Next%Generation%Smart%Miniature%Wi1Fi%Modules%Accelerate%IoT%and%M2M%%

Transcription

1 conaiswhitepaper Fig.1:'Low+power,'low+cost'Wi+Fi'modules'enable'nearly'any'device'to'connect'with' smart'phones,'tablets'and'cloud+based'applications'across'the'internet'of'things'iot)' and'machine+to+machine'm2m).'courtesy'of'conais)' Next%Generation%Smart%Miniature%Wi1Fi%Modules%Accelerate%IoT%and%M2M%% ByNikosVokas,FAManager,conais Abstract% WiFiembeddedwirelessmodulessimplifydevelopingproductsfortheIoTandM2Mmarkets. WiSmartembeddedmodulesmakeitquick,easyandinexpensivetogetautomation,collection,and monitoringproductsontotheinternetforhome,businessandindustrialapplications.smartwireless modules,liketheconaisc19d01,integratecpu,wifi,andcloudconnectivity.thesenext generationmodulescomecompletewithlibrariesofincludedsoftware,examplecode,eliminationof driverdevelopment,ultralowpowerconsumption,andhighlycostcompetitive.thenewstandardisa singlechipsolutionthatisplugandplayoutofthebox. Introduction% WhilethefirstInternetrevolutionchangedthewaypeoplework,communicateanddidbusinessatthe closeofthe20 th century,theinternetofthingsiot)ischangingthewaycomputers,embedded systems,andsocalledsmartobjectscommunicateandworkwitheachother.in2020,itisestimated thattherewillbemorethan50,000,000,000that s50b)machinesconnectedtotheiot nearly5times moredevicesthanpeopleontheplanet.manyoftheinhabitantsofthecyberecosystemwillusewifi technologyasaconduitfortheirautonomousmachinetomachinem2m),machinetopeoplem2p), andpeopletomachinep2m)transactions.wewillexplorehowthisconnectivitycanbeprovidedby modularwifisubsystemsandwhyagrowingnumberofmanufacturersaredesigningwiththem.you ll gettolookinsideawifimoduleandseehowtheseembeddedsystemsreducedesignrisk,improve timetomarket,and,lowerthetotalsolutioncost.inaddition,we llshowyouhowconais WiSmart Page1of12

2 conaiswhitepaper modulesandcustomwifisolutionsoffertherightmixofembeddedprocessingresources,wifi connectivity,andcloudenabledconnectivityfeaturestohelpyourproductsdeliverthefullpowerofthe IoTtothetargetapplicationsinthesmartestway. Why%Wi1Fi?%% IoTbasedapplicationshavealreadyfueledagrowingdemandfornewclassesofsmart,IoTcapable products,includingsmartutilitymetersandtrafficsensors,cloudbasedhealthcaremonitoringsystems andadvancedsecurityandmonitoring'equipment.alltheseproductsrequirereliable,lowcostinternet connectivity,whichisfrequentlysuppliedbyembeddedwifiwirelesstechnologyfig.2).wifi technology sexcellentrange,highdatarates,globalstandards,andalmostubiquitousinstalled infrastructurehavemadeittheaccesstechnologyofchoiceformostiotapplications.wifi srangeup to400mlineofsight)makesitaclearwinnerformanywirelesssystemswhichhavewidelydispersed nodes.inaddition,someapplicationssuchassecuritycameras,realtimedataacquisitionorfactory automationsystemsneedconnectionsthatsupportmultimegabitdatastreams. Fig.2:''Wi+Fi s'range,'capacity'and'near+universal'availability'make'it'the'best'choice'for' connected'appliances'and'iot+enabled'devices'which'need'to'interact'with'cloud+based' services.'courtesy'of'xively) WiFialsooffersdesignersunmatchedversatility.Thankstonearly20yearsofevolution,theI a.ka.WiFi)standardnowcontainsanumberofimplementationoptionsthatcanbetailoredto meetnearlyanyapplication sprice,performanceandpowerrequirements.therobustprotocolincludes Page2of12

