Robert Winters, CSP

Transcription

1 Scaffolding in the Construction Industry Robert Winters, CSP

2 Harsco's Core Ideology Our Core Purpose To build teams that win with integrity anywhere in the world Our Core Values 1. Uncompromising integrity and ethical business practices 2. People the AA Team 3. Continuous improvement 4. Value creation discipline 1

3 29 CFR 1926 Subpart L - Scaffolds 2

4 OSHA Top 10 Violations Most often Cited-Fiscal Scaffolding ( )- 9, PIT ( )-3, HazCom ( )-7, Fall Protection ( )-6, Respiratory ( )-4, LOTO ( )- 3, Electrical-Wiring ( )- 2, Machine Guarding ( )- 2, Ladders ( ) 1953)- 2, Electrical-General ( )- 2,178 3

5 Top 5 Focus Four Citations (FY 2005) Subpart Citations Total Dollar Value Description ,410 $7,682,185 Scaffolding ,728 $7,176,729 Fall Protection Scope/Applications/Definitions ,122 $964,811 Ladders ,794 $2,104,067 Excavations, General Requirements ,581 $823,501 Fall Protection Training Requirements 4

6 Top Fall Protection Citations (FY 2005) Scaffolding General Fall Protection Scope Ladders Fall protection training Manually propelled scaffolds - Lifts

7 What are the most Common Areas of Concern? The following four areas within the standard are consistently identified as problem areas by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration: 1. Platform construction 2. Access onto the scaffold 3. Fall protection for users 4. Employee training 6

8 What to we do? This presentation will focus on avoiding common mistakes made in these areas through h understanding the roles of the competent and qualified persons, discussing the requirements of 29 CFR 1926 Subpart L, and the required training for erectors and users of scaffold equipment. 7

9 What Is A Scaffold? An elevated, temporary work platform Three basic types: Supported scaffolds -- platforms supported by rigid, load bearing members, such as poles, legs, frames, & outriggers Suspended d scaffolds -- platforms suspended d by ropes or other non-rigid, overhead support Aerial Lifts -- such as cherry pickers or boom trucks 8

10 Organization of Standard Scope & application Appendix D - Training Topics for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers General requirements Appendix E illustrations Additional requirements Aerial lifts Training Appendix A - Scaffold Specs Appendix B (Reserved) Appendix C Consensus Stand. 9

11 Scope, Application & Definitions Covers all scaffolds used in workplaces. Does not apply to crane or derrick suspended personnel platforms, which are covered by (g). Aerial lifts are covered

12 29 CFR (b) Competent Person Competent person means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. 11

13 Preamble, page The Competent Person Must have had specific training be knowledgeable about the structural integrity of scaffolds be knowledgeable about the degree of maintenance required be able to evaluate the effects of occurrences (I.e a dropped load, a truck backing into a support leg) that could damage a scaffold be knowledgeable about the requirements of this standard have training or knowledge in these areas in order to identify and correct hazards encountered in scaffold work 12

14 Competent t Person Person capable of identifying and promptly correcting hazards Determines when it s safe to work on a scaffold during storms or high winds Trains workers to recognize hazards Selects qualified workers to conduct work 13

15 Where Competent Person is Mentioned? (b)(10) (b)(11) (d)(3)I (d)(10) (d)(18) (e)(9)I (f)(3) (f)(7) (f)(12) (g)(2) (g)(4)(xiv) (b) 14

16 29 CFR (b) Qualified Person One who by possession of a recognized degree, certificate or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has successfully demonstrated his/her ability to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project (a)(6) (d)(11) (o)(2)I (p)I (a) 15

17 The Five Most Serious SCAFFOLD HAZARDS Falls Unsafe Access Struck by Falling Objects Electrocution Scaffold Collapse Collapse / Failure 23% No Guardrail 12% Defective Planking 9% Think FUSES Courtesy DH Glabe & Assoc. Suspension Rope Failure 7% Other 21% Lack of Fall Protection 28% 16

18 29 CFR (a) General Requirements-(1) Capacity Scaffolds shall be designed by a qualified person, constructed and loaded d according to that design. Note: See non-mandatory Appendix A (criteria examples) each scaffold and components shall be capable of supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least 4 times the maximum intended load (M.I.L.) applied to it. 17

19 29 CFR (b) Scaffold Platform Construction Each platform unit on all working levels of scaffolds shall be fully planked or decked between the front uprights and the guardrails as follows: Space between each unit is </= 1 inch. The platform shall be planked or decked as fully as possible, and the remaining open space shall not exceed 9 ½ inches 18

