Active inclusion of young people with disabilities or health problems

Transcription

1 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems Natioal report Filad Wyattville Road, Loughlistow, Dubli 18, Irelad. - Tel: (+353 1) Fax: / [email protected] - website:

2 Author: Aa-Liisa Lämsä Project maager: Aa Ludwiek Research project: Iclusio of youg people with disabilities

3 Cotets Summary 1. Natioal profile 2. Case studies 3. Coclusios Bibliography Aex

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5 Summary Curret status of the target groups The situatio of youg people i the labour market i Filad worseed durig the recet ecoomic recessio. It has subsequetly improved, but these positive chages do t cover all job seekers, for example youg people with health problems or disabilities. The employmet rate of people with disabilities remais low, ad the tred seems to be that the umber of subsidised workplaces has decreased, while vocatioal traiig ad similar activities have icreased. There have bee some improvemets recetly, but may youg people with health problems or disabilities are still ot part of the labour force. About 1% of year-olds ad 2% of year-olds receive a disability pesio. Although the umber of people with metal health problems has ot chaged sigificatly, the umber of people retirig early because of metal health problems has icreased, especially amog year-old wome. Metal health problems are the reaso for 75% of disability pesios amog year-old recipiets, ad depressio is oe of the most importat reasos for early retiremet. Metal ad behavioural disorders are the most commo reasos for claimig disability pesio amog year-olds. Disability beefit rates amog disabled youg people aged years have falle durig recet decades. I the 1980s they etered the disability pesio system almost automatically after comprehesive school, with a resultig disability beefit rate 43% higher tha 20 years later (Fiish Cetre for Pesios). I the 1980s youg people with severe disabilities had o possibility of educatio, whereas owadays every youg perso, icludig those with severe disabilities, has the right to educatio. Access of people with disabilities to employmet has also bee broadly accepted. The umber of studets with special eeds i vocatioal educatio ad traiig (VET) istitutios has icreased by more tha 50% durig the last 10 years. The primary places of study for special eeds studets are regular vocatioal istitutios. For studets with the most severe disabilities, special vocatioal educatio istitutios are resposible for providig educatio ad traiig. The umber of people i sheltered jobs has also icreased durig the last 10 years, ad oe reaso for this is that ew groups of people with disabilities have emerged. The more severe the degree of disability is, the lower is the participatio i the labour force. Particularly at risk are ueducated youg people with health problems or disabilities. May of them belog to a hard core of the log-term uemployed populatio. Youg people who are outside the labour force are also at a higher risk of poverty, especially if they have left the labour force at a youg age ad have therefore ot accrued ay earigs-related uemploymet allowace or earigs-related pesio or beefits. Educatio icreases a disabled perso s opportuities i the labour market, but eve educated youg people with disabilities face difficulties gaiig employmet. About 20% of people with disabilities have permaet jobs, ad about 50% have worked durig the last 24 moths, at least i temporary, subsidised or volutary work. Nevertheless, youg people with health problems or disabilities represet a sigificat employmet resource whe every youg perso s labour cotributio is eeded. Recet studies have show that 30% of workig-age people with disabilities have a excellet or good workig capacity. Every third perso with a disability is willig at least to take up part-time work. Willigess to work is show to relate to educatio level, work ability ad a youg age. Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

6 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Overview of how societal ad idividual eeds are beig met The curret social situatio i Filad is cosidered to be relatively good. It raks rather highly i terms of livig coditios i compariso to other EU Member States. Social ad health services, social security beefits ad other public services coverig the etire populatio have cotributed to the fact that poverty ad social exclusio are relatively ucommo. I Filad every youg perso, icludig those with severe disabilities, has the right to secodary educatio. I additio equal access to employmet for people with disabilities has bee accepted broadly as a priciple. The umbers of studets with special eeds i secodary educatio have icreased over the past 10 years, but youg people with health problems or disabilities still have a higher risk of havig a low level of educatio. Youg people with disabilities have access to the ormal rage of employmet services provided to the geeral populatio, icludig, for example, vocatioal guidace ad career plaig. These services are provided by employmet offices ad they are based o idividual eeds, at least i priciple. I practice, the ethos of welfare is still based mostly o the idea that people with disabilities do t have to work ad the welfare state attempts to compesate this disadvatage with a disability pesio. May people automatically assume that disability prevets a perso from performig at work ad that there is o eed to employ people with disabilities because they already have disability pesios. Compesatig for low icomes Low icome is more commo amog those who are, ad who have bee, outside the labour force. The risk of poverty applies especially to people who, as a result of ill health, become disabled for work at a youg age. The aim of disability beefits (icludig disability beefits for adults, disability pesio, care allowace for pesioers, rehabilitatio allowace) is to support the self-sufficiecy of people with disabilities ad to improve their opportuity to live full ad equal lives alogside others. The allowaces are paid to compesate for ay impairmet, the eed for assistace, services ad special expeses caused by the disability. These beefits are ot liked to employmet ad they do ot iclude icetives for the recipiets to take up work. Employmet is a vital factor i gaiig a adequate icome. People with health problems or disabilities have available to them the ormal variety of employmet services provided to everyoe. I additio, special services ad measures, such as vocatioal rehabilitatio, wage subsidies ad adaptatio of workig coditios, are offered where required. I recet years much attetio has bee paid to rehabilitatio as a chael of improvig the capacity for work, overcomig impairmet ad eterig or returig to work after a period of disability. The umber of participats who have etered or retured to work after rehabilitatio has icreased year o year. I spite of this, the employmet rate of people with disabilities still remais low. Geeral muicipal services have a primary role i providig services to people with disabilities i Filad. The objective is that primary services ad support measures meet the eeds of people with health problems or disabilities to esure equal participatio i society ad the commuity to the greatest possible extet. Special services such as persoal assistace, iterpretatio services, trasport services ad idividual housig solutios protect the equality of people with disabilities. The persoal assistace system is a developmet that is particularly liked by the disability commuity. However, a substatial challege for youg people with health problems or disabilities is the lack of iformatio about what services are available ad their eligibility for them, which ca lead to icreased iequalities. Across Filad the implemetatio of disability legislatio is icosistet, particularly i relatio to disability services. As a result, the positio ad status of a perso with a disability ca deped o where they live. 2 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

7 Natioal profile 1 Status of active iclusio i atioal ad sectoral policy The active iclusio ageda i Filad icludes a combiatio of employmet activatio, adequate miimum icome ad access to supportig services. Ogoig social security reform is aimed at icreasig the icetive ature of icome support i the iclusio process. Public employmet service cetres have ehaced their employmet services to try ad reduce structural uemploymet for those cosidered hard to employ. They have established a cross-admiistrative etwork to coordiate actios. The employmet office, muicipality social services ad the Social Isurace Istitutio (Kela) provide special services i a oe-stop shop to the log-term uemployed ad to those who eed multiprofessioal support, icludig youg people with health problems or disabilities. Eligibility for support icreases the loger a perso is uemployed, ad services become more itesive. Labour market support fudig is shared equally betwee the state ad the muicipalities i order to icetivise local govermet to promote employmet. The use of itermediate labour market measures, such as subsidised temporary employmet ad social eterprises, promotes iclusio ad creates work opportuities for idividuals who are some way off joiig the labour market. Work opportuities are offered by associatios, vocatioal traiig ad social service foudatios, workshops ad other orgaisatios, such as social eterprises. Social eterprises are etitled to a wage subsidy for employig people with disabilities as well as the log-term uemployed, for a loger time tha other compaies. I 2007, 148 social eterprises employed aroud 750 people. I parallel there is a ogoig social security reform, oversee by the SATA Committee appoited i Jue The populatio of Filad is ageig more rapidly tha that of ay other EU Member State, ad there are fewer ew labour market etrats tha i the past. The umber of people i retiremet ad i eed of care is icreasig, ad the umber of people payig taxes ad social isurace is droppig. This poses problems for the social protectio system ad its sustaiable fiacig. The social protectio system i Filad is udergoig a thorough overhaul o the basis of the SATA programme. The committee s proposals for the policy lies of the reform are based o a evaluatio of the adequacy of social protectio ad foreseeable challeges. The mai aims of the reform are to make it always worthwhile to choose the optio of employmet, to reduce poverty levels ad to safeguard sufficiet basic icome security i all life situatios. The goals of the SATA Committee ca best be realised by legtheig workig careers. People should eter workig life earlier, retire later, fall ill or become disabled ad be uemployed as rarely as possible, ad people with partial workig capacity should be employed. Work is a cetral meas of ehacig iclusio ad prevetig social exclusio. Paid work is the most importat way of gaiig a average icome. Work ca also play a importat role i advacig ad improvig oe s metal health ad well-beig. Yet the fact is that oly a relatively small proportio of people with disabilities are workig i Filad. This blocks them from workig life ad from full citizeship. Discrimiatio is commo, particularly i job-seekig situatios, eve if it is forbidde by the law. Some people may automatically assume that a disability prevets a perso from performig at work. May of the active iclusio measures are geeral measures ad ot targeted at a particular social group. Nevertheless, the employmet of youg people is cosidered to be a crucial social iclusio challege. As a result, there are specific measures targeted at the employmet of youg people. Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

