Managing Today s Data Centers Avoiding the Impending Crisis

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1 Managing Today s Data Centers Avoiding the Impending Crisis Steven Yellen Aperture Research Institute

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Organizations are facing an impending data center management crisis. The constant drive for more and more computing power, higher availability requirements and new high-density technologies are placing new, unexpected pressures on the data center. IT organizations face a situation of becoming unable to meet future demands of their organizations without changing the way they run their data centers. Today s data centers require organizations to manage the complexities of the overall environment and instill best practice processes and systems across the organization in order to communicate properly and work in an integrated fashion. High-density equipment the trend of the industry has created significant benefits for organizations requiring considerably higher levels of computing and availability. However, challenges related to power consumption, heat output, process maturity and even human error have surfaced in a manner that could negatively impact organizations without proper action. Although new technologies that may address these challenges are on the horizon and could become mainstream in five to seven years, companies must take a proactive course immediately in order to ensure the data center is effectively operational in the short term. The following white paper addresses these specific challenges by prescribing the necessary course of action organizations must consider. The key issues include: How should organizations adopt high-density equipment? What are the guidelines that organizations should use? What are the economics behind increasing density? How should organizations manage their data centers? What pressures are being put on the data center organization? How can facilities and IT communicate better? How can IT Service Management Frameworks (like ITIL) be leveraged in that management of the data center itself? 2

3 THE HIGH COST OF HIGHER DENSITY New technologies continue to infiltrate the data center with compelling benefits. For example, blade servers touted as an important new infrastructure element for the flexible data center and boasting three to ten times the density of traditional, rack-mounted servers continue to experience significant year-over-year growth, with expectations of reaching a $10 million market size by 2009, according to IDC, a leading research analyst firm. However, such considerable increases in density have created power, cooling and space challenges, which impact the data center on many levels. Over the next five years, power failures and limits on power availability will halt data center operations at more than 90 percent of all companies. (Source: AFCOM/Data Center Institute) By 2007, Gartner predicts that power and cooling spending will exceed server spending. By 2008, 50 percent of all data centers will have insufficient power and cooling capacity to meet the demand of high density equipment. (Source: Gartner Group) In the past two years [ ], 37 percent of data centers have run out of space, power or cooling capacity without having sufficient notice. (Source: Aperture Research Institute) Power and cooling costs will increase to more than one-third of the total IT budget. (Source: Robert Frances Group, January 2006) Many studies have been conducted to measure the amount of power required to run a variety of IT equipment. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) recently published results of their projections of power trends through the Year Many industry analysts and the blade vendors themselves have stated that high-end blade servers, especially the dual core processing models, have become a viable platform for mission-critical business applications. Gartner Group, however, disagrees by reporting not having witnessed blades being widely installed in production environments for such complex applications as database serving, data 3

4 The results indicate that over time, the heat load per product footprint on the variety of IT equipment (e.g., blade servers, storage servers and even standalone workstations) will increase at an exponential rate. In fact, when paralleled with other statistics, which report that large data centers can use the same amount of power as a 35,000-population city and by 2008 the cost of power will eclipse the cost of servers in the data center, it is quite apparent that the density within data centers today and the power consumption of IT equipment is changing the overall dynamics of business, not in a linear fashion, but at an exponential rate. THE ECONOMICS OF HIGHER DENSITY In addition, as organizations continue to increase density within their data centers, an original, wellpublicized benefit of space savings has reached a point of diminishing returns. Undoubtedly, higher density equipment allows data center managers to provision more servers per rack in a much smaller footprint. However with the additional power and cooling equipment (PDU, UPS, CRAC units) required to support such high densities within the data center, space savings has hit a point of diminishing return at densities of 5-10 KW per rack, as shown in the following chart from the American Power Conversion Corporation (APC). Further analysis originally published by Gartner, at the 2006 Gartner Data Center Conference, and subsequently enhanced for this white paper, breaks down the infrastructure requirements and economics for running three different rack configurations 3 kilowatts (KW), 6 KW and 12 KW. 4

