Self-Evaluation Configuration for Remote Data Logging Systems

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1 IEEE International Workshop on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications 6-8 September 2007, Dortmund, Germany Self-Evaluation Configuration for Remote Data Logging Systems V. Konstantakos, Th. Laopoulos Electronics Laboratory, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece Phone: , Fax: , Abstract The problem addressed in this work is the development of a technique for accurate estimation of the good operating condition of the core and the peripheral modules in data logging micro-processing systems, by means of current sensing. In such systems, which are often used in remote operating situations, a self-evaluation procedure is very useful. This procedure may provide vital information about the operating conditions of different sub-systems and modules, including both electronic systems and sensing instruments. These systems usually measure specific parameters, like temperature, pressure etc, by using a combination of sensors, A/D and D/A converters, memory modules, small processors and other miscellaneous modules. Energy measurements performed over a specific time period of several clock cycles determine the overall energy consumption parameters during specific execution of tasks or related to specific groups of instructions. The proposed configuration can be integrated in the system as a peripheral unit for the evaluation of the core and the system s peripherals, offering built-in self test ability to a low power system. Moreover, the information provided may prove useful in energy optimization procedures. Keywords energy consumption measurements, data logging systems, built-in testing I. INTRODUCTION Modern electronics are being designed based on portability and low power consumption. Digital processing systems can be integrated in many different portable devices. A significant category of these portable systems hosts data logging applications. In each situation the energy consumption is essential to the functionality of the system because the battery duration depends on it. Power estimation techniques are needed in order to specify the power behavior of these systems. Parameters that characterize this consumption can be hardware or software related. Hardware related parameters can be the consumption of the processor itself as well as the consumption of the peripheral units like memories, communication modules etc. On the other hand, energy optimization may occur by the use of software reprogramming. So, as a result from all the above facts, power evaluation is essential and proves to be useful in all the possible steps in the development procedure of digital systems. On the other hand, the estimation of the good operating condition of an instrumentation system, like a datalogging system, can be a task also quite important. The ability to detect possible faults in such a system, as well as to distinguish which module is faulty may be extremely useful, but also a relatively difficult task to implement, mainly due to the resources needed. Configurations that estimate good operating conditions of both analog and digital circuits usually require considerable part of the power and the resources offered by a low-power remote data-logging system. In most of these works [6-9] the estimation of a processing system is being held by completely characterizing this system in terms of its energy and mostly they focus on its main processing unit The proposed approach aims at performing this evaluation by using only a very small part of memory and processing power. We are not interested in the complete characterization of our system, but only in discovering a valid indication of its good operating condition. Moreover, we do not focus only on the main processing unit but also on the peripherals that appear in such systems. This system is based on an energy measuring configuration presented by the same group [1-3] which has the ability to measure the energy consumed within a certain time interval and consequently the required set of data for comparison during the self test procedure is very small. A similar work has also been presented by the same team [5] which is based on energy measurements on a datalogging application. It focuses on the ability to conduct energy measurements on such a system with the proposed energy measuring scheme. Advantages of such an approach are presented. An attempt is also made at the end in order to explore the power behavior of a data-logging application in a more detailed way. This work is differentiated with the proposed one, since it presents a detailed energy characterization rather than the necessary energy information for self-test purposes aimed by this work. The hardware of the proposed configuration and the operating principle are described next, while experimental results will be presented on the last part of this paper. II. THE MEASURING SCHEME Many efforts have been made in order to be able to estimate the energy consumption of a complicated analog/digital system during the different phases of its operation. One of these approaches has been realized in the laboratory and some indicative measurements on real digital systems have already been presented [2]. In the present work the circuit that appears in figure 1 is being