8 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Prior to the curret ecoomic dowtur, the employmet rate for year-olds had rise. Youth employmet is supported by the social guaratee for youg people ad lifelog learig is uderpied by a educatio guaratee. Early itervetio ad ehaced service provisio are cetral to the social guaratee. After three moths of uemploymet, those uder 25 are etitled to a specific job search pla, which specifies the services to be offered, icludig job applicatio traiig, a job or traiig place (traiig or vocatioal educatio), a work placemet, o-the-job traiig, preparatory traiig for workig life, a start-up grat or wage-subsidised work. A very relevat measure for youg people with health problems or disabilities is the possibility of a assessmet of their workig capacity or state of health. I 2007 a idividual job search pla had bee prepared for aroud 82% of youg people withi three moths of their becomig uemployed. Filad, as a Member State of the UN ad the EU, is committed to promotig a society that is ope to all citizes, icludig those with disabilities. The priciple of o-discrimiatio of people with disabilities is eshried i the atioal costitutio. It is also oe of the mai priciples i the Fiish disability policy programme. However, i practice people with disabilities caot exercise their rights or fulfil their resposibilities to the full ad are ofte ot equal to other citizes. Although accessibility ad equality is beig promoted i may ways, structural barriers ad prevalet attitudes i society still restrict the idepedet livig ad social iclusio of people with disabilities. The risk of a youg perso with a health problem or disability leavig school with a low level of educatio is high, ad the employmet rate of workig-age people with disabilities is low. The overall aim of Fiish disability policy is to esure that the services required by all residets of a muicipality, regardless of their fiacial or social status, are readily available. Operatioal priorities iclude the removal of obstacles to the participatio of people with disabilities, social support services ad rehabilitatio. The mai objective is that primary services will meet the eeds of people with disabilities as far as possible. At the core of this approach is access to social care services such as persoal assistace ad idividual housig solutios. The most sigificat developmet for the iclusio of people with disabilities is the itroductio of persoal assistace as a right for people with disabilities (Services ad Assistace for the Disabled Act, /981). New groups of people with disabilities have bee icluded ad assistace has bee exteded to work places. Hours are allocated accordig to the requiremets for daily livig i the home ad outside, with 10 hours a moth for pursuig hobbies. Idicative statistics Compilig data o the populatio of people with disabilities is complicated by the fact that i Filad disability or health iformatio is deemed as sesitive persoal data ad collectig such data is prohibited uder the Persoal Data Act ( /523). Therefore there is little atioal statistical iformatio cocerig the prevalece of disability ad the umber of people with disabilities i employmet. Nevertheless it is possible to gai some isight ito the activity status of youg people with health problems or disabilities i Filad usig data from Eurostat, which was based o self-reportig. The percetage distributio of the activity status of the target groups is preseted i Table 1. The table compares the labour market status of those i age rages ad 25 34, with the figures for all disabilities broke dow by level of disability. It is importat to ote whe reviewig the labour market participatio of people with disabilities that the uemploymet rate is ot the most useful idicator. This is because the figures oly iclude those who are registered as actively seekig 4 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

9 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad work. May people with disabilities who wat to work are i receipt of disability pesios of various kids ad are therefore viewed for statistical purposes as beig outside the labour market or iactive. This is well illustrated by comparig the uemploymet rates for people with ad without disabilities with the iactivity rates for the same groups. Based o uemploymet rates, oe would coclude that a uemploymet rate of 6.5% for all disabled i compariso to a 8.5% rate for those without a disability idicates that people with disabilities are performig better i the labour market tha their o-disabled peers. I cotrast if you examie the iactivity rate, it measures 33.8% for people with disabilities compared to 16.5% for the o-disabled, clearly illustratig the challege facig people with disabilities i participatig i the labour market. Table 1: Percetage distributio of activity status by severity of disability ad age group (2010) Activity status years *Not available. Source: Eurostat, 21 October Employed Uemployed Iactive years All ages years years All ages years years Total Without disability Light disability Some disability Severe disability * Very severe disability * * * Not classified * * * * * * * * 56.1 All ages All degrees of disability From the perspective of level of disability, it is evidet from Table 1 that youg people with more severe disabilities face greater challeges. This is ot so clear for those lightly disabled i the years age group, where the disparity is relatively small. For this age group, a 48.6% employmet rate for those without a disability compared to 47% for those with some disability ad 48.2% for all degrees of disability represets a relatively small gap. This is partly due to the fact may of those who do or do ot have a disability are still i full-time post-secodary educatio ad are cosidered to be iactive, ad partly due to a discouraged workers effect. This pheomeo is represeted i the iactivity figures for this age group. However, for those i the years age group, the figures chage dramatically: a employmet rate of 80.7% for those without disabilities compared to 63.3% ad 45.3% for those with severe ad very severe disabilities respectively. This is higher tha the average employmet rate for all disabled people of workig age (50.7%). I ca be cocluded that the more severe the degree of disability is, the lower is the participatio i the labour force. Oly 30% of very severely disabled ad 51% of severely disabled are active i the labour force, compared to 75% for those without a disability. I the age group, differeces betwee severely disabled ad o-disabled are ot as large because may uder-25s are still i educatio or are otherwise egaged outside the labour force. While there is ogoig social security reform i Filad, the curret ethos ad practice of the welfare system is still based o the idea that people with disabilities do ot have to be at work, ad the welfare state attempts to compesate for this disadvatage with a disability pesio. Also the labour offices of may muicipalities seem to thik there is o reaso for youg people with health problems or disabilities to search for a job because they already get a disability pesio. It may also be the case that may of these youg people ed up classified as beig iactive because they believe they are Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

10 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad very ulikely to get a job ad do t eve attempt to egage i job-seekig. The log-term uemployed populatio icludes people who through rehabilitatio ad restoratio could develop effective workig capacity for temporary work but are icapable of holdig dow a regular job o the ope labour market. Sickess allowace is iteded to compesate for a loss of earigs durig a period of icapacity to work because of sickess. The umber of sickess allowace recipiets is higher i older age groups tha i youger oes (see Table 2). If icapacity cotiues for over a year, a perso ca claim a disability pesio. Table 2: Number of youg people i receipt of sickess allowace by age years years 2,601 2, years 3,532 3,451 Source: Kela. I Filad, about 1% of those aged ad 2% of those aged get disability beefit. Disability due to metal health problems i particular has become more commo sice the late 1990s, ad metal ad behavioural disorders are the most commo reasos for claimig disability beefits amog year-olds (see Table 3). Table 3: Proportio of recipiets of disability beefit by diagosis ad age group Populatio Itellectual disorders* Physical ad sesory Metal ad behavioural disorders* Diseases of ervous system All recipiets years 593, years 674, years 3,396, years 592, years 662, years 3,477, *There is o exact iformatio about how may people have itellectual disorders i Filad. The estimated rate of is 5.6 per millio people, 6.5% of beefit recipiets. Source: Kela. Although the umber of people with metal health problems has ot chaged sigificatly ad metal health problems still remai udiagosed to a great extet, the umber of people retirig early because of such problems has icreased, especially amog year-old wome (see Table 4). Metal health problems are the reaso for 75% of disability beefits paid to year-olds, ad depressio is oe of the most importat reasos for early retiremet. 6 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

11 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Table 4: Disability beefit recipiets with metal ad behavioural disorders aged as a proportio of all disability beefit recipiets, by age ad geder years years years years % chage Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Source: Kela. There is o exact data about how may people i Filad are diagosed as itellectually impaired, but it is kow that almost every oe of them receives a disability pesio. Accordig to Kela s yearbooks, a large proportio of people with itellectual impairmets ad may people with metal health problems receive a atioal pesio, which provides a miimum icome. Youg people with health problems or disabilities o early retiremet pesios have rarely had a opportuity to work before retiremet. Therefore, they are ot eligible for a statutory earigs-related pesio. The average icome of people with disabilities is more tha 30% lower tha the average icome of the workig-age populatio, ad it is estimated that 22% of people with disabilities lived i poverty i Paid work is the most importat way to gai a average icome, ad educatio is a importat pre-requisite for gettig paid work. Early retiremet impacts o a idividual s ecoomic situatio but also has a effect o the ecoomics of Fiish society. Early retiremet of a youg perso with a health problem or disability ad their beig ecoomically iactive will cost society 1 millio over their lifespa. It is commo for the employmet of people with health problems or disabilities to be addressed by sheltered employmet. The umber of people i sheltered jobs has icreased durig the last 10 years (see Table 5). Oe reaso for this is that ew groups of people with disabilities, for example people with metal health problems, have etered the sheltered employmet system. At the same time the aim has bee to replace log-term istitutioal care with outpatiet care ad vocatioal rehabilitatio services. The aim of the rehabilitatio system is that people with disabilities do ot remai i sheltered workshops, but will eter or retur to the ope labour market as soo as possible. Table 5: Sheltered jobs i Filad Sheltered jobs for itellectually impaired 17,344 19,730 Sheltered jobs for people with disabilities* 24,468 27,542 29,702 31,696 *Itellectual impairmet icluded. Source: Sotkaet. Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

12 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Idividual services for people with disabilities are based o a service pla that addresses all their idividual eeds ad documets the support they eed i everyday life, such as trasport services, persoal assistat services, iterpreter services ad housig services. The largest umbers of cliets use trasportatio services. The use of persoal assistace has icreased aually durig the last few years ad the umber of people makig use of idividual housig services has icreased (see Table 6). Table 6: Provisio of disability services, istitutioal care ad housig services for disabled people Services provided uder the Act o Services ad Assistace for Disabled People Trasport services for seriously disabled people 66,568 66,568 84,064 Persoal assistace services 2,817 2,817 4,548 Iterpreter services 3,137 3,530 3,791 Housig alteratios 7,032 7,856 8,072 Sheltered housig for seriously disabled people 1,894 2,775 3,088 Istitutioal care ad housig services for disabled people Istitutios for itellectually disabled* 2,960 2,960 2,496 Home help: itellectually disabled 3,344 4,874 Assisted housig: itellectually disabled 2,476 2,649 Group homes for disabled people: 24-hour assistace 5,355 Group homes for disabled people: part-time assistace 2,341 Serviced housig ad supportive housig for disabled people 1,510 1,861 1,758 Itellectually disabled i family care** 1,270 1,095 1,253 *As of 2006, data has bee collected o istitutios for the disabled icludig disabled people other tha the itellectually disabled. Util 2005, data was collected separately o the itellectually disabled ad other disabled. Here, the figures have bee totalled. **As of 2006, data has bee collected o those disabled i the family care icludig disabled people other tha the itellectually disabled. Source: Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health. Employmet offices offer vocatioal rehabilitatio ad traiig ad work solutios to people with health problems or disabilities, such as work placemet, traiig try outs ad labour market traiig. Betwee 2006 ad 2009 subsidised work, labour market traiig ad similar activities for people with disabilities decreased, possibly because of the ecoomic recessio. Betwee 2009 ad 2010 they have icreased agai. Now they are almost at the same level as i 2006 (see Table 7). Table 7: Subsidised employmet i umbers Sources: Employmet Bulleti, September 2006, 2009 ad % chage Placemet i the state 2,249 1,359 1, Placemet i the muicipalities 10,948 7,387 9, Placemet i the private sector 26,545 23,859 26, Labour market traiig 34,249 29,355 34, Traiee work with labour market support/coachig for workig life 13,214 11,120 12, I-job alteratio places 6,270 6,113 6, Total of all above measures 93,475 79,194 90, Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

