Study Outline for Test 2

Transcription

1 Test 2, Study Guide 1 Study Outline for Test 2 Know the definitions of these terms and concepts, understand what they mean, so you can recognize them in different wording, and be able to recognize examples of them: When you take the test: - read the Q CAREFULLY - figure out what it s really about - be sure you have the concepts and terms it asks about clearly in mind and apply them Confused, puzzled, etc. ASK!!! integration and communication 1. The basic function of the nervous system is. A. mental and psychological B. carrying information and combining it C. communication and integration D. functional and structural E. B & C are both correct Your two hands work together (as in tying shoelaces) because the nervous system information from the two hands. A "split brain" patient has the connections between the two cerebral hemispheres cut. She may have trouble using her two hands together because the two cerebral hemispheres cannot each other. A. integrates; communicate with B. metabolizes; inhibit C. synapses; dominate D. axonates; dendrate to E. filters; depolarize Your two hands work together (as in tying shoelaces) because the nervous system information from the two hands. A. integrates B. metabolizes C. synapses D. axonates E. filters Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder. Its symptoms reflect difficulty in different mental processes working together properly. Therefore these symptoms reflect a defect in. A. communication B. figure-ground segregation C. integration D. release, binding, and removal E. signal detection Neurons: what are they - what are the basic parts and what do the do? Match each part of the neuron with letter by its location on the diagram (1 point total). 1. axon terminal 2. axon 3. dendrites 4. soma (cell body) Match each question with the part of the neuron that goes with it best. [Not all alternatives need to be used] 1. many different branches all covered with connections from many other neurons 2. carries information reliably over long distances 3. releases a chemical neurotransmitter when all-or-nothing impulses reach it 4. integration A. dendrites B. soma or cell body C. axon D. axon terminal how do we know that the brain is the basis of mental and behavioral activity? - localization of function: evidence for it

2 Test 2, Study Guide 2 5. The front edge of the left parietal lobe receives touch information from the right side of the body. We know this because. A. electrical stimulation there produces touch sensations on the right side B. touch on the right side produces increased activity there as measured with a PET scan C. damage there disturbs touch perception on the right side D. touch on the right side produces electrical responses there E. A, B, C, & D are all correct Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): somatic; sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions of autonomic NS Match the following physical and psychological reactions that go with anger to the systems that carry them out. 6. Your psychological reaction of anger 7. The amount of stress hormone (cortisol) in your blood goes up 8. Muscles in your arms, legs, body, face become very tense 9. Your blood pressure and heart rate rise, digestion stops, and mouth dries up A. somatic division of the peripheral nervous system B. activity in parts of the limbic system, like the amygdala C. result of increased signals from the pituitary triggered by signals from the hypothalamus D. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system Jason is about to give a talk to a critical audience. He perspires, his mouth is dry, and his heart beats faster and harder than usual. The directly controls these reactions. A. somatic division of the peripheral nervous system B. thymus C. frontal lobes D. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system E. B, C, and D are all correct Jeri is very upset with her roommate because she borrowed her laptop computer without asking. The part of her brain that is most important in producing these reactions is A. hierarchical structure B. limbic system and hypothalamus C. autonomic nervous system D. association areas of the back of the cerebral cortex E. B & C are both correct Central Nervous System (CNS) - grey matter; white matter: what's in each, what does each do? - spinal cord: the 5 parts of simple reflexes and what each does 10. Activity elsewhere in the nervous system can change reflex reactions to a stimulus. The change occurs A. on axons B. on dendrites C. at (across) synapses D. in the soma (cell body) E. at any of A, B, C, or D 11. You can inhibit (block) coughing voluntarily (for at least a few seconds). The cough reflex is blocked. A. at one or more synapses in the brain stem and/or spinal cord B. by inhibiting the receptor for the tickling stimulus in the throat C. by inhibiting the muscles used in coughing D. by blocking transmission on the axons of neurons in the reflex E. A, B, C, & D are all correct 12. The strength of a reflex are modified by changing transmission A. at its synapse(s) B. on its sensory afferent peripheral nerves C. on its motor efferent peripheral nerves D. A, B, and C are all correct E. None of the above. Reflexes are automatic and cannot be changed 13. Simple reflexes never operate in isolation. They are affected by activity of other reflexes and in many other parts of the brain. Such activity affects reflexes by A. modifying synaptic transmission in the reflex B. changing the chemical neurotransmitter of the synapse(s) in the reflex C. modifying the sensory receptors in the reflex D. modifying the motor effectors (muscles, glands) in the reflex E. all of the above are correct

