L 2 : x = s + 1, y = s, z = 4s Suppose that C has coordinates (x, y, z). Then from the vector equality AC = BD, one has
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1 The line L through the points A and B is parallel to the vector AB = 3, 2, and has parametric equations x = 3t + 2, y = 2t +, z = t Therefore, the intersection point of the line with the plane should satisfy: 2(3t + 2) 3(2t + ) + 4( t ) = 3 Solving the last equation with respect to the parameter t, we obtain t = 4 and the coordinates of the intersection point are (3( 4) + 2, 2( 4) +, ( 4) ) = ( 0, 7, 3) 2 (a) The curves meet at the point C if and only if components of the vectors r (t) and r 2 (t) coincide, ie t = 3 s, t = s 2, 3 + t 2 = s 2 From the first and last equations, we have 3 + (3 s) 2 = s 2, solving which we obtain s = 2 Now from the first equation t = which also satisfy the second equation The conclusion is that the point (, 0, 4) is the point of intersection of the curves (b) Let s find the tangent vectors of the curves: for C the tangent vector is r (t) =,, 2t and for the curve C 2 the tangent vector is r (s) =,, 2s At the intersection of C and C 2 one has t = and s = 2, so L is parallel to the vector,, 2 and L 2 is parallel to r (s) =,, 4 Since both lines contain the point (, 0, 4), the equations of the lines are and L : x = t +, y = t, z = 2t + 4, L 2 : x = s +, y = s, z = 4s Suppose that C has coordinates (x, y, z) Then from the vector equality AC = BD, one has x 2, y 5, z = 5 3, 2, 3 4, and x = 4, y = 6, z = 6 4 (a) Since AB =,, 2 and AC = 2,,, the scalar projection of AC onto AB is AB AC comp AB AC = = AB ( )( 2) + ( )() + 2() ( ) 2 + ( ) = 3 6 Therefore, the vector projection is this scalar projection times the unit vector in the direction of AB: 3 AB proj AB AC = 6 = AB = /2, /2, AB 2
2 (b) The area S of the triangle ABC is the half of the area of the parallelogram with adjacent sides AB and AC which is the length of the cross product: S = 2 AB AC = , 3, 3 = 2 (c) The line L containing A(2,, 0) and parallel to the vector AB =,, 2 has parametric equations x = t + 2, y = t +, z = 2t The square of the distance from the arbitrary point D on the line to the point C is a function depending on the parameter t: F (t) = CD 2 = ( t + 2) 2 + ( t ) 2 + (2t ) 2 = 6t 2 6t + 6 To minimize the distance, set d dt F (t) = 0, and solve for t to obtain t = /2 Hence, the required distance from the point C to the line L is d = F (/2) = 9/2 5 First, note that any direction vector of the line L is perpendicular both of the normal vectors n = (, 2, ) and n 2 = (2,, ) Hence, L is parallel to the vector v = n n 2 = ( 3,, 5) Now, it is sufficient to find any point on L, ie a point satisfying x 2y+z = and 2x + y + z = Let, for example, x = 0 Then, solving the system of equations 2y + z = and y + z =, we obtain solutions y = 0 and z =, so the point (0, 0, ) is on the line and the parametric equations of L are x = 3t, y = t, z = 5t + 6 The line L is parallel to the vector v =, 4 0, = 2, 2, 0, and L 2 is parallel to the vector v 2 = 4 2, 4 3, 3 ( ) = 2,, 2 We see that the lines L and L 2 are not parallel to each other, because the vectors v and v 2 are not proportional: there is no such a k 0 so that v = k v 2 (one can also check that v v 2 0) The parametric equations of L through (, 0, ) are x = t +, y = 2t, z = and the line L 2 containing (2, 3, ) has parametric equations x = 2s + 2, y = s + 3, z = 2s