13 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Disability beefit rates amog disabled year-olds have falle durig recet decades. I the 1980s these disabled youths retired almost automatically after comprehesive school with a resultig disability beefit rate 43% higher tha 20 years later (Fiish Cetre for Pesios). I the 1980s youg people with severe disabilities had o educatioal opportuities. However, ow every youg perso, icludig those with severe disabilities, has a right to educatio. The access of people with disabilities to employmet has also bee broadly accepted. The umber of studets with special eeds i VET istitutios has icreased by more tha 50% durig the last 10 years. The primary places of study for special eeds studets are regular vocatioal istitutios. Vocatioal special educatio istitutios are resposible for providig educatio ad traiig for studets with the most severe disabilities (see Table 8). Table 8: Studets with special eeds i vocatioal educatio by place of provisio * I special vocatioal istitutio 2,422 2,493 2,397 I other educatioal istitutio providig vocatioal educatio I special group 1,414 1,557 1,605 I geeral educatio group 4,118 8,401 12,460 Total umber of studets with special eeds i vocatioal educatio** 7,954 12,451 16,462 % share of the total umber of studets i vocatioal educatio Total umber of studets i vocatioal educatio 159, , ,498 *I 2008, out of all special eeds studets, 15,849 studied i school-based curriculum-cetred educatio, 435 i educatio preparig them for a skills examiatio, ad 178 i appreticeship traiig. **Icludes appreticeship traiig ad educatio preparig for a skills examiatio arraged elsewhere tha i special vocatioal istitutios. Source: Educatio 2009, Statistics Filad; Wera Web reportig service. A importat objective of VET is fidig employmet. Studets receive traiig i lookig for jobs, ad their employmet opportuities are promoted through periods of o-the-job learig. Educatio helps studets with special eeds to fid a job. I % of studets who completed their studies i special VET istitutios were employed (Figure 1). Figure 1: Placemets of graduates from special VET istitutios, percetage distributio by activity status (2008) Employmet Uemploymet Employmet/Educatio 8.9 Educatio 4.5 Army Abroad Aother/ukow Source: Statistics Filad. Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

14 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Nevertheless, uemployed ad iactive people with disabilities represet a importat employmet resource for Filad, especially give that every perso s labour iput is eeded i society. Every third disabled perso is willig to work, ad about 30% of people with disabilities have a excellet or good workig capacity. More tha a fifth of people with disabilities have a permaet job, ad 50% have worked durig the last 24 moths, at least i volutary work. The Fiish disability authorities are iterested i supported employmet. Supported employees are also satisfied with their jobs, eve if the paymets are geerally very small ad there are seldom possibilities to get itesive ad ogoig support, such as ogoig job coachig i the workplace. Natioal policies ad programmes I Filad, people with health problems or disabilities have at their disposal the ormal variety of social services, healthcare services, employmet services, educatio services ad supportive measures provided to the geeral public. I additio, they have the right to special services ad supportive measures. The objective is that primary services ad supportive measures meet the eeds of people with disabilities ad esure their equality as far as possible, ad the special services safeguard this equality. Idividual services for people with disabilities are based o a persoal service pla that icludes all their idividual eeds ad the support required for idepedece i everyday life. The details of the legislatio ad programmes relevat to the active iclusio of youg people with disabilities are preseted i the aex to this report. Adequate icome There are o specific icome support measures aimed at youg people with health problems or disabilities. I geeral, low icome is more commo amog those who are ad who have bee outside the labour force for a exteded period. The aim of disability beefits, disability pesio, care allowace for pesioers ad rehabilitatio allowace is to support the self-sufficiecy of people with disabilities ad improve their opportuities to live full ad equal lives alogside others. The allowaces are paid to compesate for ay impairmet, eed for assistace, services ad special expeses caused by the disability. These beefits are ot liked to employmet ad they do ot iclude icetives for the recipiets to take up work. Sickess allowace is iteded to compesate those who have bee i employmet for a loss of earigs durig a period of icapacity to work because of sickess. If a perso returs to work o a part-time basis after a sick leave of several moths, they ca get a partial sickess allowace, which provides time for rehabilitatio. If a perso has bee icapacitated for over a year, they ca claim a disability pesio. Before retiremet they must have received sickess allowace for the maximum period of 300 workig days ad be uable to retur to work o accout of their illess. Despite the improvemets ad geeral icreases to the atioal pesio i the last few years, early retired youg people with health problems or disabilities are at risk of poverty. They usually receive a atioal pesio, which provides a miimum icome oly. Early retired youg people seldom have had the opportuity to work before retiremet. Therefore they do t have a opportuity to gai a earigs-related pesio either. The pesios guaratee is desiged to aswer this challege by improvig the icome of people livig o the lowest icomes. A Act o Guarateed Pesios will take effect o 1 March Iclusive labour market measures Employmet is a vital factor i securig a adequate icome. People with disabilities have at their disposal the ormal variety of employmet services. Special services ad measures, for example vocatioal rehabilitatio, wage subsidies ad adaptatio of workig coditios, are used as ecessary. People with disabilities or health problems ca also receive support for startig a eterprise ad acquirig equipmet. Nevertheless the employmet rate of people with disabilities still remais low. Fiish employmet policy is very traditioal i terms of job search ad has a very arrow rage of partial beefits ad targeted measures. 10 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

15 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad The employmet policy for youg people with health problems or disabilities is focused o those who are partly icapacitated. To qualify for job search assistace, they have to covice the authorities of their ability to work. I other words the issue of employmet ad disability employmet has bee partially medicalised. I recet years, much attetio has bee paid to rehabilitatio as a chael for improvig the capacity for work ad overcomig the impact of impairmet i youg people with health problems or disabilities. Vocatioal rehabilitatio is a statutory right, ad the decisio ot to provide it ca be appealed. Youg people with health problems or disabilities ca get medical vocatioal ad psychosocial rehabilitatio, adapted traiig ad therapeutic itervetios icludig psychotherapy ad europsychological rehabilitatio. They are etitled to a assessmet of their capacity to hadle differet job situatios ad occupatios through work experiece i real work settigs, traiig try-outs, practical work traiig ad rehabilitatio examiatios. The umber of participats i rehabilitatio programmes who have etered or retured to workig life has icreased year o year. It is commo that people with disabilities or health problems get support maily whe startig a job, though ot o a cotiuig basis as there are few opportuities for itesive ad ogoig support. Lifelog learig I Filad every youg perso, icludig people with severe health problems or disabilities, has the right to a secodary educatio. Vocatioal rehabilitatio ca take the form of basic educatio, further traiig or retraiig. Basic vocatioal educatio ca help a youg perso with a disability trai for a occupatio that is suitable for them, takig ito accout ay health issues that may restrict the choice of occupatios. By meas of retraiig or further vocatioal traiig, a perso ca acquire a ew occupatio that helps them to miimise the impact of ay health limitatios they may have. If traiig makes it possible for a perso with severe disabilities to fid employmet, they may be grated support for higher educatio studies. Fiacial support covers thigs such as study expeses, assistive devices ad techology that is required because of the disability. The first further educatio optios for special eeds studets are i regular vocatioal istitutios ad higher schools. Special vocatioal educatio istitutios are resposible for providig educatio for studets with the most severe disabilities. The umber of studets with special eeds ad their opportuities i secodary ad higher educatio have icreased durig the last 10 years, but people with disabilities are still at risk of havig a low level of educatio. Health ad social care eeds I Filad the geeral muicipal services have the primary role i services for people with disabilities. The objective is that primary social ad healthcare services meet the eeds of people with disabilities ad esure their equality, as far as possible. Special services (for example trasport services, iterpretatio services, persoal assistace, idividual housig ad rehabilitatio) are based o the idividual eeds ad support requiremets of people with disabilities. These services safeguard the equality of those with disabilities amog their ow group ad the rest of the populatio. The persoal assistace system is the developmet method preferred by people with disabilities. It has also bee the mai target of disability legislatio reform i I the reform ew groups of people with disabilities have bee icluded i the scope for assistace, ad persoal assistace has bee exteded to cover workplaces. It has also bee recogised that a perso who eeds persoal assistace may be capable of work. I summary, curret Fiish disability policy covers the most essetial requiremets to further the social iclusio ad social protectio of youg people with health problems or disabilities, but the ways i which legislatio is implemeted varies accordig to the muicipality i which a perso lives, ad thus some people with disabilities are i a uequal positio. There is a great deal of variatio betwee muicipalities i how idividual service plas are draw up ad put Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

16 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad ito practice. Employmet policy for people with disabilities is focused o those who are partly icapacitated. Filad has a very arrow rage of partial beefits ad targeted measures. The services provided by NGOs ad parterships betwee govermet ad orgaisatios have a log traditio i Filad. These activities are importat for the prevetio of social exclusio ad i offerig opportuities for iclusio ad participatio of socially excluded people. Orgaisatios have played a importat role i meetig special eeds i areas such as services for substace abusers ad people with disabilities. I the limited umbers of volutary orgaisatios that provide support ad services, special expertise has developed. Social parter iitiatives Labour law icludes provisios forbiddig discrimiatio agaist people with disabilities. Employers are also required to take reasoable measures so that people with disabilities ca access work ad cope at work. I the employmet of disabled people, there ca be a perceived dilemma betwee risks related to occupatioal safety ad equality issues; however, employmet is promoted by removig obstacles. A employer hirig ew employees must try to idetify ay barriers related to the job i questio ad remove them. A employer ca also get certai fiacial aid for arragig workig coditios suitable to a employee or a job seeker with a disability or impaired work capacity. Compesatio may also be paid for a permaet loss of work capacity ad productivity of a perso with a disability. A pay subsidy may be up to 75% of the salary cost. Depedig o the situatio, the compesatio may be paid at the begiig of the employmet if the employee requires more support i learig the resposibilities of the job, or the compesatio may be permaet. The Cofederatio of Fiish Idustries (EK), which represets all private idustries ad compaies of all sizes, recogises that disability comes from the iteractio betwee the idividual ad the eviromet as well as opportuities that are available for participatio. It otes that i 2002, oly about 20% of people with health problems or disabilities beloged to the workforce ad 13.7% were uemployed. It ackowledges that depedig o the degree of disability the biggest problem is gettig ito work, especially i a ope job market. It highlights the challege posed by people s attitudes towards disability disabled people are cosidered ot to be always able to meet the demads of the workplace. EK recommeds that the assumptio should be that disabled employees ca be as productive as other workers. Disability should be see as a illess that requires adaptatios or a persoal assistat. Workplace supports should be offered istead of askig the disabled employee to perform work tasks i the same maer as other employees. I terms of recruitmet ad selectio, it is importat that the employer kows what kid of arragemets or equipmet are eeded ad whether the job applicat eeds persoal assistace. EK emphasises that a perso s impairmet is ot the limitatio, but rather it is the eviromet that is poorly desiged. Buildigs should be desiged so that they are accessible to wheelchair users, ad IT solutios should be itroduced to make it accessible to people with visual ad hearig impairmets. Accordig to EK, employers should take ote that i the same way as workers i geeral, people with disabilities should ot be asked to udertake tasks that they caot perform. The disabled employee kows best what they ca do ad what assistace may be eeded. I additio to respodig to the issue of workers who develop or acquire health problems or disabilities, EK addresses the importace of reachig out to those who are lookig for work. It recogises the importace of job coachig to assist people with itellectual disabilities get ito employmet by matchig the perso to a appropriate positio, adaptig the 12 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