3 Test 2, Study Guide 3 brain stem, what does it do, compared to spinal cord? - hypothalamus; pituitary gland 14. A cat that falls out of a tree lands of this feet. It automatically twists its whole body around and extends its legs to break its fall. This ability to co-ordinate many different reflex actions is organized in the A. brain stem B. spinal cord C. frontal lobes D. hypothalamus 15. The hypothalamus controls the body s reaction to stress through the. A. somatic division of the peripheral nervous system B. pituitary gland C. frontal lobes D. sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system E. B and D are both correct cerebral hemispheres: cerebral cortex; why it has ridges (gyri) & grooves (sulci) 16. Many kinds of animals have cerebral hemispheres that are wrinkled with gyri (ridges) and sulci (grooves). The more and deeper these wrinkles are. A. the more grey matter that kind of animal has in its cerebral cortex B. the more dendrites, synapses, and neurons that kind of animal has in its cerebral cortex C. the more complex behavior that kind of animal shows D. A, B, and C are all correct 17. The human cerebral hemispheres have deep sulci (grooves) to. A. keep neural signals from jumping from one brain area to another B. fit more dendrites, synapses, and neurons into the brain inside the skull C. increase the amount of grey matter on the cerebral hemispheres D. to provide landmarks that guide the organization of different brain areas E. B and C are both correct 18. The human cerebral cortex. A. is much larger than the cortex in chimpanzees, monkeys, dogs, etc. B. is very wrinkled by gyri & sulci to fit about 3/4ths of the brain s ~ 100 billion neurons C. has much less primary sensory (and motor) cortex than sensory (and motor) association cortex or higher order association cortex D. is made of grey matter E. A, B, C, and D are all correct 19. The cerebral cortex of the human brain. A. is wrinkled to increase the amount of grey matter in the brain B. has very many axon terminals, dendrites, and the synapses they make C. has a lot of necrotic factor in it D. cannot be important in perception of color, because it is grey E. A & B are both correct Cerebral Cortex: primary areas, sensory association areas, higher (non-sensory) association areas 20. A person with brain damage can describe what a hammer looks like but does not know what it is. You might expect their brain damage was located in the. A. primary visual cortex in occipital lobe B. motivational system limbic lobe C. association cortex in frontal lobe D. visual association cortex on temporal lobe E. spatial system in parietal association cortex Match what part of the brain is probably damaged to produce the following problems: (1 point total) 21. cannot consciously hear sounds 22. can consciously hear the sounds of spoken language but cannot recognize that it is language 23. can consciously recognize sounds as spoken language but cannot understand what the words and sentences mean A. higher order association cortex B. auditory association cortex C. primary auditory cortex

4 Test 2, Study Guide Brain damage in visual association areas of the temporal lobe results in visual agnosia. Which of the following might you expect to happen following damage in the auditory association areas? A. deafness B. auditory agnosia C. loss of all sensory perception D. inability to recognize what sounds were E. B and D are both correct 25. A patient has difficulty controlling impulses, carrying out plans, and shifting strategies when conditions change. S/he is likely to have damage in A. limbic system B. reticular formation C. frontal lobes D. cerebellum E. left hemisphere - limbic system 26. A news article says that research has found that fear and anxiety increase the activity in the amygdala in the normal brain. Although you may not recall the name "amygdala," you are quite sure it is somewhere in the. A. brain stem, because it is the link between the cerebral hemispheres and spinal cord, which gets information from the body B. grey matter, because grey matter contains the dendrites, axon terminals, and synapses where change occurs C. the limbic system, because it is essential for normal motivation and emotion D. frontal lobe, because it is important in organizing behavior to adapt people to the stress of anxiety 27. Brain damage in visual association areas of the temporal lobe results in visual agnosia. Which of the following might you expect to happen following damage in the auditory association areas? A. deafness B. auditory agnosia C. loss of all sensory perception D. inability to recognize what sounds were E. B and D are both correct neuron s codes: - polarization: - dendrite: Graded response code: depolarization; hyperpolarization; summation - axon: All-or-nothing impulses: rate code Match each question with the part of the neuron that goes with it best. (2 points total) [Not all alternatives need to be used] 28. receives connections from 1,000s of other neurons 29. sends signals reliably over long distances 30. integrative function 31. releases chemical neurotransmitter molecules when all-or-nothing impulses reach it A. dendrites B. soma or cell body C. axon D. axon terminal Match each part of the neuron with letter by its location on the diagram (1 point total). 32. axon terminal 33. axon 34.i) dendrites 35. soma (cell body) transmission at synapses: chemical neurotransmitters: stages - effects of psychologically active drugs: how do the produce their different effects? 36. How does an all-or-nothing impulse that reaches an axon terminal affect the next neuron? A. It jumps across the synaptic cleft if it is big enough. B. It releases a packet of chemical neurotransmitter molecules. C. It s electrical charge briefly splits open the dendritic membrane to let in + ions (charged molecules). D. It makes the axon terminal part of the dendrite for 1 millisecond. E. A, B, & C are all correct.