20 29 CFR (b) Follow the manufacturer s recommended practice. 19

21 (b)(1)ii remaining open gap 20

22 29 CFR (b) Exception : Full decking requirement does not apply to platforms used solely l as walkways or solely by employees performing scaffold erection and/or dismantling. Each scaffold platform and walkway shall be 18 inches wide except as provided in (b)(2)(i) and (b2)(2)(ii) In areas so narrow that platforms and walkways cannot be 18 inches wide, employees shall be protected by guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems (PFAS). 21

23 29 CFR (b) The front edge shall not be more than 14 inches from the face of the work. Max distance for outrigger scaffolds = 3 in. Max distance for plastering and lathings = 18 in. 22

24 29 CFR (b) Each end of a platform, unless cleated or restrained shall extend over the centerline of its support at least 6 in. No Cleats 23

25 29 CFR (b) Each platform 10 feet or less in length shall not extend over its support more than 12 in. (5)(ii) Each platform greater than 10 feet in length shall not extent over its support more than 18 in. 24

26 Scaffold Platform Construction Platforms must: be fully planked or decked with no more than 1 inch gaps be able to support its weight & 4 times maximum load be at least 18 inches wide This is not a properly constructed scaffold 25

27 29 CFR (b) On scaffold where planks are abutted to create a long platform, each end shall rest on a separate support surface. Where platforms do overlap to create a long platform, the overlap shall occur only over supports and not be less than 12 inches unless nailed or restrained to prevent movement. t 26

28 29 CFR (e) Access: Applies to all employees. Access for employees erecting/dismantling supported scaffolds is covered in (e)(9) specifically. Do not access by crossbraces 27

29 29 CFR (e) When scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet above or below a point of access, one of the following shall be used attachable ladders portable ladders stair type ladders personnel hoist NO cross-braces shall be used walkways direct access from another scaffold or similar surface hook-on ladders stair towers ramps integral prefab access 28

30 29 CFR (e) Portable hook-on and attachment ladder shall: Be positioned so as not to tip the scaffold With bottom rung not more than 24 inches from supporting level l >35 feet will have rest platforms Specifically designed with type of scaffold used. Rung length at least 11 ½ inches Uniformly spaced rung not to exceed 16 3 / 4 inches See Subpart X for additional requirements for portable ladders 29

31 29 CFR (e) Stairway type ladders shall: Positioned so bottom step is no more than 24 inches from supporting level. Rest platforms at 12 feet intervals (vertically) Minimum step width of 16 inches (11.5 for mobile) Slip resistant treads and landings 30

32 29 CFR (e) Stairtowers (scaffold stairway/towers) bottom step not more than 24 inches above scaffold supporting level Toprail and midrail on each side of stairway Toprail can serve as handrail when separate handrail not provided Handrails and toprails provide adequate handhold Handrails properly surfaced to prevent snags, punctures or lacerations Stairrail ends constructed so that they do not constitute a protruding object hazard Handrails shall be 3 inches from other objects Stairrail not less then 28 inches or more than 37 inches from top of stairrail to top of tread in line with the face of the riser. Landing platform 18 X 18 provided at each level Each stairway shall be 18 inches wide between stair rails Treads and landings shall be slip resistant Stairways shall be between 40 and 60 Guardrails on all open sides of landings Risers height uniform within 1 / 4 inch for each flight of stairs. Greater variations in riser height allowed for the top and bottom steps of the entire system, not each flight. Tread depth uniform within 1 / 4 inch for each flight of stairs 31

33 29 CFR Ramps and Walkways 6 ft or more above lower level must have guardrails (Subpart M) Slope of no more than 1 to 3 (20 ) If slope of a ramp or walkway ay is greater than 1 to 8 shall have cleats provided not more than 14 in. apart. 32

34 29 CFR (e) Integral prefabricated scaffold access frames shall: Be designed d and constructed t for use as ladder rungs Rung length at least 8 in. Not be used to work from when length is less than 11 ½ in. unless other PFAS or Uniformly spaced within frame section Rest platform at not more than 35 ft heights Maximum distance of 16 3 / 4 in. between rungs not to exceed 16 3 / 4 in. at joining end frames *WA L&I Rest Platforms 1st 24 and every 20 thereafter. 33