2 LM317 V CC + - V DUT DLS IRF510 V CC 10nF R CLR Q 4027 S SET Q 10nF V CC IRF510 2N3904 2N3904 Personal Computer (LabVIEW) RS232 TIMER CHANNEL Motorola HC908GP32 Fig. 1 The energy consumption measuring configuration used in order to measure the energy consumption of the peripherals during a certain time interval. It consists of a current mirror and the Data-Logging System (DLS) on the input branch and a combination of capacitors on the output branch. These capacitors, along with the rest of the circuit, are in charge of summing the current of the DLS. The capacitors keep charging and discharging when they are considered fully charged, and by the rate of discharges an indication of the energy consumption of the DLS is being made. If a specific time window is defined then the number of discharges that will take place within this window is indicative of the energy that is consumed for this window. So, a measurement is the recording of such a number for each occasion. An important action on the development of this circuit is the extraction of the relationship between the average input current and the measured number of events, with the microcontroller as the recording system. This relationship can be obtained from the operation of the circuit since we are able to calculate the average input current by simply measuring the resulting number of events. A repetitive set of measurements has been made in order to be able to calculate an equation with the help of curve fitting statistics. The resulting simplified equation is N = * I in + 16 (1) where I in is the input current and N is the measured number of events. The thermal noise on the above measurements is below 1%. By reversing this equation, it can provide us the ability to estimate the average input current that corresponds to a measurement that took place. So after each measurement the average current will be calculated and thus the energy consumed for the specified time window will become known. This circuit is useful for measuring the consumption of specific time windows within a specific operation of digital or analog sub-systems or circuits. These windows are being selected with the help of the microprocessor of the DLS. The measuring scheme is able to measure the energy consumption for the time window chosen. Specific operations on the peripherals used in digital systems, are usually controlled by some kind of on-off control signals that can easily be read on a microprocessor. These signals will indicate to the processor the limits of the time window that contains an operation, and so the energy consumption for this specific operation can be measured. Thus, if we are able to define the time limits of specific operations on the modules under evaluation then an accurate measurement of their energy consumption can be held. This system is not supposed to be used the whole time, because in this situation the consumption of the total system will be almost doubled. On the contrary, the DLS will be connected at specific test time windows and for a short duration. These off-line time windows can be really small in duration compared to the magnitude of time in phenomena related to data-logging applications. While being in this test time window, proper measurements will be held on conditions of the DLS that have already been explored and the energy consumption for these is already known. The measurements needed may be small in number. Specific condition situations will be stored to the memory of the measuring system and the resulting

3 measurements will be compared to the stored values. Only a small number of measurements is needed, thus not creating the need of a large amount of data and large processing time duration for deciding whether the DLS is operating properly. So, this can be different approach for checking the DLS, rather than fully exploring its behavior. Another useful ability of this circuit is the automation that can be achieved. For example, when measuring an A/D converter many different input voltage values may be placed in order to evaluate all the possible operating conditions. Furthermore, it is easy and fast to repeat measurements. This automation can be also implemented to other modules like D/A converters and memory modules. So, the ability to control the operating conditions of digital systems with the same processor that is in control of the measuring procedure can result to a large number of measurements with significantly reduced actions needed by a human user and also at a significantly reduced time duration. Furthermore, the use of a microcontroller in charge of the measuring procedure can add more intelligent features to the system, abilities that characterize smart sensors [4]. The self-validation method for example can be implemented and thus increase the life and the reliability of the modules under evaluation. Also techniques that come from statistics, like smoothing and averaging, can be used in order to improve the accuracy of energy measurements without the need of a large number of measurements and thus minimizing the acquisition procedure. III. APPLICATION DESCRIPTION Several measurements have been conducted using some frequently used peripherals. The aim is to indicate the ability to measure the energy consumption of different modules for built-in testing purposes. Also, these measurements will be used to illustrate the above mentioned possibilities, as far the automation is concerned. For example, a really frequent component with great interest also in the research field is an A/D converter. Another important part of a data-logging system is the sensors. These sensors are not just analog components that draw an instant current value that is related to the operation being held. For example, electrochemical sensors (i.e. dissolved oxygen sensors) provide an output that is related to the oxygen level measured and consume a current that is related to this output. This drawn current can be summed for time windows that correspond to specific operations of the sensor, and offer reliable indications about the good operating condition of the sensor. Also, because some sensors indicate a behavior that changes in time (a phenomenon called aging of the sensor) then such energy measurements can provide information about the degree that a sensor has changed and may