5 Equipment Power per Rack 3 KW 6 KW 12 KW Cooling % 60% 100% 200% Cooling Power per Rack (KW) 1.8 KW 6 KW 24 KW Annual Cost Equipment Load $3,153 $6,307 $12,614 Annual Cost Cooling Load $1,892 $6,307 $25,229 Total Annual Power Cost $5,045 $12,614 $37,843 Power Cost per Sq Ft $168 $420 $1,261 Assumptions: 30 Sq Ft/Rack, $0.12 per KW Hour Source: Gartner The table above indicates that for a 3 KW rack, under the assumption that current cooling technology is utilized (as opposed to future capabilities, such as rack-based or liquid cooling), for every kilowatt of power consumed in the rack, 0.6 kilowatts of cooling is required to remove the heat. However, as the density within a rack is increased to a 6 KW rack, cooling requirements become equal to the amount of equipment power, and at 12 KW, the ratio of cooling to equipment power is two to one (2:1) due primarily to the inefficiencies of using air for heat removal. In observing this analysis, it becomes clear that as power density (within the rack) increases, the cost of computing increases at a greater rate. Under the assumption that processing and power are linearly correlated, one can conclude that as density increases there may be cases where the cost per unit of computing also goes up. In the long run, such scenarios clearly translate into significantly higher costs to actually run at a higher density per unit of computing power. Given that context, the effect that higher density is already having on the data center power, heat and space management equation is eye opening. To further complicate matters, the higher density equipment that does exist within a data center also increases complexity significantly. This increase in complexity is evident most notably in change management and capacity management processes. The solutions to these challenges have run the gamut from tactical to strategic approaches. At the very minimum, organizations must develop a physical plan on how to best arrange data center equipment to help ensure balanced cooling can be achieved via alternating hot aisle and cool aisle layouts. But much more granular data is also required in order for companies to begin to completely understand the impact of increased server densities, which currently occurs at only a very few organizations. In a recent survey conducted by Ziff Davis, 84 percent of the businesses participating did not know their planned watts per square foot in the data center (or did not have a plan for managing density). Source: Ziff-Davis, Data Center Power and Heat Management: Ready or Not? 5

6 Barring the sudden emergence of a cheap and bountiful new energy resource, the most critical strategic initiative for each organization is to identify their specific business requirements facility constraints and process maturity; plan the optimal configurations; and manage strictly to these needs. It is not a matter of either utilizing the same approach as another organization or seeing how high you can go, but to plan for the most ideally designed solution for the organization both today and in the future. Sometimes, bucking the trend of driving for higher densities and weighing the costs along with the benefits of the highly advertised blade servers will save significant dollars in space and utility costs. Only by determining where the organization should be operating in terms of density, can a company begin to fully address these challenges. BRIDGING THE IT/FACILITIES GAP If higher density is determined to be a significant requirement for a particular organization, it is critical to build a hardened facility to support the higher density and higher power; which in turn translates to more expensive facilities. The following Tier Classification Table, published by the Uptime Institute, categorizes the varying facilities into tiers, where Tier 1 represents the most basic data center and Tier 4 is the most hardened and most expensive type of facility. Most organizations, today, are building Tier 3 and Tier 4 data centers, where considerable investments are needed per square foot. In fact, Gartner has estimated the square foot cost for a Tier 3 through Tier 4 facility to be as high as $1,200 to $1,300 per square foot. Source: Uptime Institute 6

