A+ Demo: Windows 95. A+ OS Domain 1.0. In Depth - The History of the User Interface

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1 IFSM 310 Software and Hardware Concepts "Imagine if every Thursday your shoes exploded if you tied them the usual way. This happens to us all the time with computers, and nobody thinks of complaining." - Jef Raskin Topics A+ Demo: Windows 95 A+ OS Domain 1.0 In Depth - The History of the User Interface Tech Tales The tech was talking a novice user through installing some software. Tech: Push the disk in all the way, then close the door. Caller: Ok... Hold On. (Sound of caller walking across the room and closing the door...) A+ Demo Installing Windows 95 Windows 95 (step by step) Boot from CD fdisk (no large HD support) Fat 16 Reboot Boot from CD format c: /s c: mkdir in_win95 copy e:\in_win95 c:\in_win95 cd in_win95 setup A+ OS Domain 1.0 OS Fundamentals 1.1 Identify the major desktop components and interfaces, and their functions. Registry Virtual Memory File System User Interface What is an Operating System? Manages computer resources Set of programs to control system Controls access to devices Allows for multitasking Manages Memory Operating Systems Components BIOS Kernel User Interface Command Line / GUI Transient Programs Utilities

2 Where is the OS? The Heart of the OS - The Kernel Common Windows Components Desktop Icons Task Bar (Start menu) Shortcut Menu Multitasking Multitasking Conventional Memory Memory below 640K Used by MS/DOS Early System Limit Upper memory use for devices Video Memory, BIOS Conventional Memory Upper Memory Expanded Memory Early systems hampered by 640k Lotus-Intel-Microsoft developed Expanded memory (board) Paged memory Legacy Applications Expanded Memory config.sys DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS DEVICE=C:\DOS\EMM386.EXE DOS=HIGH,UMB

3 Extended Memory Making use of "real" memory Above 1 Megabyte Config.sys DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS DOS=HIGH Extended Memory Virtual Memory We never have enough memory Simulate RAM on hard drive Slower, but allows more programs to run. Virtual Memory Windows Virtual Memory Windows 9x WIN386.SWP Windows 2000 PAGEFILE.SYS Size set automatically, can change in Performance Tab Thrashing Contrast Between 9x and 2000 Windows 9x, Me Designed for Home Use Share level security Windows 2000, XP True OS User Level Security System Files and Utilities System Files Part of the Operating System Typically in C:\Windows Hidden Applications Add on programs Typically in C:\Program Files Major OS Interfaces Windows Explorer My Computer Control Panel Computer Management Console Accessories / System Tools Command Line Network Neighborhood Task Bar / System Tray Start Menu Device Manager Control Panel

4 Device Manager Computer Management 1.2 Identify major system files Windows 9x is almost an OS Still requires DOS 7 and Fat 16 Another step towards single OS Win 9x Booting Sequence Boot Sector IO.SYS MSDOS.SYS DRVSPACE.BIN SYSTEM.DAT USER.DAT CONFIG.SYS AUTOEXEC.BAT SYSTEM.INI VMM32.VXD WIN.COM KERNAL32.DLL GDI.EXE/GDI32.EXE USER.EXE/USER32.DLL WIN.INI Startup Group IO.SYS Small DOS core module. It starts the Windows 9X boot process and looks for MSDOS.SYS. MSDOS.SYS ASCII text file that contains boot configuration options. DRVSPACE.BIN If DRVSPACE.INI file is present, it allows for disk compression. SYSTEM.DAT Part of the Registry, contains system configuration. Similar to the SYSTEM.INI file. USER.DAT Part of the Registry, contains user-specific information. Similar to the WIN.INI file. CONFIG.SYS Text file for MS/DOS device drivers and system setup values. AUTOEXEC.BAT Text file for MS/DOS system variables to run DOS applications. SYSTEM.INI Contains hardware settings. It must be in the Windows folder for Windows to start. VMM32.VXD The virtual machine manager loading other virtual device drivers. WIN.COM Switches from Real Mode to Protected Mode, initializing the devices and loading the following files.

5 KERNEL32.DLL Contains most the Operating System for Windows9X. GDI.EXE/GDI32.EXE These files are the graphics engines for both 16-bit and 32-bit graphics displays. USER.EXE/USER32.DLL User Interface and control the input information. WIN.INI Contains application information configuration. STARTUP Group Contains programs that will start every time the OS starts. Windows 2000 Boot Files True OS BOOT.INI NTLDR NTDETECT.COM NTBOOTDD.SYS NTUSER.DAT Registry Data Files BOOT.INI Used for dual-boot. Select which OS to run. NTLDR Used to coordinate the system s startup procedure and locates and initializes other required startup files. NTDETECT.COM Checks system hardware, writes the information in the registry. NTBOOTDD.SYS Allows for booting from a SCSI device. 1.3 Command Line Files Internal / External Commands Internal: Built into the OS DIR, COPY External: On the Disk FDISK, FORMAT Common Commands Command/CMD SETVER DIR SCANREG ATTRIB MD/CD/RD VER DEL / REN MEM DELTREE SCANDISK TYPE DEFRAG ECHO EDIT SET XCOPY PING FORMAT MSCDEX FDISK 1.4 Disk Management Disk Preparation FDISK defines the partitions Format prepares for data use What file format should us use? FAT, FAT32, NTFS? Parititions Active - bootable Primary - Up to 4 Extended - One Logical Drives

