MRI of Bone Marrow Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation
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1 MRI of Bone Marrow Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation Marilyn J. Siegel, M.D. Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, MO and Visiting Scientist, AFIP, Washington, DC
2 Conflict of Interests None
3 Lecture Objectives Discuss MRI marrow techniques Review normal bone marrow anatomy Describe MR features of normal marrow Recognize MR findings of pathologic marrow
4 Part I: Techniques 2 techniques, vary with clinical indications Dedicated MRI of limited body part for evaluation of localized pain or to follow focal lesion Whole body MRI is used for staging, restaging and surveillance
5 Basic Pulse Sequences Dedicated MRI: T1-Wt, FS T2-Wt, Gd images through area of interest multiple planes Whole body MRI STIR only Vertex to toes, coronal plane
6 Part II: Normal Bone Marrow Histology Red Marrow cellular, active or myeloid marrow red & white blood cells & platelets»(& minimal yellow marrow) Yellow Marrow inactive or fatty marrow fat cells»(& minimal red marrow)
7 Red and Yellow Marrow: Different Chemical Composition Water Fat Protein RED 40% 40% 20% YELLOW 15% 80% 5% MRI appearance of marrow reflects the relative fractions of red & yellow marrow
8 PART III: MRI: Normal Marrow Red Marrow T1: intermediate (> muscle < fat) STIR/FS: intermediate (>muscle > fat) Yellow Marrow T1 : bright (= fat) STIR/FS : black (< muscle) T1: Fat finder sequence FST2: Pathology finder sequence
9 Normal Marrow T1 FST2
10 MR Normal Marrow: Variations in Distribution Conversion of red to yellow marrow occurs during growth and development and has a predictable and orderly pattern You need to know this to avoid mistakes in diagnosis
11 Patterns of Marrow Distribution Neonate: virtually all red marrow Shortly after birth red-to-yellow marrow conversion begins Overall: extremities to axial In a given bone: epiphysis/apophysis diaphysis metaphysis
12 Marrow Conversion Appendicular to Axial Conversion
13 Marrow Distribution Adult distribution by age 25 years From nearly 100% red marrow at birth to 40% red marrow in adulthood Vogler JB III. Radiology 1998; 168:
14 Variations in Marrow Distribution Red marrow persists in the proximal humeral and femoral metaphyses Red marrow can persist in the proximal humeral epiphyses subchondral, curvilinear focus other patterns are abnormal
15 Bone Marrow Variations: Vertebral Marrow Distribtution Yellow marrow around basivertebral vein common in children Other patterns common in adults Islands of fat can mimic metastases Ricci C. Radiology 1990;177:83-88.
16 Summary Key Points: Criteria for Normal Marrow Shows expected signal intensities on all image sequences Shows expected distribution in the skeleton for patient age Is symmetric % of fatty marrow increases with age
17 PART IV: Marrow Pathology Reconversion Replacement (tumor) Depletion (post tx) Fibrosis (post tx)
18 Marrow Reconversion Opposite of conversion Generally symmetric Causes: Chronic anemia Increased 0 2 needs»altitude, athletes, smokers Granulocyte colony stimulating factor Cyanotic heart disease
19 Reconversion Axial skeleton responds first, followed by extremities
20 Reconversion: Sickle Cell Anemia Increased red cells No fat cells to generate signal T1:= /> muscle < fat STIR/Fat sat T2 : > muscle > fat INTERMEDIATE T1 FST2
21 Marrow Replacement Implantation of cells in marrow that do not normally exist there Follows red marrow distribution Vertebrae > pelvis > femur > skull Causes Hematologic tumors-lymphoma, leukemia Metastases
22 Marrow Replacement: Imaging T1 WT: intermediate SI > muscle < fat STIR/Fat Sat: very bright Can be diffuse or focal Predominates in red marrow (axial skeleton)
23 Review: Hyperplasia or Tumor? Distinguishing criteria: Red marrow: orderly distribution» Tumor: random distribution Red marrow: usually symmetric bilaterally» Tumor: usually asymmetric Red marrow: minimally bright on STIR/FS» Tumor: extremely bright
24 Hyperplasia or Tumor? STIR (or Fat Sat) Images Red marrow SI: = or slightly > muscle Tumor infiltration SI: >>>>> muscle
25 Metastases: Diagnostic Pitfalls Osteomyelitis Compression fractures Trauma Marrow infarction Reconversion Normal variants
26 Infection increases marrow cellularity and water content (edema) T1: =/> muscle < fat intermediate FS: > fat (bright) Soft tissue edema Osteomyelitis
27 Malignant Compression Fracture Abnormal signal intensity May involve pedicle, posterior element or entire vertebral body Convex posterior cortex Epidural mass Paraspinal soft tissue mass Marrow enhancement post gadolinium
28 Osteoporotic Fracture Partial body involvement Usually involves end plate Signal of spared marrow is normal Thoracolumbar junction Clustering of abnormalities Thin paraspinal soft tissue mass Improves in 6 to 8 weeks
29 Pathologic and Osteoporotic Fractures T1-GD MRI Abn SI Mass T1-WT MRI Nl SI No mass
30 Vascular Mediated Disorders: Edema Results in increased extracellular water Signal changes are those of water T1: > muscle < fat STIR/FS: bright signal (> fat/ > muscle) Regionally limited Causes: trauma, inflammation Mimics tumor, infection**
31 Acute Marrow Infarction Sequela of marrow packing by tumor treatment (steroids) Acute infarction T1: low SI (= or > muscle) FS: high SI (>muscle > fat)
32 Treatment-related Changes Effects of chemo- & radiation therapy Myeloid depletion Myelofibrosis
33 Fatty Replacement Marrow Depletion Absence of red marrow Marrow signal = fat T: high signal (bright) FS: low signal (dark)
34 Myelofibrosis Marrow replacement by fibrosis Low signal all sequences =/> muscle < fat
35 Other Diseases: Low Signal Intensity Gaucher disease Marrow replacement by glucocerebroside-laden cells Hemosiderin deposition Marrow replacement by iron Usually from transfusion therapy Paget disease
36 To Sum It Up Fat is usually bad, but OK in the marrow T1: Normal fat is bright Darker is bad STIR/FS: Normal fat is black Brighter is bad T 1 FST2
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