Impacts of Water Pollution- Lessons Learned
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1 ACI Airport Environmental Colloquium Cairo Egypt Pollution Prevention Water Management Elizabeth Leavitt Seattle-Tacoma Int l Airport John Lengel Gresham, Smith and Partners November Impacts of Water Pollution- Lessons Learned In the U.S., just 30 years ago, less than half of the population s sewage was being treated and 67% of the nation s waters were unsafe for fishing or swimming. Pollution was directed to water bodies with little or no treatment. Hundreds of Billions of dollars had to be invested to build plants to treat polluted water. Still is the U.S. 33% of the nation s waters remain unsafe for fishing or swimming and only 57% of the population is served by wastewater treatment plants.
2 The Impacts of Water Pollution- Lessons Learned It s far less expensive to keep the pollution out of the water than it is to treat the polluted water. Simple and inexpensive measures- called best management practices- can be used to prevent pollution. Because of the fuels and solvents used in aviation, airports are perfect for pollution prevention measures. These measures are assembled into a plan called a Pollution Prevention Plan Regional Considerations Nile and other water bodies are sole source of life Drinking water and food source Fish, birds and other aquatic life Irrigation and farming Groundwater protection
3 Identifying Pollutant Generating Activities Examples: Fueling (vehicle and aircraft) Fuel Tanks Maintenance (vehicle, equipment, aircraft) Lavatory Servicing Grounds Maintenance Washing outdoors (vehicle, equipment, aircraft) Ramp and Aircraft Deicing Airport Pollutants of Concern Bacteria - blue juice Fuel/oil Washing chemicals Rubber Removal Other industrial wastes Herbicides and pesticides Construction wastes Deicing and Anti-icing Chemicals Main focus is to reduce and/or eliminate the pollutants in the environment.
4 Pollution Prevention Planning Most airports develop a Plan that identifies sources of pollution and describes measures that will be used to eliminate or minimize the risk of pollutant discharges into receiving environment. The key elements of a Plan are: Identifying activities on airport that can potentially contaminate the environment; Development and implementation of BMPs to control pollution sources; and, Regular Training of all airport and tenant employees Annual review of operations and revisions to Plan Best Management Practices (BMPs) BMP Any program, technology, process, facility siting criteria, operating method, measure or other device that controls, removes or reduces pollution Training All airport workers will improve success BMPs don t have to be expensive and can reduce long-term costs!! Applicability may vary
5 Structural and Operational BMPs Examples of Structural BMPs include: Tank alarm systems Dikes, berms, or retaining walls Double wall tank construction Spill containment pallets Oil-water Separators Examples of Operational BMPs include: Policies and Procedures Manuals Standardized Inspection Forms Annual Training and Certifications Activity: Building/Grounds Maintenance Fertilizers and pesticides Landscaped areas Licensed contractors Floor and equipment wastewater Hangars Tenants and subtenants Solid waste storage Street/ramp sweeping Line Painting
6 Building/Grounds Maintenance - BMPs Pesticide and fertilizer management Minimize use Follow directions on label Use integrated pest management Seek less harmful products Use cleaning techniques without water Discharge wash water to sanitary sewer Properly containerize and dispose solid waste including grass clippings Contain/properly dispose of waste paint Activity: Maintenance Leaking aircraft, vehicles and equipment Spills Material storage and use Spent absorbent Batteries and Battery acids Paint and adhesives Oils and hydraulic fluid Fuels and fuel additives Solvents and detergents
7 Maintenance - BMPs Conduct aircraft maintenance indoors to eliminate possibility of stormwater contamination Conduct vehicle and equipment maintenance Indoors Under cover Off-airport Consolidate maintenance areas and keep clean Discharge wash water to sanitary sewer Use mops and dry sweepers or professional cleaning services Maintenance - BMPs Maintain clean equipment Water-based cleaning agents or steam cleaning Non-chlorinated solvents Designated areas Periodically inspect for leaking equipment Schedule repairs Parts Storage Under cover Away from drains
8 Maintenance - BMPs Use drip pans Use green products Use absorbent materials Collect/remove immediately Place in labeled container Properly dispose Recycle batteries Recycle or properly dispose of all fluids Hot drain oil filters for solid waste disposal Activity: Washing Washing is NOT ALLOWED OUTDOORS unless fully contained and collected for proper disposal Typical contaminants Oil Grease Other vehicle fluids Residual solids (dirt and grime) Cleaning Supplies Detergents Degreasers Lavatory waste
9 Washing - BMPs Aircraft washing Indoors ONLY Vehicle and equipment washing Indoors unless in a bermed containment area Off-site facility Biodegradable, phosphatefree detergents Dry Washing techniques Washing - BMPs Install vacuum booms Cover catch basins with spill mats Use secondary containment Collect wash water Filter and recycle when practical Discharge to sanitary sewer by permit Inspect and maintain sumps and drains Consolidate and clean wash areas
10 Activity: Equipment Parking/Storage Areas GSE (ground support equipment) parking Tugs Belt loaders / container loaders GPUs (Ground power units) Aircraft tugs Storage areas (a.k.a., bone yards) Inoperable/damaged equipment Scrap parts/unused materials Unknowns SOLUTION is to schedule removal of out-of-service equipment from the airport Equipment Parking/Storage Areas - BMPs Regularly inspect for leaks and schedule repairs Reduce unnecessary equipment and consolidate areas Avoid storm drains park at least 20 feet from storm drains or catch basins Protect equipment using Existing overhangs Roofs Semi-permanent coverings Berms Drain equipment and remove batteries