3 To find intersection point of L and L 2, we should find values of t and s such that t + = 2s + 2, 2t = s + 3, = 2s Solving the last two equations, we get t = and s = which satisfy the first equation Therefore, the lines L and L 2 intersect at the point (0, 2, ) 7 (a) First, compute the components of the vectors AB, AC, and AD: AB = 3, 4, 2 2 = 2, 3, 4 AC = 4, 3 4, 3 2 = 3,, 5 AD =, 0 4, 2 = 0, 4, 3 The volume V of the parallelepiped is the absolute value of the scalar triple product AB ( AC AB) = = 3 and V is equal to 3 (b) The equation of the plane through A, B, and D is given by the determinant x y 4 z = x y 4 z = 0, or 7x + 6y 8z = (c) The plane through A, B, and C is x y 4 z = x y 4 z = 0, or x 2y +7z 7 = 0 with the normal vector n =, 2, 7 The normal vector to the plane xy is k = (0, 0, ) and cosine of the angle between the planes is cos ϕ = n k n k = (a) The position vector of the particle whose velocity is v(t) and initial position is r 0 = r(t 0 ) can be found as r(t) = r 0 + t t 0 v(t) dt
4 Since t 0 = 0, and r 0 and v are given, one has r(4) =, 5, t, 2 t, dt =, 5, 4 + 6, 32/3, 4 = 5, 47/3, 8 (b) The tangent line to the curve at t = 4 is parallel to the vector v(4) = 8, 4,, and the equation of the line is x = 8t + 5, y = 4t + 47/3, z = t + 8 (c) The position vector of the particle is r(t) = r 0 + t t 0 v(t) dt =, 5, 4 + t 3 /3, 4/3 t 3/2, t, so the particle pass through P : r(9) = 80, 4, 3 (d) The length of the arc traveled from t = to t = 2 is 2 L = (2t) 2 + (2 2 t) dt = (2t + ) dt = 4 9 The surface is a hyperboloid of one sheet x y 2 (/ 3) 2 z 2 (/ 2) 2 = 0 The generic equation of the tangent plane to the graph of z = y ln x at the point where (x, y) = (x 0, y 0 ) is z = y 0 ln x 0 + y 0 x 0 (x x 0 ) + ln x 0 (y y 0 ) and at (, 4, 0) it is z = 4(x 4), or 4x z 4 = 0 To find the distance between the planes, fix any point on the first plane (ie any point A(x, y, z) such that z = 2x + y ) and find a distance from this point to the second plane Let, for example A(, 0, ) Then the distance d from the point A to the plane is d = ()( 4) + 0( 2) + ()(2) 3 ( 4) 2 + ( 2) = 5 24 Another method to solve the problem is the following Find the equations of the line through A perpendicular to the second plane (parallel to it s normal vector): x = 4t +, y = 2t, z = 2t + and the point of intersection with the plane B solving the equation 4( 4t + ) 2( 2t) + 2(2t + ) = 3 for t It s easy to see that t = 5/24 and B(/6, 5/2, 7/2) and d = (/6 ) 2 + ( 5/2 0) 2 + (7/2 ) 2 = 5 24
5 2 The surface is a hyperboloid of one sheet Indeed, by completing the squares, we have and after division by 4: 4 The limit 4x 2 + 4(y 2 2y + ) 4 z 2 = 0, x 2 (y ) z2 2 2 = lim (x,y) (0,0) 3x 2 y 2 2x 4 + y 4 does not exist because if we consider two different directions along two different lines x = 0 and y = x, we obtain different answers: x 2 along x = 0 : y 4 = 0 0 3x 2 x 2 along y = x : 2x 4 + x 4 = 3x4 3x 4 5 It is easy to find two different points on the line by letting t = 0 and t = : Q(2,, 2) and R(5, 0, 4) Now the plane through the points P, Q and R is x y z = 0, or 2x + 4y z = 6 6 (a) f x = 3x 2 y 2, f y = 2xy +, f xy = 2y (b) f x =, f y x 2 +y 2 y =, and f x 2 +y 2 (x+ x 2 +y 2 xy = ) and (c) Let z = f(x, y) be f(x, y) = x 2 cos x 2 y Then f x = 2x cos x 2 y 2x 3 y sin x 2 y, f y = x 4 sin x 2 y, f xy = 4x 3 sin x 2 y 2x 5 y cos x 2 y 7 The linear approximation of f(x, y) at (, ) is y (x 2 +y 2 ) 3/2 L(x, y) = f(, ) + f x (, )(x ) + f y (, )(y ) = e + 2e(x ) + e(y ) since f x = ye x ( + x) and f y = xe x Therefore f(, 09) is approximately L(, 09) = Find the parametrization of the curve: let x = t, then y = t 2 and z = 3t 2, so r(t) = (t, t 2, 2t 2 + t 4 )
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