indicate an estimation of how much time there is left for the sensor to be trusted. Other modules can also be explored, like memory modules, and especially the new flash type memory modules, that preserve the stored information without the need of a constant power supply and have a generally improved energy consumption behavior. Also, the part of these instrumentation systems that are in control of providing power supply to the sensors when needed may be under evaluation. Generally, these are the basic modules used on data logging applications. The characteristics of these applications are the non-intensive use of peripheral components. Usually scheduled measurements are conducted with use of the A/D converter. These measurements are processed by the microcontroller and at the end the results of the processing are stored to memory. So, neither the A/D converter nor the memory is used intensively. Also, the microcontroller can stay idle when it is not needed in a scheduled measurement. Furthermore, the memory module is not used during the processing period because the microcontroller has a small amount of internal memory that may be used for the duration of the calculations. This rather not stressing character will be taken into consideration when evaluating the above peripheral modules. The measured implementation consists by some of the above mentioned peripheral modules and is presented at figure 2. The heart of the implemented system is a modern 8bit microcontroller (HC908GP32 of Freescale Semiconductors). This is a general purpose microcontroller used in applications where general inputoutput signals are needed. This microcontroller is able to handle many peripheral modules, has enough processing power for applications like data-logging and may operate at a stand by mode when it is not used, which implies a reduced energy consumption operation. A fast 12bit lowpower A/D converter is used for capturing voltage values (ADS7818) and a proper low-power flash memory module is being used for storing the acquired information (AT25HP512 from Atmel). These are the main modules that we will focus on. Furthermore, the system has a separate real-time clock chip, which counts time independently and provides timing pulses to the microcontroller. Fig. 2 The system under evaluation This system wakes up by the help of the real-time clock once in every second. Then it uses the A/D converter to

4 obtain a voltage value and stores it to memory. After that the microcontroller enters again the stand-by mode and waits for the next second from the real-time clock. This application is a rather simple one, but it is considered vital to data-logging applications. First of all, if we want to be able to measure different tasks, we should be able to find a way to distinguish the time windows at which these different operations occur. For this reason, a single pin is being used on this microcontroller, which gives a small, in duration, positive pulse, when a specific task begins or ends. This signal remains at zero the rest of the time. It is provided to the measuring system and thus this measuring system is able to find the time boundaries of the desired operations that are to be evaluated. We define three specific operations. The first is the use of the A/D converter. When this module is being used, several accesses are being held and at the end a mean value is calculated. We should have under consideration that a data logging application measures mostly DC values. This multiple sampling is desired to minimize noise problems. All these accesses of the A/D converter constitute a simple energy measurement. The second operation is the use of the memory module. This module is not being used every time the A/D converter obtains data, because it supports only the writing of 128 bytes at once. So in order for this module to be accessed for writing, 128 bytes of information should be collected first. In practice, this module is being used once every 8 seconds (8 values from the A/D converter combined with the information of time in each A/D acquisition). In terms of determining this time window, we are able to define it in each second but we know that once in every 8 seconds the consumption that is measured refers to a complete 128 byte write, while in the rest repetitions the memory is not being used. The DLS provides the time window for the RAM access in every second. The measuring system determines the use or not of the RAM by the duration of each time window since when the memory is being used this time changes from the scale of microseconds to the scale of milliseconds. So, only when this time window is significant in duration, an energy measurement concerning the RAM access is being made by recording the drawn current of the RAM while being used. As a third operation we choose a time window that is related to the microcontroller. We can define a specific routine on this module and provide an energy measurement for it. The idea on all the above operations is to be able to measure the energy consumption of these and to have this measurement compared to already stored values. In order to have comparable values, we should provide the same operating conditions to these modules, so as to be certain that the energy consumption will not change from measurement to measurement. This means that for the A/D converter we must have some reference voltages that will be used as the input signal while the A/D converter is evaluated. The implementation of the different reference voltages are being made with the combination of a constant 5V voltage provided by the chip AD584 and the use of a digital potentiometer (DS ). So, a voltage divider is being created that produces steady voltage values and is totally controlled by the measuring microcontroller through serial communication (SPI). The steady operating conditions