35 29 CFR (f) Use Scaffold and components shall not be loaded in excess of their M.I.L. or rated capacity whichever is less A competent person will inspect for visual defects prior to each work shift and after each occurrence which could affect a scaffold s structural integrity Damaged or weakened scaffold parts shall be repaired or replaced immediately, braced, or removed from service until repaired. 34

36 (f)(3) Inspect for visible defect 35

37 29 CFR (f) Scaffolds shall be erected, dismantled, moved, altered only under supervision i of competent person qualified in scaffold erection, moving, dismantling or alteration and performed by experienced and trained employees selected by the competent person. 36

38 29 CFR (g) Fall Protection. (1) Each employee on a scaffold > 10ft. from a lower level shall be protected from falling to that lower level Employees on walkways located within the scaffolds shall have a GS within 9 1 / 2 inches of and along at least one side of walkway. Competent Person shall, Determine feasibility to provide fall protection for E&D employees Erectors, does not create a greater hazard? CALOSHA, fall protection at 7 ½ ft or more above grade. 37

39 29 CFR (g) (3) In addition to (d), Vertical / horizontal lifeline Scaffold structural member 38

40 29 CFR (g) (g)(3) Vertical lines shall be fastened to a fixed safe anchorage shall be protected from abrasion and sharp edges shall be independent of scaffold safe points of anchorage include structural members of buildings, but do not include standpipes, vents, other piping systems, electrical conduit, outrigger beams, or counterweights. (g)(3) Horizontal lines shall be secured to two or more structural scaffold members or they may loop around both suspension and independent lines above the hoist and brake they shall not be attached to the suspension ropes only. (g)(4) Guardrail Systems shall: Be installed along all open sides and ends of platforms before work commences. on supported scaffold, top rail at 38 in in. (after ) before between 36 in in. On suspended scaffold where both a PFAS and GS are required top rail shall be between 36 in. - 45in. Midrails, screens, mesh, other vertical members shall run between the top edge of the GS and the scaffold platform 39

41 29 CFR (g) Midrails shall be installed at a height midway between top guardrail and platform Screens and mesh shall extend from top of GS to platform along entire opening. Intermediates (balusters) not more than 19 in. apart Midrail intermediates (screens, mesh) shall withstand force of: 75 lbs. for 100 lb. toprail or 150 lbs. for 200 lb. Toprail Toprails 100 lb force for one and two-point suspension 200 lb force for other scaffold Downward force may not deflect below height required in (g)(4)(ii) Tie-Wire Scaffold hoists and non-walkthrough stirrups may constitute endrails if they do not allow passage of an employee 40

42 29 CFR (g) Guardrails shall have smooth surface Guardrail end shall not cause protruding object hazard No steel or plastic banding (mid or top rail) Manila, plastic or synthetic rope as guardrails must be frequently inspected by competent person to assure strength meets requirements of.451(g). Crossbraces Acceptable as midrail when intersection is between 20 in. and 30 in. above the work platform; or Acceptable as toprail when intersection is between 38 in. and 48 in. above the work platform; and The end points of each upright are no more than 48 in. apart. 41

43 29 CFR (h) Falling Object Protection: In addition to hard hats, workers on scaffolds shall be provided with additional protection from falling tools, debris and small objects through the use of toeboards, screens, or GS or through the use of debris nets, catch platforms, canopies etc. Heavy objects too large to be protected by the above - listed measures shall be placed away from edges of the surface from which they could fall and shall secure those materials as necessary to prevent their falling. Where danger of falling objects may strike employee below exists: Area below shall be barricaded (restricted) Toeboards are required for work platforms more than 10 ft. Screen or mesh for material stacked higher than toeboard. GS installed with small openings to restrict objects Erect canopies, catch platform, or nets strong enough to withstand forces. 42

44 29 CFR (h) Canopies; Installed between employees and hazard Toeboards - Capable of withstanding, 50# force (any direction) 3 ½ high from walking surface. Securely fastened (ends) < ¼ gap Solid < 1 openings 43

45 Training Erectors & Users 44

46 29 CFR Training (a) Employer shall have each employee who performs work. Nature of electrical hazards, fall hazards, falling-object hazards Procedures Proper use Maximum intended load Anything else (b) Employer shall have each employee who is involved in erecting, dismantling, moving Nature of hazards Procedures for erecting, dismantling, moving Design criteria Anything else (c) Employer believes employee lacks skill/understanding Changes 45

47 Other Safety Source Materials: OSHA #3150 SIA Codes of Safe Practice ANSI A10.8 Text Books Company Manuals QES ID Chart Safety Rules & Instructions Building Codes Scaffold Tags 46

48 47