5 Test 2, Study Guide 5 Match each Q with the term it goes with the best. 37. receiving end of neuron 38. the part of one neuron that affects another neuron 39. where drugs that affect psychological processes act 40. sends the sum of excitations and inhibitions a neuron receives reliably over long distances to other neurons A. synapse B. cell body (soma) C. dendrite D. axon terminal E. axon 41. The place where one neuron can affect the activity of another neuron is called a. A. dendrite B. synapse C. ventricle D. node of Ranvier E. glial Match the code for excitation with the system that uses it (2 points total) 42. rate of all-or-nothing impulses 43. sum of graded depolarizations and hyperpolarizations 44. chemical neurotransmitters 45. chemical messengers with targets throughout the body A. synapses B. dendrites C. myelin nodes D. axon E. endocrine system know these neurotransmitters: a psychological function each goes with, a drug/medication that acts on it dopamine; acetyl choline; endorphins; serotonin, GABA 46. Glutamate, dopamine, acetyl choline, and serotonin are all A. molecules that produce excitation or inhibition)at specific kinds of synapses B. kinds of neurons C. chemical neurotransmitters D. cytokines E. A and C are both correct 91A(F) A and D are both correct 47. A chemical injected next to a neuron s dendrites changes the dendrites polarization. This chemical probably. A. kills the nerve cell by interfering with its metabolism B. is an exocrine hormone C. Affects a neurotransmitter s function D. can affect a behavior E. C and D are both correct 48. George injects a very tiny amount of a chemical next to the neuron in the brain which he is measuring. If this chemical decreases the neuron s polarization of the dendrites of this neuron, the chemical A. acts like a neurotransmitter B. binds to some kind of receptor molecule C. probably has a specific behavioral effect if given to an animal or person D. A, B, & C are all correct 49. If the dendritic membrane s polarization increases, this signals. If it decreases, this signals. A. summation; subtraction B. inhibition; excitation C. metabolism; catabolism D. endocrine action; exocrine action E. subtraction; integration 50. A chemical that decreases the polarization of the dendrites of a neuron A. acts like an excitatory neurotransmitter B. is killing the neuron C. binds to some kind of receptor molecule D. is probably a "recreational" drug like alcohol E. A & C are both correct F. B & D are both correct senses: channels of information to the mind 51. Light rays, sound waves, chemicals in your nose, etc, bring you everything you know about the world outside you. How does your mind/brain get the information these physical forces and chemicals carry? A. Your mind extracts the information from these physical stimuli to create a brain code B. Your nervous system codes these physical stimuli in neural signals C. Your brain is sensitive to these physical stimuli D. A & C are both correct E. A & B are both correct

