COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS

Transcription

1 COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS A Topical Approach PHILIP L. REICHEL University of Northern Colorado PEARSON 1'ivnikv Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

2 Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 An International Perspective xni xx 1 Why Study the Legal System of Other Countries? 3 Provincial Benefits of an International Perspective 4 Universal Benefits of an International Perspective 6 Neighbor Cooperation 6 Multinational Cooperation 9 Approaches to an International Perspective 13 Historical Approach 13 Political Approach 15" Descriptive Approach 17 Strategies Under the Descriptive Approach 17 The Functions/Procedures Strategy 1 8" The Institutions/Actors Strategy 20 Comparison Through Classification 20 The Need for Classification 21 Classification Strategies 21 «The Role of Classification in This Book 23 The Structure of this Book 24 Summary 26 Discussion Questions 27 Chapter 2 Domestic Crime, Transnational Crime, and Justice 28 Comparative Criminology and Criminal Justice 29 Comparative Criminology Looks at Crime as a Social Phenomenon 30

3 vi Contents Comparing Similar Data 30 Comparing Over Time 34 Using United Nations Crime Data 35 Using International Crime victim Data 36 Comparative Criminology Looks at Crime as Social Behavior 40 Modernization Theories 41 Civilization Theory 41 World System Theory 42 Opportunity Theories 42 Transnational Crime 43 Transnational Crime Types 44 Computer Crime 44 Corruption and Bribery of Public Officials, Party Officials, and Elected Representatives 45 Illicit Drug Trafficking 46 Money Laundering 47 Sea Piracy 49 Theft of Art and Cultural Objects 49» Trade in Human Body Parts 49 Trafficking in Persons 50 Terrorism 51 Domestic and International Terrorism 53 Terrorism Typologies 54 Communist/Socialist 57 Nationalist/Separatist 57 Religious 58 Response to Transnational Crime 59 National Efforts: United States of America 59 International Efforts 62 Interpol Responds to Transnational Crime 62 The United Nations Responds to Transnational Crime 63 Summary 65 Discussion Questions 66 Chapter 3 An American Perspective on Criminal Law 67 Essential Ingredients of Justice Systems 68 Substantive Criminal Law 69 General Characteristics of Criminal Law Criminal Law Major Principles of Procedural Criminal Law 78 Constitutional Provisions for the Criminal Process 79 * Crime Control Model 81 Due Process Model 83 Liberty, Safety, and Fighting Terrorism 86 The USA PATRIOT Act Substantive Law Issues 87 Section Section Section Due Process and Terrorist Suspects Procedural Law Issues 90 Is America's Reaction That Different? 94 Summary 96 Discussion Questions 97 Chapter 4 Legal Traditions 98 Legal Systems and Legal Traditions 99 Today's Four Legal Traditions 104

4 vil Common Legal Tradition 105 Feudal Practices 106 Custom 108 Equity 110 Civil Legal Tradition 112 Roman Law 112 Canon Law 113 Codification 114 Socialist Legal Tradition 115 Russian Law 117" Law as Artificial 118 Marxism-Leninism 119- Socialist Legal Tradition After the USSR's Demise 122 Islamic (Religious/Philosophical) Legal Tradition 123 The Qur'an and Sunna 124 Ijma and Qiyas 126 Schools of Law 127 Comparison of the Legal Traditions 130 Cultural Component 132 Private and Public Law 133 Balance/Separation of Powers 135 Substantive Component 137 Primary Source of Common Law 138 Primary Source of Civil Law 138 Primary Source of Socialist Law 138 Primary Source of Islamic Law 139 Procedural Component 139 Flexibility in Common Law 140 Flexibility in Civil Law in Socialist Law 141 Flexibility in Islamic Law 142 Summary 144 Discussion Questions Flexibility Chapter 5 Substantive Law and Procedural Law in the Four Legal Traditions 146 Substantive Criminal Law 147 General Characteristics and Major Principles 147 Substantive Law in the Common Legal Tradition 151 Substantive Law in the Civil Legal Tradition 153 Substantive Law in the Socialist Legal Tradition 156 Substantive Law in Islamic Legal Tradition 158 Hudud Crimes 159 «Qisas Crimes 161 Tazir Crimes 162 Procedural Criminal Law 162 Adjudicatory Processes 165 Inquisitorial Process 166 Adversarial Process 169 Contrasting Adversarial and Inquisitorial Processes 170 Procedural Law in the Islamic Legal Tradition 171 Judicial Review 177 Diffuse Model for judicial Review 179 Concentrated Model for judicial Review 183 Mixed Model for Judicial Review 186 Judicial Review in the Islamic and Socialist Traditions 187 Summary 188 Discussion Questions 189