for the memory module will be the writing of specific information to a specific part of the memory, thus eliminating possible energy variations due to different operands or different addresses of the used memory cells. Furthermore, when considering the microcontroller, a routine should be used that will not change in time, not even the data that are being used within this routine because different instructions and operands may produce different energy consumption. While executing the above operations, the current of the complete system is being monitored and recorded. From each measurement, a simple number occurs that is the number of discharges that took place within the specific time window. If equation 1 is to be used, the exact duration of each of these time windows must be known in order to be able to reduce each measurement to the time of equation 1 and thus to be able to convert this number to an average current value. Thus the measuring system also records the elapsed time for each energy measurement. All the obtained values are sent to a computer. We should make clear that the basic ability of this measuring system which is the measurement of the energy consumption of specific operations and the comparison with known values can be held without the need of a computer. The nature of the already mentioned operations is such that the duration in each repetition does not change. So, all measurements that refer to a specific operation will be comparable without the need of any conversion. Reference values can be stored to the microcontroller and may be used in each evaluation as comparison values. So these comparisons can be held only by the measuring system and without the need of a computer. Since the measuring configuration can be integrated in the system as a peripheral unit, it will add built-in self test ability to the DLS. This is a useful ability in this kind of systems, because they usually operate at a remote mode, without the close presence of a computer or of a human user. Furthermore, a program on the LabVIEW software suite may run on the computer and handle all the measuring procedure. When receiving data from the measuring microcontroller it can make decisions about the good operating condition of the system or initiate further measurements that should be held. This program is desired because of the more complicated features that is provides. If the measuring system is connected to different external equipment, as for example a current source, then LabVIEW is able to check whether the system measures correctly (since reference current values will be available)

5 and under certain circumstances a calculation of a new more accurate equation can be done. Also, abilities related to the smart illustration of the several data to the user or the storing of the resulted data to files are some advantages of the use of the computer. At this point, a brief explanation of the methodology that is being used from the measuring system will be presented. The measuring system coexists with the DLS and stands idle for the most of the time, at a low power mode. The output branches of the current mirror of figure 1 are disabled and thus there is not any additional energy consumption by the measuring system. In a programmed second on the measuring system an evaluation is scheduled. When this time is reached then in the next second the DLS wakes up twice. The first wake up is the normal one and the second one is totally related to measurements for the evaluation of the system. The output branches of the current mirror become active and different operating conditions are applied to the modules that are under evaluation. The A/D input is connected through an electronic switch to the reference voltages created with the digital potentiometer. Also, the DLS begins to execute a changed version of its normal operations that take into consideration specific writing conditions to memory and specific loops on the microcontroller. All the necessary conditions are being applied and measurements are being taken for each situation. When these measurements are completed, a comparison of the results is being made with the already known stored reference values. If all comparisons indicate no error, then the measuring system becomes aware of the result and it turns again to its low-power mode. At this situation, the next evaluation is scheduled. If a module appears to be faulty then the measuring system is informed properly. Further necessary actions of the measuring system depend on the nature of the system under evaluation. In this situation, a small led is turned on which is considered a satisfactory reaction. This procedure is repeated once every five minutes, thus the energy overhead may almost be neglected compared to the total consumption of the DLS. Also, the evaluation procedure is held when the DLS stands idle, so there is not a need for extra time for the evaluation. IV. EXPERIMENTAL DATA The above mentioned operations have been measured in terms of their duration and their energy consumption. The results are shown in Table I. These measurements are for specific conditions for each of the modules. For the A/D converter different constant voltages are being placed as the input voltage, with the help of an electronic switch and the combination of the chips mentioned above (5V voltage reference and digital potentiometer). These voltages are being placed only for these measurements and then the switch is turned back to its normal input voltage. The memory module s constant conditions are the writing of a constant data value to 128 specific memory cells. Since, the memory is of the flash type, the energy consumption is expected to be the same by already knowing the values that are already written and the values that we are about to write. As far as the microcontroller is