6 Test 2, Study Guide Information from the world is in the form of physical stimuli, like light or sound pressure, but the brain uses only neural signals. How can our mind can get information about what is in the world around you? A. Information in physical stimuli such as light or sound patterns are coded by your sensory systems. B. Your mind is the figure that is organized from the background from the perceptual world. C. The senses deliver to your mind tiny models or replicas of the things you perceive. D. You can see and hear what s around you. E. B and D are both correct 53. Your mind gets accurate information about objects and events in the world from. A. labeled line (anatomical) and pattern neural codes B. physical stimuli channeled to the brain C. Gestalt laws of organization D. mental models threshold (JND): definition, 54. When you have your hearing tested, the audiologist plays softer and softer tones until you can't hear them. The audiologist is making a rough estimate of your (absolute) threshold. If s/he measured your threshold for detecting the tone accurately, s/he would A. find the intensity that just failed to fire impulses in auditory neurons B. find the tone intensity that you detected 50% of the time C. separate your decision criterion from your sensitivity D. find the tone that you judged as half as loud as the standard tone E. C & D are both correct 55. A sub-liminal stimulus is one that is below threshold. This means. A. the receiver operating characteristic curve is a steeply concave line. B. it cannot be detected C. it is detected less than 50% of the times it is presented. D. it hyperpolarizes dendrites. E. B and D are both correct Threshold [Hint: recall the technical definition of threshold; you may want to write it down] 56. T=A F=B is the smallest difference that can be detected as different from a standard or background stimulus 57. T=A F=B is (approximately) a constant fraction of the standard (background) stimulus 58. T=A F=B confounds sensitivity and bias (decision criterion or rule) 59. T=A F=B is the stimulus value that produces 50% hits and 50% false alarms Weber's law: what does it mean? 60. If your stereo plays very softly, you have to turn up the volume only slightly to increase loudness noticeably. If it is loud, you need to turn up the volume much more to increase loudness noticeably. This illustrates. A. direct magnitude estimation of sensory experience B. Weber's law C. that the change in intensity of a test stimulus needed to reach threshold is a constant fraction of the intensity of the standard stimulus D. separation of sensitivity to stimuli from decision criterion about them E. B and C are both correct 83 A (F) A and B are both correct 61. You make lemonade with 50 ounces of sugar. To make it sweeter by 1 JND, you have to add 5 ounces more sugar. If Weber s Law is correct, you will need ounces(s) more sugar to make lemonade made with 100 ounces of sugar just noticeably sweeter A. 5 B. 10 C. 1/50 D. 10% of 50 E To find out how much more sugar to add to make some lemonade 1 JND sweeter, you measure the. A. the amount of added sugar that observers say makes the lemonade taste better B. the amount of added sugar that observers can detect as sweeter half the time they taste it C. d D. difference threshold E. B and D are both correct 63. Bart can just detect the addition of 1 ounce to the 50 ounces he is lifting. According to W eber's law, he would just detect added to 25 ounces. A. 2 ounces B. the log of 2 ounces C. 25 ounces raised to the 1/50 power D. 1 ounce E. 1/2 ounce

7 Test 2, Study Guide 7 When it s very quiet, you can detect a very soft noise. When a few people talk, you need more noise to detect it. At a rock concert, you need an explosion before you detect the noise. This reflects (1 point total) 64. T=A F=B Weber s law 65. T=A F=B the stronger the background, the bigger the change needed for detection 66. T=A F=B the all-or-nothing nature of threshold 67. T=A F=B the fact that noise damages hearing Signal Detection Theory: what can it do that threshold can t - hits, false alarms - sensitivity; criterion (or bias): neutral, loose, strict - ROC curves: plot % hits against % false alarms 68. Signal detection, which threshold cannot do. A. is always unbiased B. compares stimuli detected both more than and less than 50% of trials. C. measures sensitivity and criterion (bias) separately D. measures both excitation and inhibition on neurons E. B & D are both correct 69. Suppose that drug QRS22 raises threshold for reporting pain. Signal Detection Theory says that QRS22. A. made criterion for reporting pain looser B. made criterion for reporting pain stricter C. decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli D. increased hits and false alarms E. either or both B and C are correct 91A(F) either A or D is correct In Signal Detection Theory (1 point total) 70. T=A F=B False Alarm = saying a signal is present, when it is not 71. T=A F=B high sensitivity = 50% hits and 50% false alarms 72. T=A F=B strict criterion = very few false alarms and not very many hits 73. T=A F=B loose criterion = very few false alarms and very many hits 74. What is a feature of signal detection, which threshold measurement does not have? A. It measures sensitivity and criterion (bias) separately. B. It compares stimuli detected both more than and less than 50% of trials. C. It is always unbiased. D. It measures both excitation and inhibition on neurons. E. B & D are both correct. Match the following with the letter on the diagram that fits best. Figure out the answers using what you know about hits and false alarms rather than from memory. [The letters refer areas on the diagram and also to individual curves.] 75. highest sensitivity A. B. C. D. A, B, & C 76. loose criterion A. B. C. D. A, B, & C % hits, 60% false alarms A. B. C. D. A, B, & C % hits, 15% false alarms A. B. C. D. A, B, & C 79. equal sensitivity curve A. B. C. D. A, B, & C 80. If Priya uses a loose criterion, she will make ; If Gurup uses a strict criterion, he will make ; A. a lot of hits; few hits B. a lot of false alarms; very few false alarms C. few hits; a lot of hits D. few false alarms; a lot of false alarms E. A and B 91A(F) C and D 81. Thom s job is to screen blood samples for a disease. If he reports the signs, the patient receives additional tests to check for the disease and gets effective treatment. If he misses the signs, the patient may get so ill that s/he cannot recover. Therefore, according to signal detection theory, you can expect the technician to. A. shift his decision criterion to be sure he maximizes his hits B. increase the number of JNDs he makes C. make quite a few false alarms D. detect the disease 50% of the time E. A and C are both correct