11 Activity: Aircraft Lavatory Servicing From aircraft to lavatory truck to triturator to sanitary sewer Drips/spills can occur during Mixing surfactants and disinfectants Transfers from aircraft Connection and Disconnection Transport to triturator Leaking valves on trucks or carts Discharge into triturator Aircraft Lavatory Servicing - BMPs Develop a written procedure Use buckets or pans Drain aircraft connecting hose Secure hoses, valves and equipment Discharge to triturator Wash trucks at triturator or wash rack Mix/transfer at triturator or under cover Use approved surfactants and disinfectants Constaint maintenance essential
12 Aircraft Lavatory Servicing - BMPs Carry absorbent on lavatory truck kitty litter, clay, mats Collect/absorb spilled chemicals and containerize and dispose properly Hose down spills only into triturator Inspect equipment Replace worn equipment Notify maintenance personnel for fitting replacement Activity: Deicing/Anti-icing Operations Airport Facilities Public roadways and sidewalks Rock salt (sodium chloride) Sand Runways, taxiways, and ramps Urea/Sand Potassium Acetate Sodium Formate Airlines and deicing contractors Aircraft (MD-80) Ethylene glycol Propylene glycol
13 Deicing/Anti-icing Operations - BMPs Airport personnel Minimize runway deicing materials using BMPs Store materials under cover or in tanks Utilize runway temperature sensors Track weather Airlines and deicing contractors Deice in designated areas only Properly dispose/recycle fluids If using ethylene glycol: CERCLA notifications to U.S. EPA for RQ exceedance (roughly 535 gallons in a 24-hour period) Clean up all spills Vacuum deicing chemicals during Activity: Chemical/Waste Management Fuels, oils, wastes, and deicers ASTs USTs Drums Jet fuel ASTs Pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers Solvents and cleaning solutions
14 Chemical/Waste Management - BMPs Container/Drum Storage Requirements Keep clean and inspect for spills and leaks Consolidate areas and limit chemicals Increase waste pickup and recycle Avoid drains or store under cover or indoors Protect drains during product transfer Use proper containers and lids Seal and store on spill pallets Properly label and maintain MSDS s Chemical/Waste Management - BMPs Container/Drum Handling Requirements Conduct during dry weather and cover Use paved areas and avoid storm drains or protect with stormwater controls Position vehicles for containment Avoid horizontal drum storage systems Seal lids when not in use Know spill kit locations Clearly label kits Keep well-stocked Replenish when necessary Contain leaks/spills and dispose l
15 Activity: Solid Waste Management Food Wastes/Grease Management Concessionaires Vendors Flight kitchens Foreign object debris/damage (FOD) Construction waste/debris Bird flocks and other animals Solid Waste Management - BMPs Prevent leaks and overfilling Conduct regular inspections Maintain Cover Plug drains/close valves Schedule frequent pickups No oil or hazardous material disposal Recyclables Eliminate wildlife Close or lock containers Properly clean Use bermed wash areas Recycle or dispose wash water Consider ramp scrubbers for
16 Activity: Fueling Operations Ground vehicles and equipment Maintenance areas Fire Rescue Car rental facilities Public Gas Station Aircraft Terminals and cargo facilities Fuel hydrant system Mobile Refuelers Sump fuel from fuel inspections Fueling Operations - BMPs Develop written procedures Maintain spill equipment Post response procedures at fueling areas Train often
17 Fueling Operations - BMPs Fuel only in designated areas Do not top off tanks Actively monitor equipment Perform regular maintenance of fuel nozzles Use mats or drain covers Properly manage drips and spills Avoid mobile fueling of equipment Inspect fuel properly DO NOT pour sump fuel onto ground Pour into sump or bowser Oil-Water Separator (OWS) Management Oil-water separators Used to reduce the quantity of floating and settling materials Constructed by installing baffles inside of a tank or structure Some use coalescing plates to enhance oil recovery Reduce the flow velocity and turbulence allowing light materials to rise and heavier solids to settle Used for sanitary discharge and stormwater discharge
18 OWS Management Can REDUCE the amount of pollutants depends on the quantity of pollutants, flow rates and maintenance OWS does not completely eliminate pollutants Don't rely on OWS to handle spills Don t use detergents or emulsifiers that disperse oil Reduce materials (solids and oils) that enter separators reduces operational/disposal costs Reduce flow rates OWS Management Oil-water separators at Airport Discharge to sanitary sewer system Inspect at least every 6 months Clean at least annually Develop written operating, sampling and reporting procedures Train appropriate personnel
19 Spill Response Effective spill response is critical to reduce impact on environment. Effective means: Having a spill response plan Having adequate spill response materials Having trained response personnel Having drums to containerize wastes Expeditiously removing waste containers from airport property Spill Response Plan An Airport-specific spill response flow chart Step-by-step instruction on how to respond to a spill Posted in operational and chemical storage areas A drainage plan illustrating where a spill may go and how to stop it from reaching a receiving stream Spill Report Form to track appropriate handling
20 Pollution Prevention Training Train employees Materials and processes Preventive practices Spill response equipment Spill reporting Spill response drills Daily/weekly briefings Perform inspections Promote vendor/public education Final Considerations Our actions affect the environment Pollution prevention is less costly than cleaning it up in the soil or water Airport and tenant employees must manage their operations to reduce pollution and keep it out of rivers and lakes
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