17 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad job ad supportig learig. It suggests that employers should utilise the expertise of orgaisatios for disabled people i employmet ad vocatioal rehabilitatio, to help ad support employees with job-related disabilities. Free work trials, offered by employers to uemployed people with health problems or disabilities, are highlighted as a good way of promotig the employmet of people with disabilities by allowig them to explore their work optios ad to demostrate their ow skills ad abilities. Oe example of a partership iitiative betwee a employers associatio is profiled i Case Study 2. The mai employer parters i the Leap to Labour! project are Fiish Busiess & Society (FiBS) ad Mapower Iclusive. FiBS is a eterprise etwork whose missio is to promote fiacially, socially ad ecologically sustaiable busiess i Filad. FiBS ecourages Fiish compaies to embrace corporate social resposibility i their strategic plaig ad day-to-day maagemet. Its diverse etwork cosists of over 130 compaies ad other orgaisatios. Mapower Iclusive is oe of the leadig compaies i the employmet services idustry. Mapower Iclusive is a recruitmet ad persoel leasig compay that has social eterprise status ad promotes workplace diversity ad equality i the workplace. Its busiess is, i itself, socially resposible. The resources of the compay are focused o special iitiatives where they ca have the most impact, helpig to create a bridge to employmet for disadvataged idividuals. The approach to disability of the Cetral Orgaisatio of Fiish Trade Uios (SAK) teds to be upo prevetio of workplace accidets ad i followig up workers who have experieced a reductio i their work capacity as a result of occupatioal illess or ijury. The focus o age is strogly weighted towards the eeds of older workers, although there is a cocer about recruitig youger workers as members. The Uio of Salaried Employees (TU) has recetly commeted o the impact of austerity measures i Filad o youg people. It otes the icreasig umber of school dropouts, youth ot i employmet or traiig, ad those leavig school with o or low skills. The recommeded focus is upo the quality of the basic educatio system, teacher qualificatios, securig the health (especially the metal health) of studets, ad support ad advice bodies for childre, studets ad their families. The developmet of supported employmet has bee slow i Filad. Employers eed iformatio about such measures ad guidace o how to work with employees with disabilities, for example how to match the work available to the capabilities of the employee with disability. I fact this is the most crucial challege for employers. Job coaches help ot oly the employee with disabilities but also the employer with the job iterview, orietatio ad iductio, salary egotiatios, ad the draftig of cotracts. Job coaches also provide iformatio about wage subsidies ad other fiacial aids that employers ca get whe they hire a job seeker with a disability. However, job coachig usually lasts oly a short period of time at the begiig of employmet, ad there are rarely opportuities to receive itesive ad ogoig support i the workplace. To be recogised as a social eterprise, a trader must be etered i the official register of social eterprises. A eterprise ca call itself a social eterprise oly if at least 30% of its employees are people with disabilities or log-term uemployed. A social eterprise may be grated pay support ad more favourable coditios tha other employers whe it employs workers with disabilities or with impaired work capacity. Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

18

19 Case studies 2 Case Study 1: Job Bak Abstract The purpose of the Job Bak trial programme, established i 2009, is to icrease the participatio of people who are vulerable (such as the log-term uemployed, people who are difficult to employ, disabled people, youg people ad immigrats) i the ope labour market. Job Bak is the employer ad most of its employees are disabled; Job Bak s busiess is sellig their work capacity to compaies. For compaies this is a risk-free, flexible ad easy way to recruit ew workers, ad it offers a workforce for seasoal work ad busy productio periods. Whe busiess is slow, Job Bak arrages other work or traiig for employees. For a employee, Job Bak offers permaet, full-time employmet ad esures employees are paid at least the collectively agreed wages. If work is iterrupted, Job Bak offers traiig or coachig for the employee ad offers assistace for coordiatig salary ad beefits. How the project started Several factors motivated the lauch of the Job Bak trial programme: previous projects had show that compaies have temporary labour eeds, ad employees eeded somethig else to do betwee seasoal work periods; the VATES Foudatio took this idea further i social eterprises; Lubor Oy, a social eterprise ad oe of the atiowide operators of the Job Bak trial, was established i 2007; the social protectio system i Filad is udergoig a thorough overhaul o the basis of the SATA programme; the SATA Committee s proposals cotaied a rage of measures desiged to bolster employmet, ad oe iovative model was the work bak. The project has demostrated that better access to rehabilitatio ad effective occupatioal healthcare ca ehace the readiess of employees to rejoi the labour market. There are four atiowide operators selected to participate i the Job Bak project, ad it is maaged by Edupoli Adult Educatio Services. The resposibility for the atioal Job Bak project is shared by the Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health ad the Miistry of Employmet ad the Ecoomy. The Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health is fiacig the project, ad the Miistry of Employmet ad the Ecoomy is resposible for wage subsidies whe they are eeded. Otherwise Job Bak works like ay other eterprise. Social eterprises have to be ecoomically profitable, ad to achieve this, Job Bak sells a employee s work cotributio to cliet compaies at the market price. Aims ad objectives The aims of the Job Bak trial are to: model methods to employ people who are log-term uemployed, have disabilities or are otherwise i a weak positio i the labour market; create a oe-stop shop for compaies that eed temporary staff; icrease the level of cotributio from people i a vulerable situatio (log-term uemployed people, those who are difficult to employ, disabled people, youg people ad immigrats) o the ope labour market. Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

20 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Iteded beeficiaries Job Bak is the employer ad most of the employees are disabled youg people. Beefits for employees iclude the followig: a permaet, full-time employmet relatioship; gettig paid at least collectively agreed wages; traiig or coachig offered whe work is iterrupted; assistace coordiatig salary ad beefits. Cliet compaies also beefit from the arragemet, which offers: a risk-free, flexible ad easy way to recruit ew workers; a workforce for seasoal work ad busy productio periods; other work or traiig for the employee (provided by Job Bak) whe busiess is slow; a familiar employee immediately available whe demad icreases. Hirig a employee with a health problem is a socially resposible act, addig value to a compay ad providig a huma competitive advatage as a employer. This may also be a critical factor i terms of corporate image. At best, corporate social resposibility meas that the public sector, eterprises ad other orgaisatios act resposibly ad together promote resposible coduct by all orgaisatios. Relevace to the target groups The target groups of Job Bak are people i a vulerable positio i the labour market. About 80% of the employees are people with disabilities such as eurological disabilities, learig difficulties or metal health problems. About 50% of them are uder 30 years old. Activities ad processes Four atiowide operators were selected to participate i the Job Bak project: Lubor (Helsiki), Mikemet (Mikkeli), Tyke (Satakuta) ad Woodfox (Seiäjoki). All regioal operators are social eterprises. The purpose of social eterprises is to create jobs, i particular for the disabled, log-term uemployed ad other people who have difficulties fidig regular jobs. Social eterprises sell employees work cotributios to cliet compaies, ad they pay the employee s salary uder collective bargaiig agreemets. Preparatio for work happes gradually at Job Bak. People come mostly from VET istitutios, workshops or rehabilitatio uits, but associatios ad other third-sector employers also may sed people there. The employees are employed by Job Bak, ad they start at Job Bak s ow premises doig subcotractig work. As their skills improve, they move o from simple assembly jobs to more challegig tasks ad the from Job Bak s ow premises to cliet compaies. Job Bak offers cliet compaies a workforce for seasoal work ad busy productio periods. The project has a reserve of multiskilled employees, which eables it to quickly fid the perso best suited for ay kid of job from the Job Bak register. At best, the employee is ready to start work as early as the ext day. Employees ca also start work through a moth-log practical work traiig period, if preferred. 16 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

21 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Compaies pay for the hours worked oly. The employmet cotract may be fixed term, for a miimum of oe moth. After this, both parties have the optio of cotiuig the cotract. Whe busiess is slow, Job Bak arrages other work or traiig for the employee; however, the employee ad compay are earmarked for each other. I practice this meas that a familiar employee is immediately available whe eeded, ad there is o eed for reorietatio every time the employmet relatioship recommeces. This is a risk-free, flexible ad easy way to recruit ew workers for the compay. The service cocept also saves time, effort ad moey for everyoe. The fial target is for the employee to gai permaet employmet with the cliet compay. Figure 2: Activities ad processes i Job Bak L A B O U R F O R C E Vocatioal educatio ad traiig Workshops/ rehabilitatio uits The third sector employmet JOB BANK Lubor, Mikemet, Tyke, Woodfax Employer for employee Subcotractig work for example packig, storage, repair, recyclig Co-operatio with educators, workshops, rehabilitatio uits ad third sector employers; recruitig employees CLIENT COMPANIES Workforce for seasoal work The familiar employee is immediately available Whe busiess is slow, Job Bak arrages other work or traiig for the employee Compay pays oly whe it is usig labour force Opportuity to employ employee later Relatioships with other service suppliers Job Bak works like ay other eterprise. It sells the employee s work cotributios to cliet compaies at the market price. Wage subsidies are used oly whe they are eeded, because of a employee s lower work capacity, ot as a competitive advatage. Otherwise it would distort competitio betwee social eterprises ad other eterprises offerig the same products or services. The priciple is that social eterprises also have to be ecoomically profitable. Role of social parters Vocatioal educatio ad traiig istitutes, workshops, rehabilitatio uits ad third-sector employers work with Job Bak to recruit employees for the project. Job Bak also iteracts with cliet compaies, which hire workers from the project. Coectio to policy or legislatio Job Bak coforms to proposals from the SATA Committee for reformig social protectio. It also operates i lie with policy programmes for employmet, etrepreeurship ad work life as well as the Act o Social Eterprises (1351/ ). Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

