 Bentham 177 bodily harm 38 40, 95, 159, 216 BRAKE 40, 220 breathalyser test see breath test breath test 60, 61, 69, 74, 103, 139, 156, 164 statistics 70 burden of proof 81 reverse burden 64 cannabis 63, 73, 74, 104, 137 careless driving 30 57, 139, 142, 149, 153, 159, 160, 171, 203 competent and careful driver, test of 34, 103, 137, 198, 199 conviction rate 41 nomenclature 111 sentencing 35 8, 141 death as an aggravating factor 36 casualty rates fatalities 2, 145, 160 targets 2, 224, 228 causation 98, , 123, 132, 136, 139 causing death by careless driving 43, 88, , 141, 157, 160, 213 sentencing , 114 causing death by careless driving whilst under the influence of drink or drugs 102 6, 107, 113, , 157 sentencing causing death by dangerous driving 43, 88, , 103, 122, 128, 130, 134, 137 9, 140, 142, 160, 181, 213 sentencing 27, 52, , 124 causing death by unlawful driving sentencing 118, 119 censure 172, 178 9, 214 chance see luck climate change 225, 228 cocaine 19 cognitive development 201 load 29 collisions contributory factors of 166, 195 human error 11, 44, 161 mechanical defects 11, 44 road and weather conditions 11, 190 speed 83, 85 fatal 5, 30, 41, 43, 161, 190, 220 drink as a contributory factor of 66 empirical research into 8 reduction in number 78 speed as a contributory factor of 88 9, 166 financial expense of 2 investigators 41, 131, 132 4, 137, 141, 165

2 246 Driving Offences non-fatal 41, 132 risk of 176, commercial drivers 78 conduct crimes, see also endangerment offences 31, 39, 40 consequences, relevance of , constructive crime; constructive liability 95, 109, 113 control illusion of 189 perceived behavioural 193 conviction rate 41, 136 coroner 132, 166, corporate manslaughter see manslaughter criminalization Criminal Law Revision Committee 13, 97 criminologists 183 Crown Prosecution Service Code for Crown Prosecutors 5 7, 52 evidential test 6 7, 147 public interest test 7, 147 decisions see also prosecutorial discretion 5 9, 41 2 Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Bad Driving 6, 7, 51, 88, 134, 204, 223 dangerous driving 26 7 careless driving 26, 38 causing death offences 135 nearest and dearest cases 135 downgrading of charges 8, 221 Driving Offences Charging Standard 6, 26 7, 38, 42, 50, 51, 52, 134, 147 in homicide cases over-charging 8 Prosecutors Pledge 221 dangerous driving 12 30, 149, 153, 159, 160, 171, 203 actus reus 23 competent and careful driver, test of 14, 16, 17 22, 42, 50, 198, 199 condition of vehicle, due to 21 4, 56 7, 116, 209 conviction rate 41 aiding and abetting, counselling or procuring 22 3, 57 dangerous, meaning of 15 16, 207 distinction between dangerous and careless 34, 49, 57 grey area 48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 140 driving, meaning of 15 drink or drugs and 18 19, 208 mechanical state of vehicle see condition of vehicle mens rea 23 negligence 19, 24 objective test 17 21, 42, 53 racing 26, 49, 208 sentencing 25 speeding 20 21, 26,27 defective vision 26, 123 defences 24 5 defensive attribution theory 190, 216, 217 deterrence 172, 173 6, 199, 201, 203, 204, 206, 208, 214 educational 200 deviant behaviour 182, 183 diabetes 17, 18 Director of Public Prosecutions 5, 7, 20 disability, relevance of 17 18, 20 disqualified drivers 49 distraction 33 doctrine of prior fault 17, 18 drink-driving 59 76, 141, 172, 198, 199, 209, 226 alcoholics; alcoholism 74, 164 approved course 66 attitudes towards 71, 198, 199 blood alcohol concentration (BAC) 67 9, 71, 76, 103, 141, 154, 155, 197, 199, 226 back-calculation 62, 104, 140, 141 burden of proof 63 4 deterrence 69, 71 failure to provide specimen of breath, blood or urine 61, 103, 104, 142, 156 fatal collisions involving ignition interlocks 66, impairment approach 63, 73 laced drink 65, 155 likelihood of driving 63 penalties 65 6 per se approach 63, 73 preliminary test 60 prescribed limit 60, 104 random testing 60 61, 72, 156, 164, 197, 226 rehabilitation course 75 specimens of blood or urine 61, 103, 104, 140, 141, 156