7 No matter what type of facility is built from one with the potential for many facility-related points of failure to no single points of failure one critical component, which must be addressed, consistent throughout is the potential for human error (see Table above). The probability of human error causing points of failure within the data center is much greater in companies where processes are less mature and the IT organization and the Facilities group are two separate and distinct ( siloed ) groups with little communication and interaction between the two. These siloed groups have traditionally developed with different cultures and processes, even reporting to different senior executives within the organization, with little communications and process integration. Historically, when IT would need equipment provisioned, no specific requirements were communicated to Facilities, causing servers to be installed in racks without formal planning and communication. This was considered good enough before the era of high density servers and when a full rack of servers only consumed 2 KW of power. However, with the emergence of blades and other high density equipment, racks can consume significantly more power by an order of magnitude 15 KW, 20 KW or even 40 KW. The majority of data centers in operation were built before 2002 to support 2 KW of power per rack, which can become a recipe for disaster if lack of communication and integrated processes between IT and Facilities proliferate. Facility managers can no longer haphazardly place a server in any open rack, without understanding how it will affect the overall data center from a holistic perspective. Overlooking this impact analysis within change management processes can result in severe disruptions in service. In addition, the management of capacity within the data center as it applies to power, cooling and space, has become significantly more complex. This physical infrastructure capacity management is particularly critical as the timelines for provisioning additional space, power or cooling resources can take as long as months. Traditional roles of the IT and Facilities groups have begun to merge into a consolidated group to collectively manage aspects that affect both job functions. Some organizations have split the data center facilities group out of the traditional Facilities organization and made them part of IT Operations in order to accommodate the necessary functions that require both IT and Facilities to work together. Managing the space, power, cooling, installing equipment and conducting all change management and configuration management has slowly become integrated. Although this combination represents a needed first step, organizations must go even further for operations to run effectively. The new Data Center Facilities group must now develop the same best practice processes and tools utilized by the IT organization, such as IT Service Management Frameworks like ITIL, to address change management, configuration management, incident management and capacity management issues. Only through a tightly integrated group that combines both IT and Facilities cohesively, can an organization effectively move from a chaotic or reactive level of maturity to one that is service-oriented and adding significant value. 7

8 The Impact of Virtualization It has been estimated that over fifty percent of businesses are currently considering virtualization as a means to improve efficiency and reduce the number of servers in their data centers. Virtualization technologies can effectively divide the resources of a single server between several applications without the need of adding hardware. However, when the additional workload of a new virtual machine is provisioned to a server, the power required to run the server and heat output of the server can increase. As such, both the power and cooling challenges, as well as the need for both IT and Facilities to be involved with the allocation of resources to serve various applications, virtualization will still require organizations to manage both the Facility and the physical infrastructure of the data center in an integrated and efficient manner. 8

9 CONCLUSION Without specifically addressing the issues that high density equipment will have on the power consumption, heat output, and the human component within the data center, organizations will not be able to effectively run their operations and meet the demands of their business. High density equipment has created a significant burden on many organizations as it relates to considerably higher utility costs and increased stress on the environment power and cooling specifically which cannot be ignored. In addition, incorporating such computing resources also creates much more complexity within the data center increasing the probability of additional human errors to be made when making equipment installations. Although new technologies to address these specific issues are projected to be introduced into the market within the next five years, immediate action must be taken to accommodate these challenges; or organizations face the possibility of disruptions in service due to capacity limitations, change related incidents and outages. Organizations must follow strict data center management processes and dedicate the time and resource to design and plan based upon their specific needs, as opposed to merely following the trends of the industry driving merely for higher density. In addition, the IT and Facilities groups within the organization must proactively begin to utilize the same best practice processes and tools in order to manage an integrated system that serves all the needs of the business. Only with these types of capabilities will organizations be able to operate with high availability and reliability through the high density world. This white paper was sponsored by Aperture Technologies, Inc. 9

10 ABOUT APERTURE Aperture is the leading global provider of software for managing the physical infrastructure of data centers. Aperture s solutions reduce operational risk and improve efficiency through the planning and management of data center resources. Aperture delivers the best practice processes that enable organizations to take control of an increasingly complex physical infrastructure including equipment, space, power, cooling, network and storage. With over 20 years of experience, Aperture provides organizations with the information required to optimize their data center operations, delivering better services at the lowest cost. Aperture s customers include the world s largest companies, half of which are Fortune 1000 and Global 500 organizations.

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