22 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Iputs There are four atiowide operators selected to participate i the Job Bak trial project, ad a couple of people work as supervisors for the employees i each social eterprise. Supervisors usually have a social educatio. Beside this, busiess skills are eeded i social eterprises ad the maagemet of Job Bak. Maagers of atiowide operators mostly have techical or commercial traiig. Outputs ad evaluatio Durig the first couple of years of the Job Bak trial, 176 people who were i a weak positio i the labour market foud a follow-up placemet. As of 2010 the situatio is eve more positive, with 189 people fidig a follow-up placemet. Two-thirds (67%) of them were employed i social eterprises ivolved i Job Bak ad 33% i cliet compaies. About 50% of employees are uder 30 ad 75% of them have metal or physical disabilities. Table 9: Follow-up placemet of Job Bak employees (2010) Social eterprise Log-term uemployed Employees People with disabilities Others Total Job Bak Placemets Ope labour market Lubor Mikemet Tyke Woodfox Total % Total 13% 75% 13% 100% 67% 33% Good practice i active iclusio For its employees, Job Bak offers a permaet, full-time employmet relatioship, other work or traiig durig times of low demad, ad at least the collectively agreed wage. It also offers idividual pathways to the ope labour market. For its cliet employers, Job Bak offers a risk-free ad flexible way to icrease a workforce for seasoal work ad durig busy productio periods. This is also a easy way to recruit ew workers. Job Bak works like ay other eterprise. It sells employees work cotributios to cliet compaies at market price. Wage subsidy is used oly whe it is eeded, because of employees lower work capacity, ot as a competitive advatage. People with disabilities do t stay i social eterprises, but they ca move to employmet i the cliet compaies as soo as possible. Cotact details Aare Kuusi Heikki Palm, Director Päivi Kermie Trial Director Miistry of Social Welfare ad Health Miistry of Employmet ad the Edupoli Tel.: Ecoomy, Itermediate Labour Market Tel ad Employability Tel Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

23 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Cotet Skill-buildig (icludig VET ad further educatio) Job placemet (e.g. supported employmet) Self-employmet Activatio Coditio relevat (icludig metal health difficulties) Other: Approach Proactive: reachig out to the target groups Focus o a idividual pathways approach (ope employmet as the goal) Targetig the idividual ad the commuity (icludig parets ad employers) Empowermet processes (e.g. decisio-makig, self-advocacy) Partership, etworkig ad liks (to other agecies ad private compaies) that assist i achievig the goals Liks to atioal policy or programmes Traiig ad support for staff Social parter ivolvemet Moitorig ad measuremet (i.e. data o output, impact or cost effectiveess ad idividual beefits) Regioal or local sphere of activity De-istitutioalised ad commuity focused I the futue? Case Study 2: Leap to Labour! Abstract Oly a relatively small proportio of people with disabilities or health problems work i Filad. It is ot easy for them to fid a job, eve if they are well educated. Leap to Labour! (Sisääheitto työelämää!) is a employer service based o cooperatio betwee 11 disability orgaisatios ad compaies. The project is coordiated by the Muscular Disease Associatio ad fuded by Filad s Slot Machie Associatio. The target group of the project is well-educated job seekers with disabilities or health problems, such as musculoskeletal disorders ad metal health problems. The aim of the project is to help this group fid a job from the ope labour market ad for employers to fid employees. At the same time the project icreases the opportuity for youg people with disabilities or health problems to access work experiece or practice durig their trasitio from educatio to the labour market. How the project started The Leap to Labour! project started because disability orgaisatios wated to improve their members opportuities i the labour market ad society. As full citizes, people with disabilities have equal rights ad are etitled to digity, equal treatmet, idepedet livig ad full participatio i society. This icludes equal access to employmet. Previous projects had show that mere iformatio was ot eough, but job seekers ad employers have to meet each other. The project shares iformatio o well-educated, disabled job seekers ad job vacacies. Through this, the project also aims to ifluece attitudes towards disabled people. Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

24 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Aims ad objectives The aims ad objectives of the Leap to Labour! project are: creatig ew pathways from educatio to the labour market for youg people with disabilities; icreasig opportuities for youg people with disabilities to work or practise; helpig traied job seekers with disabilities fid a job o the ope labour market ad employers to fid competet employees amog disabled job seekers; sharig iformatio o well-educated, disabled job seekers ad ope job vacacies; ifluecig attitudes towards disabled people; icreasig the diversity i workplaces. Iteded beeficiaries The target group of the Leap to Labour! project is well-educated job seekers with disabilities or health problems, for example musculoskeletal disorders, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, rheumatism, visual impairmet or metal health problems. Most are recetly graduated ad i trasitio from educatio to the labour market. This meas that they belog maily to the youger age groups. Almost everyoe who has bee employed with the help of the project has had secodary educatio or higher: vocatioal educatio, 30%; polytechic, 30%; uiversity, 35%; others, 5%. The job seekers also get help fidig a job ad assistace for coordiatig their salary ad beefits whe eeded. Leap to Labour! helps employers fid well-educated employees. Registered job seekers have disabilities or health problems, but also kowledge, skills ad work capacity. Disability orgaisatios iform employers about wage subsidies ad other measures whe eeded. Employers ca also get guidace about how to match up a employee s qualities with jobs or how to arrage workig coditios so they are suitable for a disabled employee. Relevace to the target groups The target group of the Leap to Labour! project is youg job seekers with disabilities or health problems. The aim of the project is to improve their opportuities to work or gai experiece. The fial goal is employmet i the ope labour market. Activities ad processes Leap to Labour! is a employer service based o cooperatio betwee 11 disability orgaisatios, 1 disabled job seekers ad compaies. Disabled job seekers get ecouragemet fidig jobs ad assistace for coordiatig salary ad beefits whe eeded. For job seekers it is easier to try out ew thigs whe they are receivig support from a familiar orgaisatio. Disability orgaisatios iform employers about wage subsidies ad other measures. The project orgaises evets where job seekers ad employers ca meet face to face, ad employers ca obtai iformatio o the employmet of disabled people. 1 The Fiish Associatio of People with Physical Disabilities (FPD), the Fiish Associatio for Persos with Itellectual Disabilities, the Fiish Associatio o Itellectual ad Developmetal Disabilities (FAIDD), the Threshold Associatio, the Muscular Disease Associatio, the Fiish Cetral Associatio for Metal Health, the Fiish Federatio of the Visually Impaired (FFVI), the Fiish CP Associatio, the Fiish MS Society, the Fiish Rheumatism Associatio ad the VATES Foudatio. 20 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

25 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad The project shares iformatio o well-educated, disabled job seekers, job vacacies ad the employmet of disabled people o its website. It iflueces attitudes towards disabled people, emphasisig that disability is oly oe feature amog other features of a disabled perso. I additio they may have lots of kowledge ad skills, ad their work capacity ca be good or excellet. At the same time it icreases the diversity i workplaces. Relatioships with other service suppliers Istead of replacig the employmet services, this project complemets them. It cooperates with recruitmet ad employmet agecies. Role of social parters The mai parters of Leap to Labour! are FiBS with its cooperatio etworks ad Mapower Iclusive. Leap to Labour! also cooperates with employers, who ca access iformatio about measures such as wage subsidies ad subsidies for makig adjustmets to workig coditios, ad guidace i how to work with employees with disabilities, for example how to match the work available to a employee s abilities. Coectio to policy or legislatio Leap to Labour! complies with the followig policies: the UN Covetio o the Rights of Persos with Disabilities; the govermet programme of Prime Miister Matti Vahae's first cabiet; the govermet programme of Prime Miister Matti Vahae's secod cabiet; the Fiish Disability Policy Programme, VAMPO Iputs Leap to Labour! is a lightly resourced project with oly oe full-time employee. Aother employee was employed seasoally while the full-time employee wrote the project report at the ed of the first couple of years. Outputs ad evaluatio I the first years of the Leap to Labour! project, 76 youg people with disabilities or health problems foud a job as follows: 18 as permaet employees; 31 as temporary employees; 5 as freelacers; 10 at work practices; 12 at job try-outs. Statistics show that 42% of the people who took part i work practice or job try-outs became employed afterwards. The project is cotiuig. Good practice i active iclusio Attitudes to disability form the major challege for the employmet of people with disabilities. I may cases, disability is regarded as a illess, ad a perso with disabilities as the opposite to a healthy perso. Discrimiatio is commo, Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

26 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad particularly i job-seekig situatios, eve if it is forbidde by the law. Some people may automatically assume that a disability or health problem prevets a perso from performig at work. Leap to Labour! aims to elimiate these kids of barriers to employmet ad promote the employmet of people with disabilities i a way that is ecouragig to both employees ad employers. There are a lot of uused employmet resources amog people with disabilities, but beig disabled does t mea a perso is completely icapable of ay work. A perso with a disability is ofte fully capable of work if the work eviromet is adapted to meet their eeds. Disability is oly oe feature of a disabled perso they may have lots of kowledge ad skills ad their work capacity ca be good or eve excellet. Cotact details Liisa-Maija Veraie Muscular Disease Associatio Lätie Pitkäkatu 35 FI20100 Turku, Filad Tel.: Cotet Skill-buildig (icludig VET ad further educatio) Job placemet (e.g. supported employmet) Self-employmet Activatio Coditio relevat (icludig metal health difficulties) Other: Approach Proactive: reachig out to the target groups Focus o a idividual pathways approach (ope employmet as the goal) Targetig the idividual ad the commuity (icludig parets ad employers) Empowermet processes (e.g. decisio-makig, self-advocacy) Partership, etworkig ad liks (to other agecies ad private compaies) that assist i achievig the goals Liks to atioal policy or programmes Traiig ad support for staff Social parter ivolvemet Moitorig ad measuremet (i.e. data o output, impact or cost effectiveess ad idividual beefits) Regioal or local sphere of activity De-istitutioalised ad commuity focused Case Study 3: Bridge Productio School Abstract Bridge Productio School is a work-based vocatioal educatio ad traiig uit orgaised by the Bridge Coachig Associatio (Siltavalmeus yhdistys) i cooperatio with Luovi Vocatioal College. All studets at Bridge Productio School have some special eeds, ad without special support they would be at risk of droppig out of school ad, as a result, social exclusio. The most commo causes of special eeds are ADHD, ADD, metal health problems, alcohol abuse, itellectual disorders ad crimial behavior. 22 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