3 Index 247 Sweden 154 6, 157, 164, 167 Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) 18, 75, 92, 184 Driver Behaviour Questionnaire 193, 205 drivers hours regulations 27, 52, 127, 128, 211 driving offences, attitudes towards 163, 167, , 192, 194, 198, driving whilst disqualified see also causing death by unlawful driving 3, 108, 180 driving whilst unfit see drink-driving driving with excess alcohol see drinkdriving driving without due care and attention see careless driving driving without insurance see also causing death by unlawful driving 3, 108, 116 driving without a licence see also causing death by unlawful driving 3 driving tests 226 driver behaviour 2, 3, 37, 193, 224 drugs 19, 63, 73 4, 104, 137, 154 addiction 164 definition of 63 fatal collisions involving 139, 141 traceability 74 due diligence defence 82 duress of circumstances 24 5, 64 duty of care 123, 127 duty to stop after an accident 125 duty to maintain the highway 127 ecstasy see methamphetamine education 3, 75, 84, 90, 93, 161, 162, 197, 201, 203, campaigns 84, 203, 224, 225 emergency defence 32 mitigating factor in sentencing 80, endangerment offences 43, 117, 160, 171, 199, 203, 204, 205, 210 enforcement 3, 163, 224, 227 engineering 2, 3, 161, 191 environmental issues 228 errors distinction between violations and 193 5, European Commission 67, 68, 69, 71, 145 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 82, 156 European Transport Safety Council 228 excess speed see also speeding 47, 48 50, 52, 127, 152, 155, 186, 207, 208 9, 210 experience 226 relevance of for legal purposes 20 21, 32 in likelihood to offend 186 extended retest 25 evidence expert 22, 41, 104, 131, 132 3, 137, 141, 165 eyewitness 46, 47, 50, 53, 77, 133, 154, 158 forensic 77 rules of 132 ultimate issue 133 eyesight, impaired 26, 123 eyewitness testimony see evidence, eyewitness fall asleep see fatigue family liaison officers 131, 221 fatigue 18, 26, 27 8, 48, 51 5, 127, 128 9, 138, 141, 142, 150, 152 3, , 224 obstructive sleep-apnoea 138 females see gender Finland 28 fixed penalty notices 8, 29, 79, 87, 147, 174 conditional offer 80 fog 55, 151 France 69, 167 fuel efficient driving 225 gender 17, 183, 186 7, 192, 194 Glidewell, Sir Iain 8 global positioning systems 227 government s road safety policy Grand Rapids study 68 Greenaway 116 guilty plea 136 7, 142, 220 to manslaughter on a charge of murder 121, 124, 131 gun 181 harm, meaning of second-order 171, 208 Hart, HLA 170, 171, 172 hazard awareness skills; hazard perception 92, 226 Health and Safety Executive 22, 161, 225

4 248 Driving Offences health and safety legislation 181, 225 HGV drivers 49, 50 55, 88, 89, 128 9, 138, 139 High Risk Offender Scheme 74 5, 177 Highway Code 13, 16, 27, 34, 86, 89, 194, 198, 203, 204, 206, 207, 209, 211 Highways Agency 127, 223 historical background of traffic offences 182 hit-and-run 125, 138 HM CPS Inspectorate 5, 8 Home Office Offenders Index 183, 184 identification doctrine 126 identity of the driver, offence of failing to provide information as to 80 82, 156 inconsiderate driving 31 2, 45, 46 inexperience see experience inquest 132, 166, narrative findings 223 intelligent speed adaptation 227 involuntary physical movement see automatism James Committee on the Distribution of Criminal Business between the Crown Court and Magistrates Court 97 joy-riding 106, 