8 Test 2, Study Guide 8 Dr. Mike and Dr. Marie read a series of chest X-rays looking for signs of a tumor. Dr. Mike identifies the X-ray of a healthy person as showing a tumor 26% of the time, and he correctly detects signs of a tumor in 92% of the cases. Dr. Marie correctly detects signs of a tumor in 99% of the cases, but identifies X-rays of a healthy person as showing a tumor 68% of the time. (Compared to Dr. Mike) Dr. Marie. (1 point total) 82. A=T, B= F uses a looser criterion for detecting a tumor 83. A=T, B= F makes more false alarms (reporting a tumor when it is not there) 84. A=T, B= F would show a lower threshold (if it were measured) 85. A=T, B= F makes more hits (reporting a tumor when it really is there) A simple test for the AIDS virus is used to check blood donated at a blood drive. It is very important to identify blood with the AIDS virus, and the cost of incorrectly discarding uninfected blood is small. According to Signal Detection Theory, technicians doing the screening test should use a decision criterion that (1 point total) 86. T=A, F=B maximizes detecting infected blood 87. T=A, F=B produces quite a few false alarms 88. T=A, F=B maximizes the number of hits 89. T=A, F=B reports quite a few times that healthy blood is infected distal stimuli (objects) and proximal stimuli labeled line or anatomical coding: how does it work? 90. If you stimulate the visual cortex directly with electric pulses (just strong enough to trigger neural signals), labeled line (anatomical) coding says that the stimulation will produce A. blind sight B. sensation of shock or pain C. visual experience D. nothing E. reorganization of the visual cortex around the shock focus A neurosurgeon stimulates the visual cortex with weak electric pulses (just strong enough to trigger neural signals). What does the patient who gets the stimulation report. What kind of coding does this illustrate? 91. The figure at the right shows PET scans of the left hemisphere while a person did different language tasks. It illustrates A. different parts of the brain doing different things B. anatomical coding C. localization of function D. A, B, & C are all correct 92. Touch, vibration, warming, and hair movement activate different receptors and nerve fibers in the peripheral nerve. These nerves activate different neurons in the somatosensory (touch) areas of the brain. This fact illustrates. A. top down processing B. lateral inhibition C. labeled line (anatomical) coding D. the difference criteria for each kind of stimulation to the skin E. A and D are both correct - receptors; adequate stimulus; receptive field A fine needle electrode is put through the skin into a sensory nerve and measures activity from a single axon. The axon it measure responds only to gentle touch (not warmth, pin pick, etc.) on the tip of the left thumb. 93. Gentle touch is the for that axon (neuron). 94. The tip of left thumb is the for that axon. 95. If you use this electrode to stimulate the axon instead of recording from it, you would expect the person to report. 96. What the preceding questions illustrate A. gentle touch B. labeled line (anatomical) coding C. adequate stimulus D. pain E. receptive field 91A(F) psychological magnitude