27 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad The productio school is a alterative model of vocatioal educatio ad traiig for youg people with difficulties itegratig i school, or other difficulties i copig with school. At Bridge Productio School studets lear by workig i the school s ow compaies: Bridge costructio services (Silta -rakeuspalvelut), Bridge luch restaurat (Silta - louasravitola) or Bridge garage (Silta -autokorjaamo). The focus of the studies is o the practical side, with study subjects itegrated ito practical tasks. There is a special vocatioal teacher ad two or three job coaches i every compay. Studets receive support also from their idividual coach ad from each other. The aim of the traiig is to remove barriers to studet learig ad develop their professioal skills. The fial goal is ope employmet. How the project started The Fiish educatio system is of a high quality ad every youg perso has the right to educatio i Filad. Nevertheless, there are youg people who have difficulties itegratig i school or other difficulties copig with ordiary school, for example youg people with a history of crimial behaviour or alcohol abuse. Bridge Productio School is a alterative model of vocatioal educatio ad traiig for youg people who lear best by doig. It started i 1995 ad is maaged by the Bridge Coachig Associatio i co-operatio with Luovi Vocatioal College. It is fiaced by the Fiish Natioal Board of Educatio. Rehabilitatio ca take the form of educatio. Vocatioal educatio ca help a perso with disabilities or health problems trai for a occupatio that is suitable, takig ito accout ay health issues that may restrict their choice of occupatio. By meas of retraiig or further vocatioal traiig, youg people with health problems or disabilities ca acquire a ew occupatio that helps them to miimise the impact of ay health limitatios. Aims ad objectives The aims of the Bridge Productio School are: employmet o the ope labour market; alterative vocatioal educatio ad traiig for youg people who have difficulties itegratig i school or other difficulties copig with school; providig idividual pathways to the labour market; removig barriers to learig ad developig professioal skills; access to alterative vocatioal educatio ad traiig; a opportuity to lear i their ow learig style; o-stop studet recruitmet; idividual study plas; everyday life skills ad professioal skills. There ca be 30 studets at the school at the same time ad they obtai essetially the same vocatioal qualificatios as they would i a VET. The scope of the studies is 120 credits (three years). Relevace to the target groups All studets at Bridge Productio School have some special eeds. May of them belog to the most challeged groups. Without special support they would be at risk of droppig out of school ad also at risk of social exclusio. The most commo causes of studet special eeds are ADHD, ADD, metal health problems, alcohol abuse, itellectual disorders Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

28 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad ad crimial behaviour. May studets have dropped out of vocatioal educatio ad traiig at least oce. Oly a couple of studets have gaied a secodary school diploma or had work experiece before studyig at the school. Most of the studets (75.8%) are uder 25 ad the rest are years old. Activities ad processes Bridge Productio School is a alterative model of vocatioal educatio ad traiig for youg people with difficulties itegratig i school or other difficulties copig with school. May of them have dropped out of school or are otherwise outside secodary educatio. Figure 3: The activities ad processes of the Bridge Productio School Other vocatioal educatio istitutes Labour miicipalities Social workers Other Job try-out/ VET try-out/ other experimet period Productio school Costructio Caterig Vehicle techology Costructio services Luch restaurat Garage Before startig at Bridge Productio School, studets always have a work or VET trial, or a probatioary period. This is importat because it is the oly way to get to kow if a studet is ready to start studies. Studets lear by workig i the school s ow compaies, with the focus of the studies o the practical side, itegrated with subjects to be studied. Studets ca adopt their ow learig styles. Studies are based o each studet s ow abilities ad objectives. Each studet is provided with a idividual educatioal pla (IEP), which covers a assessmet of their iitial situatio, teachig, guidace cousellig ad further plas, as well as a assessmet of their required support services. The pla is based o the youg perso s ow goals, stregths ad developmetal eeds. The pla is moitored ad its implemetatio assessed ad supplemeted throughout the period of study. The aim of traiig is to remove barriers to learig ad to develop the professioal skills of the studets. The fial goal of traiig is ope employmet. Job coachig is guided work carried out at the Bridge Productio School i accordace with the youg perso s idividual goals. The startig poit of job coachig is the youg perso s ow potetial ad eeds, ad it aims to support their ability ad capacity to work. Durig developmet discussios, the youg participats are give feedback o the work process ad o their progress as it relates to their ow goals. The idea is that work skills develop as a result of learig by doig, ad youg people lear ew skills ad gai ew isights through work. The work is doe etirely by the youg perso from the begiig to the ed. Through coachig, youg people also lear the rules of workig life ad how to fuctio i a work commuity. Cotiuous, costructive feedback helps them recogise their ow stregths ad developmetal eeds. 24 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

29 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Relatioships with other service suppliers Bridge Productio School orgaises VET special educatio. It does ot compete with other vocatioal istitutes, but offers special services for studets with special eeds. Social parters Studets have o-the-job learig periods outside the school s ow compaies. Coectio to policy or legislatio The Bridge Productio School iitiative is liked with the followig policies ad legislatio: the proposal for Special Educatio Strategy to Secodary Vocatioal Educatio ad Traiig 2002; the Act o Vocatioal Educatio 630/ ; the Act o Vocatioal Rehabilitatio 566/ Iputs There is a special vocatioal teacher ad two or three job coaches i every compay, ad studets receive support from the idividual coach ad from each other. Table 10: Professioals workig at Bridge Productio School Teachig Luovi Vocatioal College Job coachig Idividual coachig Bridge costructio services Special teacher Vocatioal teacher Bridge restaurat Special teacher Two job coaches Bridge garage Special teacher Three job coaches Idividual coach Outputs ad evaluatio Sevetee studets foud a job immediately after leavig educatio, regardless of whether they had completed their studies at the school or ot. Oly four studets remaied uemployed after graduatig ad two of them started practical traiig at a workplace after graduatio. Thirtee iterrupted their studies at the school but cotiued studies i appreticeship traiig or i aother vocatioal istitute, ad 12 studets eeded rehabilitatio or other measures istead of educatio ad traiig; at least four of them iteded to cotiue studyig at a later date. Four studets wet ito the army, ad four studets had a child. Almost every oe of them iteded to cotiue studies at Bridge Productio School at a later date (see Table 10). Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

30 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Table 11: Follow-up placemet of Bridge Productio School studets* Total N % N % N % N % Employed Uemployed Educatio** Other measures*** Other status**** Graduated Early school leavers Break i studies***** Total * Early school-leavers icluded; ** further educatio, appreticeship traiig, studies at other vocatioal istitute; *** alcohol or drug abuse, health problems, rehabilitatio, priso; **** army, materity, etc.; ***** itedig to cotiue studies at a later date. The mai objective of the school is studet employmet; graduatio is secodary. Droppig out of the school ca be see as a positive thig, especially if a studet gets a job before graduatio or if they cotiue their studies somewhere else. Oly oe studet dropped out of the school without a further pla. The case study as good practice i active iclusio Productio school offers youg people with difficulties itegratig i school or other difficulties copig with school a chace to use their ow learig style. Otherwise may of them could be at risk of droppig out of vocatioal educatio ad traiig ad eve at risk of social exclusio. Real work ad the commuity of the Productio School offer them a chace of social iclusio. Cotact details Heli Hirvasmaa, Siltavalmeus yhdistys Vehämyllykatu 4 FI33560 Tampere, Filad Tel.: Cotet Skill-buildig (icludig VET ad further educatio) Job placemet (e.g. supported employmet) Self-employmet Activatio Coditio relevat (icludig metal health difficulties) Other: 26 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

31 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Approach Proactive: reachig out to the target groups Focus o a idividual pathways approach (ope employmet as the goal) Targetig the idividual ad the commuity (icludig parets ad employers) Empowermet processes (e.g. decisio-makig, self-advocacy) Partership, etworkig ad liks (to other agecies ad private compaies) that assist i achievig the goals Liks to atioal policy or programmes Traiig ad support for staff Social parter ivolvemet Moitorig ad measuremet (i.e. data o output, impact or cost effectiveess ad idividual beefits) Regioal or local sphere of activity De-istitutioalised ad commuity focused Case Study 4: Resiia Abstract I Resiia (Trolley) the target group of the project s job traiig is youg adults i cotact with metal health services who have a iterest i participatig i vocatioal rehabilitatio. They are traied for a job either i a workplace or i a rehabilitatio uit with the support of a job coach. Job coachig provides persoalised support ad guidace to traiees. The aim of coachig is to improve the youg adult s skills to cope with ad adapt to a job ad maitai their workig ad earig opportuities. The fial objective of the traiig is the youg adult s placemet i the ope labour market. I Resiia job traiig usually takes 6 12 moths accordig to the youg perso s idividual eeds. Resiia is maaged by advocacy ad advisory group Frieds of the Youg ad is fiaced by the Social Isurace Istitutio of Filad (Kela). How the project started Resiia started as a trial project i There was a group of youg adults with metal health problems amog the cliets of Frieds of the Youg s social services. The existig ways of offerig social services, icludig sheltered employmet, did t seem to be the best choice for these youg adults, so there was a eed to fid a ew way to work with them. Supported employmet with job traiig i the ope labour market was foud to be a suitable alterative. Frieds of the Youg is a specialist associatio ad advocacy group o social services. It has several operatig uits ad developmet ad pilot projects all over Filad, strivig to offer a better tomorrow for people with health problems ad disabilities, as well as for people recoverig from substace abuse or metal health problems. Oe of the mai focuses of developmet projects is social employmet. Resiia, together with the Frieds of the Youg service etwork, provides ad develops rehabilitatio services for youg adults who have bee i cotact with metal health services. The purpose of these services is to prevet social exclusio ad stregthe copig strategies. Metal health rehabilitatio is always based o the idividual eeds of the cliet, ad it draws from the multidiscipliary expertise of Frieds of the Youg s employees as well as from cooperatio with various liaiso groups, takig advatage of other services provided by Frieds of the Youg wheever ecessary. Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

32 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Aims ad objectives Resiia aims to: improve the capacity for work of youg adults with metal health problems so as to help them to cope with the demads of work; help youg adults with metal health problems overcome impairmet ad eter workig life or retur to work after a legthy absece or fid aother idividual pathway to iclusio (for example educatio); prevet youg adults with metal health problems from becomig progressively more socially excluded; develop supported employmet as a method of employig youg adults with metal health problems. Iteded beeficiaries The beeficiaries are youg adults i cotact with metal health services, ad Resiia s target group are those who are persoally iterested i vocatioal rehabilitatio. It caters for about 30 people a year. I practice this meas that every youg perso who has participated i the project betwee 2004 ad 2009 has had a diagosed metal health problem (see Table 12). Table 12: Resiia project participats by diagosis Schizophreia Persoality disorders Psychosis Depressio Bipolar disorder Other Total A qualified job coach works directly with youg adults with metal health problems ad provides oe-to-oe traiig at a traiig site. The job coach: gathers employmet iformatio by doig job aalyses i order to match a perso with a positio; helps the youg adult to lear the specific requiremets of the job; helps them with work-related activities ad requiremets such as time ad attedace rules; helps them with appropriate work-related (icludig social) behaviour whe dealig with supervisors ad coworkers. Job coaches iform employers about wage subsidies ad other measures, ad employers ca also get guidace about how to alig the employees with jobs or how to arrage workig coditios that are suitable for particular employees. 28 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