176 judges 42 judge-ordered acquittal 141 Judicial Studies Board 65 juries; jury 42, 50, 52, 97, 123, 133, 134, 137, 140, 199, 207, 213, 217 jurisdiction 4 lapses 30, 42, 51, 52, 54, 193, 206 Law Commission 13, 120, 126, 158, 207, 218 law-making policy 218 luck 97, 159, 165, 178, 190, Maggie s Law 28, 212 magistrates 42, 133, 180, 199 mala in se mala prohibita males see gender manslaughter 96, , 130, 131, 134, 137 9, 140, 179, 181, 213 constructive manslaughter 106, , 125, 131, 215 unlawful act, meaning of 118; 120 dangerous act, meaning of 120 sentencing 121 corporate manslaughter 24, exemptions 127 penalty 128 gross negligence manslaughter 24, 121, 122 6, 216, 219 motor manslaughter 96, 97, 220 subjective reckless manslaughter 125 unlawful act manslaughter see constructive manslaughter mechanical digger 57 mechanically propelled vehicle, meaning of 15 medical care; medical treatment 178, 205 medical negligence 136, 216 men see gender mens rea 4, 171, 204, 207 methamphetamine (MDMA) 63, 139, 141 mobile phone 26, 27, 29 30, 38, 150, 192, 225 momentary inattention 26, 149 morality 188, 199 MOT certificate 116 motor manslaughter see manslaughter motorcyclists 44 5, 57, 224 murder 96, 121, 124, 125, , 136 Murder Investigation Manual 131 Sweden 158 National Driver Improvement Scheme 35, 36, 147, 177, 206, 210 necessity see duress of circumstances negligent driving, proposal for offence of 43, 111 Netherlands 2, 145, 167 Sustainable Safety 228 netting off scheme 86 New Jersey 28, 212 non-motorized vehicles 39 non-traffic offences 181 normative attitudes 84, 167, , 202, 203 North Committee see North Review North Report see North Review North Review 12 14, 19, 30, 36, 39, 97, 98, 102, 103, , 113, 149, 170, 204, 207, 213, 218 Norway 199

5 Index 249 novice drivers see also young drivers 71, offenders convictions for mainstream offence 183, 184 occupations of 185 previous convictions 183 4, 185 omission 120, 125 overtaking 133, 150, 153, 181, 186, 207 as an example of dangerous driving 16, 26, 140, 208 on the inside 38 paradigmatic crime 1, 3, 117, 171 Parliamentary Advisory Council for Transport Safety 163, 224, 225, 227, 228 pedal cyclists 45 6, 47 pedestrians 46 7, 54, 55, 135, 151, 181, 191, 224 penalty points 35, 69, 79, 87, 157 totting rules 79, 174 plea bargaining see also guilty plea 147 police discretion 8, 43 police investigations of homicide post-mortem reports 223 presumption of innocence 64, 81, 156 privilege against self-incrimination 80 83, 156 prosecutorial discretion see also Crown Prosecution Service decisions 5 9, 26, 43, 146 psychologists 3, 92, 200, 205, 206, 226 psychology 3 of driving public opinion 102, 116, 181, surveys 213, 218 SARTRE 3 67, 68, 154, 163 public place 124, 137 meaning of 15 punishment see also sentencing by process 174 disqualification 174, 176 fines 174 frugality principle 177 imprisonment 174 5, 176 retribution 160, 177 9, 214, 216, 220 just deserts 177 8, 206 utilitarian rationale 160, 172, 173 7, 178 incapacitation 176 rehabilitation 177 rational choice theory 192 reaction times 29 reasonable suspicion 60, 156 reckless driving 12, 13, 36, 42, 111, 152, 207 causing death by 97, 98, 122 recklessness 13, 39, 122, 158, 207 red light, driving through a 20, 25, 38, 42, 54, 77, 150, 153, 160, 180, 210 reform of careless driving and dangerous driving offences 204, refuse lorries 55 regulatory offences 202 res ipsa loquitur 33, 48 resources 148 police 41 result crimes 32, 39, 117 retest 36 right to a fair trial see also Article 6 ECHR 81 2 right to silence see also Article 6 ECHR 156 risk homeostasis theory Road Death Investigation Manual 11, 131, 134, 223 RoadPeace 220 roads policing 227 Road Safety Delivery Board 229 Road Traffic Law Review Committee see North Review safe driving, attitudes towards 37, 226 Safety Camera Partnerships 86 Scotland 4, 14, 224 seat-belt legislation 2, 3, 84, 191 Selby rail crash 27, 212 senior investigating officer (SIO) 131, 132, 223 sentencing, see also entries under the specific offences aggravating factors 52, 80, 99, 101, 114, 118, 140 attitudes towards community order 113 concurrent sentences 100 consecutive sentences 100