9 Test 2, Study Guide If an adequate stimulus falls on the receptive field of a neuron. A. a just noticeable difference is created. B. a figure-ground segregation occurs C. the neuron changes activity D. the signal to noise ratio creates a false alarm E. A, B, C, & D are all correct - sensory areas in the cerebral cortex: maps of the receptor surface - acuity (sensitivity to fine details)and the sensory maps - adaptation; lateral inhibition: processes that enhance sensitivity to change 98. After you turn off the light at night, everything looks grey in the moonlight from the window because that light. A. is white B. stimulates only inhibitory responses in opponent cells C. is only strong enough to stimulate rods D. cannot get far enough into the retina E. A & C are both correct Match the following 99. making edges stand out 100. sensitivity to change (as opposed to steady state) 101. bright light breaks down light-absorbing photopigments in rods and cones faster than they are put together 102. activating a neuron from one place on the skin inhibits activity in neurons from neighboring places A. adaptation B. lateral inhibition C. both adaptation and lateral inhibition 103. Lateral inhibition in the retina. A. Makes a middle grey look darker against a light grey background and lighter against a dark grey background B. is important in sharpening edges and contours C. makes light focus on the retina more sharply D. A & B are both correct E. A, B, & C are all correct 104. Lateral inhibition A. keep information on the two sides of the retina separate so they can reach the two hemispheres separately. B. cause proprioception. C. Make edges and contours stand out. D. cancel out the effects of eye movements (tremor and saccades). E. A and B are both correct 105. Rik shines a small spot of light on the receptive field of a neuron in the retina of the eye. If he shines a second spot of light next to the receptive field of that neuron, its response to the first spot of light. This effect A. remains unchanged; is an example of Fechner's law B. decreases; makes edges and contours stand out C. is inhibited; is called lateral inhibition D. increases; is the basis of brightness constancy E. B and C are both correct 106. Neighboring cells A and B in the retina are each stimulated by light. Light on B is turned off. This makes cell A respond. This observation illustrates, which serves to. A. faster (more); transduction; keep total brightness constant (unchanged) B. slower (less); adequate stimulation; inhibit specific nerve energies C. at the same rate; perceptual constancy; make perception of the proximal stimulus accurate D. faster (more); lateral inhibition; sharpen edges E. slower (less); transduction; make perceiving proximal stimulus accurate 91A(F) at the same rate; brightness illusions; stabilize perception light: wavelength (physical stimulus) and color (psychological) eye: cornea & lens: retina: 107. W earing glasses (or contacts) helps focus images sharply on the sensitive surface of receptors in the eye. The glasses overcome defects in A. retina B. cornea and lens C. rods, cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells D. simple, complex, and hypercomplex cells E. A, B, C, & D are all correct

10 Test 2, Study Guide An abnormally shaped cornea produces. In older people, the lens of the eye can't flex any more; this produces A. a fuzzy or distorted image on retina; a fuzzy image of closer (or farther) objects B. myopia (near sightedness), hyperopia (far sightedness), or astigmatism; presbyopia (inability to adjust focus) C. the need for glasses; the need for bifocals D. A, B, and C are all correct 109. In the eye, the focus(es) an image on the. A. rods and cones; retina B. pupil; optic disk C. lens and cornea; retina D. rods and cones; lens & cornea E. fovea; retina 110. You can see fine detail and color best in the center of visual field (what you look at directly) because A. the middle 1% of the visual field goes to the fovea of the retina, which has only cones B. the retina has the most feature detectors there C. the lens and cornea are located there D. the small fovea in the retina takes up half the map of the retina on the visual cortex E. A and D are all correct rods and cones: what do they do? how can you tell? Match each feature with the term it fits best more sensitive to light 112. required for color and detail vision 113. mostly in the fovea, a small area in the middle of the retina 114. receptors A. rods B. cones C. both rods and cones 115. In moonlight everything appears as shades of grey because moonlight A. stimulates only inhibitory responses in opponent cells B. is too weak to get into the retina far enough C. has only white light D. is only strong enough to stimulate rods E. B and C are both correct 116. W hen you turn off the light at night, things look grey in the moonlight from the window because that light. A. is white B. stimulates only inhibitory responses in opponent cells C. is only strong enough to stimulate rods D. cannot get far enough into the retina E. A & C are both correct Trichromatic theory: evidence for it. How do cones code color? Opponent theory: evidence for it. How do neurons in the visual system code color? 117. What EVIDENCE (data, observations, facts) support the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory A. visual cortex neurons respond to only one of three colors: red, yellow or blue B. three different kinds of cones absorb light the most at three different wavelengths (420, 530, or 560 nm) C. proper mixture of red, green & blue light can match any color in the spectrum D. people perceive all colors in the spectrum E. B & C are both correct 92A(F) A, B, & C are all correct 118. According to Hering, the color system has two opposing pairs: Red vs Green and Blue vs Yellow. What data support this idea? A. cones in the retina come in pairs: red versus green and blue versus yellow B. neurons in the visual system respond oppositely to either red versus green or blue versus yellow C. perceptually, yellow is a pure color, like red, green and blue D. B & C are both correct E. A, B, & C are all correct sound waves: frequency & amplitude [size] (physical) related to pitch and loudness (psychological) inner ear: cochlea; basilar membrane; coding sound frequency > pitch: Place and Pattern theories