33 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Relevace to the target groups All youg adults at Resiia have diagosed metal health problems. They are i cotact with metal health services, but are also persoally iterested i vocatioal rehabilitatio. May of them (70% i ) have a temporary disability pesio certificate, but they are willig to eter or retur to workig life. Activities ad processes Together with its service etwork, Frieds of the Youg provides ad develops rehabilitatio services for youg adults who have bee i cotact with metal health services. The purpose of these services is to prevet the cliet s social exclusio ad stregthe their copig strategies. Metal health rehabilitatio is always based o the idividual eeds of the cliet, each oe of whom has their ow idividual rehabilitatio pla. There are three mai areas i rehabilitatio: idividual optios, group features, ad etwork cooperatio. These are described below. Idividual optios: persoal discussios, idividual cousellig ad doig thigs together; job coachig; practisig previously leared skills that were forgotte because of illess. Group features: peer support; practisig social skills ad expadig social etworks; group activities (movies, sports, crafts, visits ad trips). Network cooperatio: etworkig betwee the youg adult, job coach ad other iterested parties; aims, methods ad cotracts of the rehabilitatio, moitorig the progress of rehabilitatio; family meetigs, etwork meetigs ad cotact by telephoe or . I Resiia youg adults with metal health problems do t start their rehabilitatio at social eterprises or i sheltered employmet. They are traied i workplaces i the ope labour market. Job coaches support both the youg adult with metal health problems as well as the employer. These are the primary customers for a job coach. However, they will iteract ad provide cosultatio services to parets, commuity fudig agecies ad other commuity support programmes. Relatioships with other service suppliers Resiia etworks with others workig i the field of vocatioal rehabilitatio, with social parters, employers ad employmet offices (at the ed of vocatioal rehabilitatio). Coectio to policy or legislatio Resiia s work is guided by the Act o Vocatioal Rehabilitatio 566/ Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

34 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Iputs There are three job coaches at Resiia: oe resposible for social educatio ad job coach educatio; oe resposible for ursig educatio, social educatio ad job coach educatio; ad oe resposible for psychiatric educatio. Outputs ad evaluatio Resiia submits aual reports to the Social Isurace Istitutio of Filad every year. These cotai iformatio about the activity status of youg adults with metal health problems after vocatioal rehabilitatio. Table 13: Activity status of youg adults with metal health problems after vocatioal rehabilitatio with Resiia % Employmet Uemploymet Educatio Sheltered job Rehabilitatio Other Total Good practice i active iclusio People with metal health problems are oe of the most challegig groups to employ. Supportig them with the skills eeded i workig life ad with rehabilitatio are importat factors i icreasig their capacity to work. Log-term, itesive ad idividual job coachig seems to be the reaso why Resiia is such a successful iitiative. Job coaches ot oly help employees with disabilities but also help employers with job iterviews, orietatio ad iductio, salary egotiatios ad the draftig of cotracts. Job coaches also provide iformatio about wage subsidies ad other fiacial aids that employers ca get whe they hire a job seeker with a disability. Cotact details Taia Härmä Frieds of the Youg Tukkitie 4 FI90520 Oulu, Filad Tel.: Lea Nikula Frieds of the Youg Tukkitie 4 FI90520 Oulu, Filad Tel.: Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

35 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Cotet Skill-buildig (icludig VET ad further educatio) Job placemet (e.g. supported employmet) Self-employmet Activatio Coditio relevat (icludig metal health difficulties) Other: Approach Proactive: reachig out to the target groups Focus o a idividual pathways approach (ope employmet as the goal) Targetig the idividual ad the commuity (icludig parets ad employers) Empowermet processes (e.g. decisio-makig, self-advocacy) Partership, etworkig ad liks (to other agecies ad private compaies) that assist i achievig the goals Liks to atioal policy or programmes Traiig ad support for staff Social parter ivolvemet Moitorig ad measuremet (i.e. data o output, impact or cost effectiveess ad idividual beefits) Regioal or local sphere of activity De-istitutioalised ad commuity focused Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

36

37 Coclusios 3 Future policy directios ad plas The social protectio system i Filad is udergoig a thorough overhaul o the basis of the SATA programme (the Comprehesive Reform of Social Protectio). The aim of the reform is to make it always profitable to accept a job offer, to reduce poverty, ad to esure a adequate basic icome for everyoe, regardless of their situatio. These goals ca best be realised by legtheig workig careers ad elimiatig barriers to the employmet of people with disabilities ad partial work ability. People should eter workig life earlier ad retire later; they should fall ill or become disabled ad be uemployed as rarely as possible; ad those with partial workig capacity should be employed. The SATA Committee uderlies the importace of measures to ecourage people to accept short-term ad part-time jobs. The reform is beig carried out with the overall aim of esurig that social protectio has a sustaiable fudig base i the log term. Paid work is the most importat way of achievig a average icome. Work is also a cetral meas of ehacig iclusio ad prevetig social exclusio. For people with disabilities, work meas a opportuity for meaigful social iteractio, the improvemet of oe s fiacial situatio, ad the stregtheig of self-esteem. It ca also play a importat role i advacig ad improvig oe s metal health ad well-beig. Curretly, Filad has the arrowest rage of partial beefits ad targeted measures. Aother proposal of the committee is a guarateed pesio as a model for improvig the icome of people livig o the smallest pesios. The risk of poverty amog people livig o atioal pesios has bee a challege, despite improvemets ad geeral icreases to the rate of the basic atioal pesio over the last few years. It has estimated that 22% of people with disabilities lived i poverty i 2005, ad the gross icome of people with disabilities was 60% lower tha the workig populatio. Early retired youg people usually get a atioal pesio, which provides a miimum icome oly, because they have seldom had the opportuity to work before retiremet, so they do t gai a earigsrelated pesio. The guarateed pesio tries to aswer this challege, ad the Act o Guarateed Pesios came ito effect o 1 March Also Fiish disability legislatio was reformed durig The objective was to combie the Services ad Assistace for the Disabled Act (380/1987) ad the Act o Special Care for Metally Hadicapped (519/1977). The aim of the reform is to develop the system of persoal assistats for people with severe disabilities, i order to guaratee their equality ad promote their social iclusio. Every perso with severe disabilities has a right to have persoal assistace. I this reform ew groups of people with disabilities, for example people with metal health problems, are icluded for assistace, ad assistace has bee exteded to work places. It is also recogised that a perso who eeds persoal assistace may be capable of workig. Coclusios ad key messages I Filad curret disability policy icludes the most essetial poits to esure the active iclusio ad social protectio of people with disabilities, but ways of implemetig disability legislatio are icosistet. I regard to services, they vary widely accordig to where people live. Access to idividual services is based o a service pla that icludes all the idividual eeds ad supports eeded i everyday life. There is a great deal of variatio betwee muicipalities i how these plas are draw up ad put ito actio, ad idividual service plas are ot made as ofte as they are required by people with disabilities. To get disability services, a persoal service pla is draw up, but very ofte it is impossible to put it ito practice due to a lack of services or resources. The developmet of the pla should be based o a dialogue betwee a service user ad the authority, but usually authorities simply list the aspiratios of service users ad calculate the cost of the wish list. Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

38 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad After that authorities decide about the cotet of the pla. A problem with this is that services are t based o the perso s idividual eeds, but o the availability of resources. The greatest problem is the lack of iformatio about services ad about people s rights to access them. This ca also lead to icreased iequality. Fiish labour policy is uderdeveloped i terms of disability ad employmet. People with disabilities face may difficulties covicig authorities of their ability to work. The strogest critique focuses o lack of advice, guidace ad cousellig. Employmet policy for people with disabilities is focused o the partly icapacitated perso. The ethos ad practice of welfare is based o the idea that people with disabilities do ot have to be at work, ad the welfare state attempts to compesate this disadvatage with a disability pesio. Because of this ideology, there is o real will to employ people with disabilities. Authorities seem to forget that a perso with a disability is ofte fully capable of work if the work eviromet is adapted to meet their eeds. Work orietatio guidace is a most importat first step i placig a perso i a positio to clarify their realistic work optios ad a career path. However, the availability ad quality of guidace services varies from oe local authority to aother. Basically the stadards for work orietatio ad guidace are well uderstood, but there is a lack of moey ad persoel to realise them. Services provided by NGOs ad the partership betwee govermet ad such orgaisatios have a log traditio i Filad. Orgaisatios have played a importat role i meetig special eeds i such areas as services for substace abusers, people with disabilities ad other rehabilitees. The case studies above provide examples of the kid of expertise ad iovatio the Fiish NGOs brig to the active iclusio process. Social eterprises have become icreasigly importat i the effort to bridge the gap betwee iactivity ad employmet for youg people with disabilities. By providig employmet cotracts to participats ad placig them as workers i ope employmet, the Job Bak project removes may of the barriers that employers perceive i employig people with disabilities ad esures a productive life for its beeficiaries. Brigig employers ad qualified people with disabilities together face to face overcomes the challeges that employers attitudes ca create for youg disabled job seekers. Usig real work as a learig opportuity provides learers who are at risk of droppig out of traiig or educatio with opportuities to develop work skills ad capacities that they otherwise would ot have acquired. At the core of three of the case studies was job coachig. Job coaches help ot oly youg people with disabilities but also employers with job iterviews, orietatio ad iductio, salary egotiatios ad the draftig of cotracts. Job coaches also provide iformatio about wage subsidies ad other fiacial aids that employers ca get whe they hire a youg job seeker with a disability, ad guidace o how to recruit ad retai employees with disabilities, for example how to match work to the employee s stregths ad eeds. 34 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