6 FAT 16 bit file system Can only access 2 GB of data Larger hard drives broken into multiple 2GB partitions Wasted Space, Cluster Sizes If you have a 1k file 1k clusters - no waste 2k clusters - 1k lost 4k clusters - 3k lost 16k clusters - 15k lost 32k clusters - 31k lost FAT32 32 bit file system 2 TB data limit (2048 Gigabytes) 4k clusters NTFS Introduced with NT bit file system File Compression Spanned Disks (Volume Sets) NTFS 5 (Windows 2000) Encryption Disk Quotas HPFS Legacy use for OS/2 Can not be used by 9x or 2000 Drive Converter Windows Utility Convert drive from FAT to FAT32 Windows 2000 Computer Management Convert to NTFS File and Folder Management Creating Folders Managing Folders Navigating Folders File Properties File Attributes Read Only Hidden Archive System Filename Conventions Full Path - Max 255 characters Can not include: \ /? * : < > Common File Extensions EXE BAT COM MDB DOC BMP SYS PIF CFG INI XLS JPG

7 Backup and Restore Backup Can compress data Backup Media Tape, CD, ZIP, Hard Drive Floppy Extract Utility to pull files from.cabs CABs are compressed files Similar to ZIP Command: EXTRACT D:\WIN98_4.CAB DRIVER.DLL C:\WINDOWS Done automatically when needed Windows 2000 Compression and Encryption Compression of files and folders Must be enabled Encryption of files and folders Other users can not read 1.5 Major OS Utilities Disk management Tools DEFRAG FDISK SCANDISK CHKDSK Disk Cleanup FORMAT System Management Tools Device Manager System Monitor Computer Manager MSCONFIG Event Viewer Task Manager SYSEDIT MSCONFIG The Registry Windows 3.1: REG.DAT Then a lot of.ini files Windows 95 / 98 SYSTEM.DAT USER.DAT Edit with REGEDIT.EXE Check with SCANREG.EXE REGEDIT.EXE No icons, use the RUN command BE CAREFUL NO UNDO OPTION!!! Changes are made right away, without the FILE / SAVE option Most registry modification can be made using the control panel.

8 The Registry Keys HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT File extension and applications HKEY_USERS User configuration options HKEY_CURRENT_USER Copy of HKEY_USERS for the current user The Registry Keys HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE Hardware / Software config, including multiple configurations HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG Current configuration HKEY_DYN_DATA Dynamic data for this session Registry Organization Editing the Registry Copies of the Registry SYSTEM.NEW When installing windows.dat Current registry.da0 Backup of last good boot.1st 1st reboot of system REGEDT32 Advanced version of REGEDIT Security on Keys USER.DAT USER.DA0 Current User file Backup of User file In Depth The History of the User Interface User Interface Help the user use the computer system productively Provide consistent user interface services to application programs to lower learning curves and increase productivity Choice of user interface depends on the kind of user Writing programs vs. running applications Command Line Interface command <operand1> <operand2> <switch1> <switch2> example: dir *.exe /p Operands keyword (switches) and/or positional Advantages More flexible and powerful Faster for experienced users Can combine commands

9 Command Line Interface Windows Interfaces Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) Mouse-driven and icon-based Windows Are allocated to the use of a particular program or process Contain a title bar, menu bar, and widgets AKA: WIMP Interface (Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointers) Xerox Alto Original Alto Mouse Xerox Star MS/DOS Windows Windows Windows

10 Windows 9x Blue Screen of Death - Singapore, 1999 Windows XP Video: Watch Bill Gates Crash Win98 Windows Longhorn The Next Windows OS... OS/ Microsoft and IBM MS and IBM Split Version 2.0 and later, only IBM Version 3 - OS/2 Warp Windows compatible 3.1, Win32 Couldn't keep up with MS Interface OS/2 1.3 Interface OS/2 Warp Linux KDE

11 Mac Mac OS X Amiga VMAC emulator System 8 Solaris GUI vs. CLI GUI Advantages Easy to learn and use Little training Amenable to multi-tasking Disadvantages Harder to implement More HW/SW requirements Requires lots of memory SW is complex and difficult to write GUI vs. CLI CLI Advantages More flexible and powerful Faster for experienced users Can combine commands Disadvantages More difficult to learn and use Parting Thought "On the keyboard of life, always keep one finger on the escape key." - Anonymous End of Lesson