11 Test 2, Study Guide 11 Match what is coded with what creates that code. (2 points total) 119. position on basilar membrane 120. time and intensity difference between the two ears 121. how much of a single wavelength of light each kind of cone absorbs 122. combination of feature-detecting neurons A. intensity B.(higher frequency) pitch C. location of sound source D. color E. distal stimulus (object) 93A(F) brightness or lightness sound location: How is it coded? 123. While taking an exam you hear the person at your right whispering. You can tell the whisper comes from your right because. A. it is more intense in your right ear than in your left B. it reaches your right ear before it reaches your left ear C. It vibrates the right end basilar membrane more D. you hear it on your right E. A & B are both correct Gate Control Theory of pain perception: thick (large diameter) and thin (small diamenter) agons descending inhibition from the brain 124. The Gate Control theory of pain helps explain why. A. injury always triggers pain, and pain occurs only with injury B. you rub a painful area to reduce the pain C. injury does not always trigger pain, and pain can occur after injury is healed D. the pain and touch systems are separate in the spinal cord and brain E. B and C are both correct perception: extracting information about stable distal objects from the varying proximal stimulus 125. This test paper in front of you is a(n). The light rays from it that reach your retinas form the,. A. fixation point; saccades B. distal stimulus; proximal stimulus C. adequate stimulus; receptive field D. constant perception; figure-ground segregation E. expected stimulus; received stimulus 126. This test paper is a(n). The light from it that reaches your retina is the from which you can extract the perception of the test paper. A. distal stimulus; proximal stimulus B. expected stimulus; received stimulus C. constant perception; figure-ground segregation D. fixation point; visual code 127. The proximal stimulus A. is the stimulus that is closest to the threshold B. is the stimulus reaching the sensory receptors C. is the stimulus change that is detectably different from a standard 50% of the time D. may vary, though the distal object from which it comes is perceived accurately as stable or unchanged E. A and C are both correct 91A(F). B and D are both correct 128. An article on visual perception (Science, 1992, 257, 1357) states: "When we see objects in the world, what we actually `see' in much more than the retinal image." This statement describes how A. threshold and signal detection differ B. template and prototype theories of perception differ C. perception extracts information from the proximal stimulus to detect the distal object D. serial and parallel processing differ E. B and D are both correct 129. The objects you recognize visually are. Light from the object reaching the retina in the eye is the. A. distal stimuli; proximal stimulus B. mediated perceptions; direct perception C. adequate stimulus; trigger feature D. visual targets; visual capture E. top-up processes; bottom-down process

12 Test 2, Study Guide The mind/brain gets its information about the world from the that reach the senses. From this information it reconstructs. A. Gestalt laws of organization; figure from the background B. primaries, higher order associations C. proximal stimuli, the distal stimulus D. templates; prototypes and exemplars 131. The object you perceive (recognize) is the. Its image on the retina in the eye is the. A. distal stimulus; proximal stimulus B. adequate stimulus; trigger feature C. visual target; visual capture D. mediated perception; direct perception E. top-up process; bottom-down process 132. A spot of light in a darkened room moves up and down, and people perceive it to move up and down (left panel). Another spot of light moves left and right, and people perceive it to move left and right (center panel). If the two lights are shown together, people perceive them to move towards and away from each other on a diagonal, and not up and down plus left and right (right panel). What does this demonstration illustrate? A. bottom-up processing B. adequate stimulation C. perception of individual stimuli cannot predict how they are perceived in combination D. a depth illusion resulting from elimination of accurate cues about the size of stimuli E. selective attention filtering out simple automatic perceptions in favor of complex, controlled perceptions Gestalt: relation among "elements" of the visual world: phi experiment; figures against (back)grounds - "laws" of organization: how "elements" get organized as figures 133. From the Gestalt point of view, the letters on this page are the, and the paper on which they are printed is the. A. perception; constancy B. figure; ground C. perception; sensation D. proximal stimulus; distal object E. proximities; similies F. D and E are both correct form perception: detection model cogntive models of form perception: distinctive feature, prototype, exemplar; neural network models Match the descriptions of models of object perception with the name of the model they fit best. (2 point total) You can recognize a bird because its shape matches some past example of a bird you have seen 135. is close to the average bird you have seen 136. fits in the psychological space defined by examples of birds you have seen 137. can be described by combinations of a small set of basic shapes (one researcher calls them geons) A. template B. prototype C. exemplar D. distinctive feature 138. Gestalt laws of organization are attempts to describe the way stimulus "elements" are organized into A. figures against a background B. adequate stimulation C. perceptual constants. D. anatomical codes E. C and D are both correct 139. From the Gestalt point of view, the letters on this page are the and the paper is the. A. perception; constancy B. figure; ground C. perception; sensation D. proximal stimulus; distal object E. proximities; similies A neural network is a computer program that (1 point total) 140. T=A F=B can be taught to recognize stimuli 141. T=A F=B is a parallel processor rather than a serial processor 142. T=A F=B can respond correctly to stimuli it has never seen before 143. T=A F=B simulates ( imitates ) Gestalt laws of organization

