Percentage of U. S. Population, Age 25 to 64, with High School Diploma and Bachelors Degree, by Survey Year and Sex, Present.

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1 Percent 100% Percentage of U. S. Population, Age 25 to 64, with High School Diploma and Bachelors Degree, by Survey and Sex, Present. 90% 80% 70% HSGrad - Men HSGrad - Women 60% BA+ - Men 50% 53% 50% BA+ - Women 40% 30% 20% 10% 13% 7% 0% Analyses conducted in-house by RSF Staff Current Population Survey data obtained from housed at the University of Minnesota Population Center (see King, et al. 2010).

2 Percent 100% 90% 80% Percentage of U. S. Population, Age 25 to 64, with High School Diploma and Bachelor's Degree, by Birth Cohort and Sex, 1900 to Present. HSGrad - Men HSGrad - Women BA+ - Men BA+ - Women 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 33% 28% 20% 10% 8% 6% 0% Birth Analysis conducted in-house by RSF Staff Current Population Survey obtained from housed at the University of Minnesota Population Center (see King, et al., 2010).

3 Percent 60 Percentage of US Population, Age 25+, with Bachelor's Degree or Higher, by Race/Ethnic Origin, White NH-White Black 40 Asian Hispanic (Any Race) Data Source: A-2. Percent of People 25 s and Over Who Have Completed College, by Race, Hispanic Origin and Sex: Selected s 1940 to 2011.

4 Real Income (in 2011 $) $110,000 $100,000 $90,000 $80,000 $70,000 Mean Real Income (in 2011 $) by Educational Attainment, Age 25-64, $71,966 < High School/ No Degree High School Some College/ Associate BA/BS Degree Post-BA/BS Total $60,000 $50,000 $53,027 $40,000 $39,207 $30,000 $20,000 $23,568 $10,000 $ Analysis conducted in-house by RSF Staff. Current Population Survey data are drawn from housed at the Minnesota Population Center (King, et al. 2010).

5 Percent 90% Percentage of Students Entering and Completing College, and College Persistence, by Income Quartile (Persistence is the percentage of those who complete divided by those who entered) 80% Enter College Complete College 80.0% 70% College Persistence 67.5% 60% 60.0% 53.3% 54.0% 50% 47.0% 44.7% 40% 30% 29.0% 31.0% 32.0% 20% 21.0% 10% 9.0% 0% Bottom Quartile 2nd Quartile 3rd Quartile Top Quartile Income Quartile Data Source: Bailey, M., and S. Dynarski Inequality in Postsecondary Education. In G. Duncan and R. Murnane (eds.), Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances. Russell Sage Foundation. (Figures 6.2, 6.3, 6.4).

6 Percentage Leaving School w/out HS Diploma or GED 18 Drop-Out Rates of 15 to 24- Olds Who Dropped Out of Grades 10-12, by SES and Race/Ethnicity, Low SES 16 High SES 14 NH-White NH-Black 12 Hispanic Chapman, C., Laird, J., Ifill, N., and KewalRamani, A. (2011). Trends in High School Dropout and Completion Rates in the United States: (NCES ). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: NCES. (

7 Average Difference in Standardized Test Scores 1.4 Estimated Gaps in Reading Achievement Between High-Low Income (90/10 Ratio) and Black-White Students, by Birth, 1940-Present Income Gap Race Gap Reardon, Sean F The Widening Academic Achievement Gap Between the Rich and the Poor. In G. Duncan and R. Murnane (eds.) Whither Opportunity? NY, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

8 Math Gap 0.50 Math Gaps, in Standard Deviation Units, by Grade Level by Socio-Demographic Characteristics: SES, Race/Ethnicity and Sex Kindergarten th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade Bottom and Top SES Quintiles Blacks and Whites Hispanics and Whites Boys and Girls Socio-Demographic Characteristics Drawn from Figures 3.2 and 4.2 in Duncan and Murnane (eds.), Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances. NY, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

9 Expenditures (in $2008) $10,000 Enrichment Expenditures on Children (in $2008), , Top vs. Bottom Income Quintiles. $9,000 Bottom 20% $8,872 $8,000 Top 20% $7,000 $6,975 $6,000 $5,650 $5,000 $4,000 $3,536 $3,000 $2,000 $1,000 $835 $1,264 $1,173 $1,315 $ Source: Duncan, G. J., and R. J. Murnane Pp in G. J. Duncan and R. J. Murnane (eds.), Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances. NY, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. [See Figure 1.6]

10 Percent 50% Percentage of Population of Select Countries with Bachelor's Degrees or Higher, by Age. 45% Age Age Age Age % 40% 35% 30% 36% 34% 36% 35% 36% 30% 32% 32% 25% 20% 20% 26% 19% 18% 19% 20% 20% 21% 24% 15% 10% 10% 12% 14% 16% 5% 0% Italy France Finland Germany Sweden United Kingdom Country Australia Denmark Canada Norway United States Data Source: Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators - OECD 2011 ( Indicator A1: To What Extent have People Studied? Table A1.3a. Population with Tertiary Education (2009).