6 250 Driving Offences disqualification mandatory 25, 65, 98, 105, 109, 112, 118 minimum term 65 special reasons for not imposing 65 rate 70 life imprisonment 97 Magistrates Court Sentencing Guidelines 79, 95 maximum penalties 43, 97, 140, 158 mitigating factors 80, 100, 101, 114, 118 practice 134 unduly lenient sentences 102, 123 Sentencing Advisory Panel 27, 101, 105, , 116, 118, 219, 220 Sentencing Guidelines Council 40, 98, 101, , 116, 118, 220 sleep see fatigue social conventions 179, 203 speed awareness courses 89 93, 177 speeding see also excess speed 76 93, 150, 172, 197, 210, 224, 227 attitudes towards 87, 91, 93, 167, , 182, 202 behaviour, determinants of 84, corroboration 77 dangers of 85 deterrence 93, 165 emergency vehicles 79 inappropriate high speed, definition of 85 penalties prevalence of 87, 93 procuring 78 thresholds for enforcement 87 8 enforcement level 90 prosecution level 90 speed cameras 77, 86, 88, 156, 167, 197 attitudes towards 83 7, 179 mobile speed cameras 84 prescribed device 77 Sweden 147, speed limits 54, 76, 160, 164, 201, 225, 227, 228 HGVs 77, 93 national speed limit database 227 repeater signs 77 restricted road, meaning of 76 standard list offences 183 statutory charging scheme 6, 7, 8, 46, 148 stigma 172 strict liability 24, 59, 65, 117, 120, 154, 172, 202 sun, driver dazzled or blinded by 47, 151, 152 Sweden 2, 60, 66, 67, 72, 73, , 199, 225, 227 carelessness in traffic , 157 8, 159 gross carelessness in traffic 153 4, 155 6, 158 causing another s death gross causing another s death 156 causing another s injury 159 collisions 150 criminal justice system penal order 146 7, 154 prosecution authority 147 summary judgment see penal order waiver of prosecution 147, 155 drink-driving 154 6, 157, 164, 167 gross drink-driving 155, 158 murder 158 prosecution policy 147 prosecutors Memorandum 149, 150, 156 Prosecution Development Centre 152, 165 right-hand traffic 160 Road Administration 164, 165 Road Traffic Inspectorate speeding 147, reporting limit 164 Vision Zero , 165, 227, 228 Switzerland 226 tachograph charts 3, 27, 51, 52, 53, 54, 88, 128, 129 taking a vehicle without consent task difficulty 85, 86, 192 theft 106, 184 theory of planned behaviour 192 3, 200 tired see fatigue tort 222 tractors 56, 57 training 36, 194, 197, 206, 210, 216 transgressions moral 201, 203 social conventional 201 triable either way offences aggravated vehicle taking 109 causing death by careless driving 112

7 Index 251 causing death by unlawful driving 118 dangerous driving 14, 25 United States 13, 68, 70, 72, 106 vehicular homicide see also causing death offences 28, , 172, 177 victims 165, Charter for Bereaved People 223 Code of Practice for Victims of Crime 221 family; relatives 111, 140, 141, 147 impact statements 221 Victim Focus Scheme 221 violations distinction between errors and 193 5, vision, defective 26, 123 wanton and furious driving 38 40, 95, 216 penalties 39 weapon of assault, vehicle used as 96, 120, 121, 124, 130, 137, 138, 158 wind 55 Witness Care Units 221 witness statements 41, 45 women see gender work, driving for see also commercial drivers young drivers see also novice drivers 186, 192, 197, 201, 225 drink-driving and 70 71, 224