13 depth perception: how do we see depth with flat retinas? binocular cues: retinal disparity monocular cues: linear perspective; texture gradient; motion parallax or visual flow: 144. In the drawing at the right, the three cylinders are physically the same size, but appear different in size. The one at the right looks bigger because A. texture gradient and perspective make it look farther away B. we focus on the proximal stimulus, not the distal object C. we assume from our past experience that it is bigger D. a picture is the equivalent of monocular viewing Test 2, Study Guide Retinal disparity (two eyes receive slightly different images), texture gradient, linear perspective, motion parallax provide information A. to organize figures against a background (Gestalt laws) B. about the brightness of an object C. about depth or distance D. about the vertical and horizontal position of features in the visual field E. that reconstructs objects from the multiple fixations the eye uses to scan it 146. What do the following have in common? Retinal disparity (two eyes receive slightly different images), texture gradient, linear perspective, motion parallax A. organize figures against a background (Gestalt laws) B. provide information about the position of an object in the visual field C. provide information about the brightness of an object D. provide information about depth or distance E. methods of multiple fixations for accurate perception of a scene perceptual constancy: proximal stimulus varies, yet perception of distal stimuli remains stable 147. A hammer produces very different proximal stimuli on the retina if you turn it in various directions, yet you still see it as the same distal object. This is an example of A. figure-ground synthesis B. perceptual contrast C. a visual illusion D. perceptual constancy E. convergent conduction in the brain 148. In the drawing at the right, the three cylinders are physically the same size, but appear different in size. The one at the right looks bigger because A. texture gradient and perspective make it look farther away B. we focus on the proximal stimulus, not the distal object C. we assume from our past experience that it is bigger D. a picture is the equivalent of monocular viewing brightness or lightness constancy 149. Jane's white dress looks white both in dim evening light and in bright daylight. This fact shows A. that brightness is based on a constant response to a constant stimulus B. that brightness is based on comparing light reflected by the dress with light from the surround C. that brightness is based on the constant ratio (~relative amount) of light from the dress and its surrounding D. an example of brightness constancy E. A, C, and B are all correct F. B, C, and D are all correct 150. My black trousers reflect more light outside on a sunny day that my white shirt does in this room. But the trousers still look black and the shirt still looks white. A. top-down processing to perceive lightness from your memory of how light the shirt and the trousers really are

14 Test 2, Study Guide 14 B. lightness constancy C. shows that something looks dark if it is darker than the things around it D. perception of lightness (or darkness depends on how much light something reflects E. B & C size constancy 151. If you don t get accurate information about how far away an object is, you are likely to. A. experience clairvoyance B. see figure and background alternate back and forth C. suffer hallucinations D. make mistakes in judging how bit the object is E. use rods rather than cones to look at the object Bottom up processing: perception based on stimulus information ('bottom"of sensory system) Top down processing: perception based on information already in your mind ("top" of sensory system) 152. People tend to perceive what they expect to find, and they tend not to notice what they don't expect to find. This statement indicates that people use quite a lot. A. perceptual constancy B. Gestalt principles of organization C. top down processing D. unconscious inference E. the primary visual cortex (rather than association cortex) Distorted Room illusion: Top down: expect to see rectangular rooms; Bottom up: false depth 153. The distorted room illusion (people seem to grow or shrink as they walk from one far corner to the other) depends on (use the simpler and more likely explanation) A. the changing size of the retinal image as the people walk from one corner to the other B. incorrect visual information about depth C. adaptation to distortion as we continue looking at the room D. past experience that rooms are always rectangular but people shrink and grow E. A and B are both correct Match each perceptual process with the term it goes with best (2 points total) 154. perception based on expectations from past experience 155. perceptual processing modeled by layers of interconnected nodes that learn the correct solution to a task 156. perceptual processing modeled by a psychological space defined by previous examples of a perceived category 157. perceptual processes that organize a figure against a (back)ground A. top-down processing B. bottom-up processing C. neural network model D. exemplar model E. Gestalt Laws of organization