39 Bibliography Ekebom, R., Gralud, T., Kattelus, M., Koho, A.ad Lidqvist-Virtae, C. (eds) (2008) Natioal Strategy Report o Social Protectio ad Social Iclusio , Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health, Helsiki. Gould, R., Nyma, H. ad Takala, M. (2003) Osittai työkyvytö vai osittai työkykyie? Tutkimus osatyökyvyttömyyseläkeläiste työssäolosta, Eläketurvakeskus, Helsiki. Holm, P. ad Hoppoe, A. (2007) Vammaiste työkyky vuoa 2007, Vertailua työttömii. Miistry of Employmet ad the Ecoomy (2009) Diversity a opportuity i workig life. Guide to promotig equality ad prevetig discrimiatio i the workplace, Miistry of Employmet ad the Ecoomy, Helsiki. Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health (2009) Natioal Actio Programme of Filad, Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health, Helsiki. Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health (2009) Proposal of the Committee for reformig social protectio (SATA Committee) for the mai policy lies i the total reform of social protectio, Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health, Helsiki. Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health (2009) Proposals of the SATA Committee for reformig social protectio, Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health, Helsiki. Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health (2010) A Strog Basis for Iclusio ad Equality Fiish Disability Policy Programme VAMPO , Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health, Helsiki. MISSOC (2009) Ifo 2/2009: (Re)itegratio of people with disabilities ito employmet, Filad, MISSOC. Teittie, A. (2008) Report o the employmet of disabled people i Europea coutries, Filad, Academic Network of Europea Disability Experts (ANED). Teittie, A. (2008) Report o the social iclusio ad social protectio of disabled people i Europea coutries. Coutry report: Filad, Academic Network of Europea Disability Experts (ANED). Teittie, A. (2009) ANED coutry report o the implemetatio of policies supportig idepedet livig for disabled people. Coutry: Filad, Academic Network of Europea Disability Experts (ANED). Teittie, A. (2009) Report o the employmet of disabled people i Europea coutries, Filad, Academic Network of Europea Disability Experts (ANED). Teittie, A. (2009) Report o the social iclusio ad social protectio of disabled people i Europea coutries. Coutry report: Filad, Academic Network of Europea Disability Experts (ANED). Vuorela, M. (2007) Employmet services for those watig a job. A report o promotio of employmet ad retur to workig life of those o rehabilitatio support ad disability pesio, Itermediate Report, Miistry of Labour, Helsiki. Ylipaavaliemi, P. (2005) Special employmet uits for people who are ot readily employable a statistical review o employmet services, Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health, Helsiki. Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

40 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Iterviews Heli Hirvasmaa, idividual coach, Bridge Coachig Associatio; telephoe iterview, 29 November Taia Härmä, job coach, Frieds of the Youg; iterview, 1 December Aare Kuusi, Trial Director, Edupoli (Adult Educatio Services); telephoe iterview, 25 November Sari Loijas, Seior Officer, Miistry of Social Affairs ad Health, Departmet for Promotio of Welfare ad Health; telephoe iterview, 5 November Lea Nikula, project maager, Frieds of the Youg; iterview, 1 December Timo Peltovuori, executive director, Fiish Cetral Associatio for Metal Health; telephoe iterview, 10 November Jyrki Rita-Juoppi, job ad traiig coach, Fiish Cetral Associatio for Metal Health; telephoe iterview, 9 November Atti Teittie, research maager, FAIDD (Fiish Associatio o Itellectual ad Developmetal Disabilities); telephoe iterview, 11 November Marjatta Varaka, maagig director, VATES Foudatio; iterview, 3 November Liisa-Maija Veraie, plaer, Muscular Disease Associatio; telephoe iterview, 25 November Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

41 Aex: Legislatio ad programmes Table A1: Policy ad legal framework for youg people with disabilities or health problems Policy area Title of legislatio Date Referece Resposible authority Purpose Iteded beeficiaries Short descriptio Services ad Assistace for the Disabled Act 380/ / / / / / / / / / / /2009 KELA (Social Isurace Istitutios of Filad) Idividual services Persoal support Icome support People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health A close relative or aother perso carig for a disabled perso Aims to improve the ability of a disabled perso to live ad act as a equal member of society ad to prevet ad elimiate the disadvatages ad obstacles caused by disability, by providig reasoable trasport ad related escort services, iterpretatio services ad service accommodatio, ad persoal assistace ad equipmet eeded i order to maage daily affairs. 134/2010 Access to quality health & social care services Act o Special Care of the Metally Hadicapped 519/ / / / / / / / / / /1991 Dept of Social Services Idividual services Activatio Dept of Health Promote ad maitai health Persoal support People with a developmetal disability Special care to promote the performace of daily activities, to guaratee the livelihood ad social itegratio of people who are metally disabled, ad to secure therapy ad other care that is eeded. 739/ / / / / / / / / /2009 Act o the Positio ad Rights of the Customers of Social Services 812/ / / / / /2007 Dept of Social Services Idividual services Persoal support People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health Stregthes the rights of people with disabilities as users of social welfare services. 657/ /2009 Support for adequate icome Act o Disability Allowaces 570/ / / / /2010 KELA Icome support People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health Supports disabled or chroically ill people copig with everyday life to participate i work or educatio, as well as supportig livig at home, rehabilitatio ad care. Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

42 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Policy area Support for adequate icome Title of legislatio Date Referece Act o 568/ /2007 Natioal 1151/2007 Pesios 172/ / / / / / / / / /2010 Act o Social Eterprises 1351/ Resposible authority 409/2007 Dept of Labour Purpose Iteded beeficiaries KELA KELA People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health Activatio Vocatioal traiig Short descriptio A atioal pesio at the full rate is payable if a perso has a illess, ijury or impairmet that prevets them from earig a Uemployed people reasoable livig ad they receive o earigs-related People aged pesios, or their combied years, livig i icome is less tha the Filad for at least amout allowed to qualify for three years after the the smallest atioal pesio. age of 16 People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health Log-term uemployed Employers Provides employmet opportuities, particularly for disabled people ad the logterm uemployed. At least 30% of all employees i a compay are disabled or have bee log-term uemployed. Pay is agreed i a collective agreemet. Iclusive labour market measures Act o Vocatioal Rehabilitatio 566/ / / / / / / / / / /2009 KELA Activatio Persoal support Idividual services Vocatioal traiig People with a developmetal disability Log-term uemployed A perso may qualify for vocatioal rehabilitatio services if their work capacity has deteriorated or is at risk of deterioratig over the ext few years. The purpose of the rehabilitatio is to assist i copig with work demads, to promote a retur to work ad (for youg people) to facilitate etry ito employmet. 1562/ / / /2010 Act o Promotig Disability Pesio Recipiets Retur to Work 738/ /2010 Dept of Labour KELA Activatio People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health People i receipt of a early retiremet pesio Promotes a retur to work for people receivig disability pesio. 38 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012

43 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Policy area Title of legislatio Date Referece Resposible authority Purpose Iteded beeficiaries Short descriptio Act o the Public Employmet Service 1295/ / / / / / / / /2005 Dept of Labour Activatio Idividual services People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health Log-term uemployed Requires the employmet authority to provide employmet services, labour market traiig ad other services for vocatioal developmet as public employmet services ad to promote the employmet of uemployed people through a employmet subsidy. 1216/ / / /2006 Iclusive labour market measures 932/ / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /2010 Table A2: Programmes for youg people with disabilities or health problems Policy area Title of programme Type of itervetio Eligibility criteria Fuder Service providers Short descriptio Disability beefits for adults Fiacial beefit People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health People aged 16+ years, whose ability to fuctio remais dimiished for at least a year People with a impairmet, i eed of assistace ad/or havig additioal expeses KELA Statutory agecy Aims to make it easier for disabled people to maage their everyday activities ad cope with their work ad studies. The allowace ca be awarded to people over 16 years who have a illess or ijury that will reduce their fuctioal capacity for a period of at least oe year. Adequate icome Care allowace for pesioers Fiacial beefit People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health People whose ability to look after themselves is weakeed, i regular eed of assistace, guidace ad/or costs KELA Statutory agecy Is iteded to make it possible for pesio recipiets with a illess or disability to live at home, as well as to promote home care ad to reimburse pesio recipiets for extra costs caused by illess or disability. Rehabilitatio allowace Fiacial beefit People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health KELA Statutory agecy Provides people with a disability or health problems with a icome while they participate i rehabilitatio aimed at helpig to remai i, retur to or eter workig life. Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios,

44 Active iclusio of youg people with disabilities or health problems: Natioal report Filad Policy area Title of programme Type of itervetio Eligibility criteria Fuder Service providers Short descriptio Adequate icome Disability pesio Fiacial beefit Ati-poverty People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health KELA Statutory agecy A perso ca apply for a disability pesio if they become disabled at age years. The atioal pesio at the full rate is payable oly if a perso receives o earigs-related pesios or their combied icome is less tha the amout allowed to qualify for a full atioal pesio. Vocatioal rehabilitatio Social iclusio services Retur to work People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health KELA Govermet admiistratio Aimed at people eterig or already i workig life whose work capacity has deteriorated or is at risk of deterioratig over the ext few years. Iclusive labour market Pay subsidy Subsidy for the arragemet of workig coditios Special VET Social iclusio services Social iclusio services Social iclusio services Uemployed People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health People with special educatioal eeds Dept of Labour Govermet admiistratio Dept of Labour Govermet admiistratio Dept of Educatio Dept of Social Services Local govermet/ muicipality A subsidy aimed at promotig the employmet of a uemployed job seeker, which ca be grated out of employmet appropriatios to a employer for pay costs. Employmet of a disabled perso ad their stayig at work ca be subsidised through a subsidy for arragig workig coditios grated to the employer. Iteded for studets who eed special support with their studies. The primary places of study for special-eeds studets are regular vocatioal istitutios. Vocatioal special educatio istitutios are resposible for providig educatio ad traiig for studets with the most severe disabilities. Special VET ca be also a part of vocatioal rehabilitatio. Table A3: Curret status of the target groups from a atioal perspective Policy area Title of programme Type of itervetio Eligibility criteria Fuder Service providers Short descriptio Access to quality services Persoal assistat services Social iclusio services People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health People with special educatioal eeds Dept of Social Services Local govermet/ muicipality People with disabilities who caot maage to do everyday activities due to their disability are etitled to a persoal assistat. The disabled perso cotacts a social worker i their local area, who the evaluates whether there is a eed to provide a persoal assistat. Trasport services Social iclusio services People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health People with special educatioal eeds Dept of Social Services Local govermet/ muicipality Free trasportatio services for work, study, ruig errads, social participatio ad recreatio arraged by muicipalities. Allocated o the basis of idividual service plas. Iterpretatio services Social iclusio services People with a developmetal disability, acquired disability or ill health People with special educatioal eeds Dept of Social Services Local govermet/ muicipality People with severe hearig, hearig ad sight, ad speech disabilities are etitled to receive free iterpretatio services. EF/11/35/EN 3 40 Europea Foudatio for the Improvemet of Livig ad Workig Coditios, 2012