5 viii Contents Chapter 6 An International Perspective on Policing 191 Classification of Police Structures 193 Centralized Single Systems: Ghana 195 Decentralized Single Systems: Japan 198 Centralized Multiple Coordinated Systems: France 203 Gendarmerie Nationale 205 Police Nationale 206 Decentralized Multiple Coordinated Systems: Germany 209 Centralized Multiple Uncoordinated Systems: Spain 213 Guardia Civil 214 Cuerpo Nacional de Policia 215» Policia Municipal 216 «Uncoordinated Policing 216 Decentralized Multiple Uncoordinated Systems: Mexico 217 Federal Policing 220 State Policing 221 Municipal Policing 222 Federal District Policing 222 Reform Attempts 222 Policing Issues: Police Misconduct 223 Policing Issues: Global Cooperation 226 International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO) Interpol 226 Europol 229 Examples of Harmonization and Approximation in the European Union 230 The Schengen Convention 230 The European Arrest Warrant 231 Summary 232 Discussion Questions 233 Chapter 7 An International Perspective on Courts 235 Professional Actors in the Judiciary 237 Variation in Legal Training 237 Variation in Prosecution 240 United States 242 France England and Wales 246 Variation in Defense 247 The Adjudicators 251 Presumption of Innocence 253» Professional Judges 254 An Independent judiciary 254 Becoming a Judge 255 Lay Judges and Jurors 257 Juries 257 «Lay Judges 259 Examples Along the Adjudication Continuum 260 Saudi Arabia 261 England 262 Germany 265 Variation in Court Organization 269 France 269 Trial Level: Police Court 271 Trial Level: Correctional Courts Trial Level: Assize Court 272 Appellate Level: Courts of Appeal 273 Appellate Level: Supreme Court of Appeal 273

6 ix England and Wales 274 Her Majesty's Court Service 274 Trial Level: Magistrates' Court 274 Trial Level: Crown Court 276 Appellate Level: Court of Appeal 277 Appellate Level: House of Lords 277 Nigeria 278 China 281 Saudi Arabia 285 Summary 287 Discussion Questions 288 Chapter 8 An International Perspective on Corrections 289 Comparative Penology 292 Typologies for Comparative Penology 292 Punishment 294 Justifications for Punishment 294 International Standards for Corrections 296 International Agreements on Corrections 296 Financial Penalties 297 Fines 297 Day Fines 298 Examples from Sweden and Germany 298 Compensation to Victims and Community 299 Diyya in Saudi Arabia 299 Donation Penalties in Germany 301 Corporal and Capital Punishment 303 International Standards 303 Corporal Punishment 304 Capital Punishment 306 Retention and Abolition Around the World 306 Why the Variation in Acceptance? 307 The Role of Public Opinion 309 The Death Penalty in China 312 Noncustodial Sanctions 315 International Standards 315 Community Corrections 315 Probation 316 Probation's History Around the World 317 Probation Today 319 Custodial Sanctions 319 International Standards 320 Prison Populations Systems 323 South Africa 324 Brazil 327 «India » Prison Women in Prison 331 The Small Numbers of Women Prisoners 332 The Impact of Imprisoning Drug Offenders 333 Needs and Problems of Women Prisoners 334 Minorities in Prison 335 Disparity Around the World 335 Summary 337 Discussion Questions 338

7 Chapter 9 An International Perspective on Juvenile Justice 339 Delinquency as a Worldwide Problem 341 Setting International Standards 343 Determining Who Are Juveniles 344 Determining the Process 346 Models of Juvenile Justice 347 Welfare Model 347 New Zealand's Version of the Welfare Model 348 Police Response 349 Family Group Conference 350 Youth Court 352 Legalistic Model 353 Preliminary Investigation 354 Preliminary Hearing 354 Trial 355 Corporatist Model 356 Key Agencies 358 Diversion Options Youth Court 360 Participatory Model 363 The Importance of Legal Education 366 Other Informal Efforts 366 Formal Procedures 367 Summary 369 Discussion Questions 371 Chapter 10 Japan: Examples of Effectiveness and Borrowing 372 Why Study Japan? 373 Japan's Effective Criminal Justice System Context 375 Japanese Cultural Patterns 377 Homogeneity 378 Contextualism and Harmony 379 Collectivism 379 Hierarchies and Order 380 Criminal Law 382 Law by Bureaucratic Informalism 385 Policing Borrowing in a Cross-Cultural Why Are the Japanese Police Effective? 387 Deployment of Police Officers 388 The Citizen as Partner 390 Policing as Service 391 Judiciary 393 Pretrial Activities 396 Police Role 396 Prosecutor Role 399 Defense Attorney Role 401 Court Structure and Trial Options 403 Court Structure 404 Adjudication in Summary Courts 406 Adjudication With Modified Public Trials 407 Adjudication With Regular Trials 407 Judgments 408

8 xi Corrections 409 Community Corrections 410 Probation and Parole 411 Prison Sentences 412 Coming Full Circle 414 What Might Work 415 Summary 418 Discussion Questions 419 Bibliography 421 Appendix 447 Index 457