concerned, specific small routines are being placed that do not use any of the peripherals, so that the measured power consumption is only affected by the use of the microcontroller and is expected to be a constant value. Operation TABLE I MEASUREMENTS OF ENERGY TIME Conditions Average Current (ma) Time Duration (ms) Energy Consumption (mj) A/D routine 0,2V input 14,449 4,940 A/D routine 1V input 14,439 4,937 A/D routine 2V input 14,449 68,39 4,940 A/D routine 3V input 14,439 4,937 A/D routine 4V input 14,434 4,936 A/D routine 4,8V input 14,418 data : 0 cell : 0 data : 255 cell : 0 data : 0 cell : data : 255 cell : ,930 14,071 2,865 14,066 2,864 14,066 2,864 14,081 40,72 2,867 uc routine loop #1 14,755 3,602 uc routine loop #2 14,087 48,82 3,439 uc routine loop #3 14,801 3,613 The A/D converter was evaluated with the help of 5 voltage references as shown table I. The was evaluated with 4 different conditions (different data and different writing memory cells). Both these modules indicated an energy consumption that does not change significantly as the operating conditions change. We would be able to see larger differences if these modules were measured separately. On the contrary three different program routines were measured on the microcontroller that showed larger differences on their energy consumption. The measurements shown on table I were very steady when repeated. The deviation on these was measured to about 1%, due mostly to different thermal conditions. Nevertheless, the above measurements can be held sequentially, almost at the same time, and thus a complete set of all the above measurements can be held without any change in the thermal conditions. This will lead to measurements taken at exactly the same time, and so the differences between the measured values of two different

6 operations will not be affected by thermal changes. As a result, a more accurate self-test evaluation can be obtained by checking also the differences on the measured values of different operations. So, these measurements can be considered as references because they do not change when measurements are repeated. Any possible value that will be different than these values more than 5% will be a good indication of a malfunctioning module. Also, the knowledge of which operation showed different energy consumption will provide information on which specific module appears to be malfunctioning. The above results indicate that the system may provide vital information about the good operating condition of the data-logging system. Possible variations to these measurements are to use a larger set of different operating conditions and to have more reference energy values. For example, different input voltages for the A/D converter or different 128 byte cell blocks on the memory may be used. These different conditions will provide a more accurate result of the good operating condition of this system without an increase in the measuring time or an important increase on the use of resources on the measuring system. V. CONCLUSIONS In this paper an attempt has been made in order to provide a system for the accurate estimation of the good operating condition of the core and of peripheral modules in data logging instrumentation systems. An energy measuring scheme has been described for this purpose that is able to record the consumption of electronics during specific operating conditions. This work aims at an implementation that is fast in time and economical in energy consumption for judging the good operating condition of a remote system with data logging abilities. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work has been supported by a Pythagoras-II project of EPEAEK-2 framework, program of the Greek ministry of Education and the E.U. REFERENCES [1] V. Konstantakos, K. Kosmatopoulos, S. Nikolaidis, Th. Laopoulos, Measurement of power consumption in Digital systems, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and measurement, Vol.55, No.5, October 2006 [2] V. Konstantakos, K. Kosmatopoulos, S. Nikolaidis, and Th. Laopoulos, In-Chip Configuration for Monitoring Power Consumption in Micro-processing Systems, IEEE International Workshop on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems: Technology and Applications, Sept. 2005, Bulgaria [3] V. Konstantakos, A. Chatzigeorgiou, S. Nikolaidis, Th. Laopoulos, Energy consumption estimation in embedded systems, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, April 2006, Italy [4] Voulgaris A., Laopoulos Th., An intelligent microcontroller-based configuration for sensor validation and error compensation, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, May 2003, USA [5] Konstantakos V., Laopoulos Th., Monitoring and analysis of power consumption in data logging systems for built-in testing, DCIS 06, XXI Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems, 2006, Spain [6] Chiyoung Seo, Sam Malek, and Nenad Medvidovic, "A Generic Approach for Estimating the Energy Consumption of Component- Based Distributed Systems", Technical report USC-CSE , University of Southern California, Center for Software Engineering, April 2005 [7] V. S. P. Rapaka, D. Marculescu, Pre-characterization Free, Efficient Power / Performance Analysis of Embedded and General Purpose Software Applications, Proceedings of Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conf., March 2003, Germany [8] Ai-Feng Wang, Xi Li, Ting Lei, and Xue-Hai Zhou, "Study on Methodology of Algorithms for Energy", Computer Engineering and Applications, 2006 [9] M. Wendt, M. Grumer, C. Steger, R. Weiβ, U. Neffe, A. Mühlberger, Energy Consumption Measurement Technique for Automatic Instruction Set Characterization of Embedded Processors, IMTC 2007 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, May 2007, Poland

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