3 conaiswhitepaper numerousenhancementsforspecializedapplications,suchasinvehiclesystems,streamingmedia,or hotspots,aswellasseverallevelsofsecuritytochoosefrom,includingwpa,wp,ssl,tlsforboth personalandenterpriserequirements makingitsuitableformissioncriticaliotsystems. WiFicanalsodramaticallyreducethedeploymentcostsandacceleratetherolloutoflargeIoTbased applicationsbytakingadvantageofexistingfreeandcommercialaccessinfrastructurescommonly availablethroughoutnorthamerica,urope,andtherestoftheworld. Adding%Wi1Fi%to%Your%Products%% Someofthequestionsyourdesignteamneedstoconsiderduringtheselectionprocessinclude: WhichoftheWiFistandard soptionalfunctionalitiesdoesyourapplicationrequire?thisincludes itemslikewifidirect,securitysetupfeatures,roamingandsupportforspecialdatatypesor higherlayerprotocolstackssuchasdlna,upnp,airplayorevenoutoftheboxandmass configurationi.e.probme ). WillyouneedadedicatedMCUtomanageandcontroltheWiFitransceiverandsupportsome,or all,ofthe802.11protocolstack?orcansomeofthesetasksbehandledbythemcuthat salready runningtheotherelementsofyourapplication? ArethereotherfunctionsitwouldbebetterfortheMCUtotakecareof?Orshouldtheybeoff loaded,asinthecaseofaudio,videoorotherrealtimedatastreams,tohardwarecodecs? WhichinterfacewilltheWiFisubsystemusetocommunicatewiththehostsystemGPIO, USART/UART,I2C,SPI,USB,SDIO)andhowwillthehostcontrolit? Ifyourproductisbatterypowered,howwilltheadditionofWiFiaffectthedesign senergybudget, andwhatarethebeststrategiestoaccommodateit? Doyouplantouseanexternalantennaoranintegratedantenna? Howmuchtimedoesyourteamhavetogettheproducttomarket? Whichcountriesdoyouplantoshipyourproductto,andwhatarethecertificationrequirements foreachofthemfcc,c,ic,tlc,vcci,etc.)? Doesyourdevelopmentplanincluderealisticestimatesofthetimeandresourcesrequiredto achievethosecertifications andcanyouaffordtheinvestment? Shouldyourdesignteam rolltheirown WiFisolutionfromdiscretecomponents,modifythe genericreferencedesignsuppliedbythewifidevice svendor,orpurchaseanembeddedmodule? Theissueswhichdeterminewhetherit sbesttouseadiscreteoranembeddedwifisolutionareas variedastheapplicationsthemselves,butthereareagrowingnumberofsituationswherecompact,off theshelf,wifimodulesfig.3)aremorecosteffectivethandiscretesolutions especiallywhenrapid timetomarketiscriticalforsuccess. Page3of12

4 conaiswhitepaper Fig.3:'conais'C19D'is'the'next'generation'of'compact,'energy+efficient'Wi+Fi'modules' which'can'provide'nearly'any'application'with'wireless'data'connections'that'deliver' consistent'performance,'reduced'development'costs'while'reducing'design'risk.''the' C32L'is'resource'rich'and'has'a'range'of'processing'and'memory'options'for'most'any' application.'courtesy'of'conais)' TounderstandwhyembeddedWiFimodulesplaysuchanimportantroleinIoTapplications,let slook atwhatittakestoaddwificapabilitytoadesignusingbothapproaches.'typicallyahostmcuanda WiFichipsetareintegratedasasystemonchipSoC).TheSoCcontainsadedicatedprocessorand specializedacceleratorhardwarewhichsupportthelowerlayersofthe802.11protocolstack,itsmedia accesscontrolmac)function,aswellasthepacketizationofthetransmitteddatastreamand reassemblyofincomingpackets.thesocfrequentlyalsoincludesanrftransceiver.thehostmcu supportsthehigherlayerelementsofthe802.11protocolsandotherapplicationspecificfunctionality. Itisalsoresponsibleforexchangingdataandcontrolsignalswithitshostsystemviaastandardparallel orserialinterface. AWiFisubsystemalsoincludesseveraltypesofsoftwareelements.Theplatformspecificfirmwarethat residesclosesttothehardwarelayersupportsthetransportlayerprocessing,macprotocol,andother functionality.Thedriversforthehostsysteminterfacealsoresidehere.IftheWiFisubsystem s MCUhassufficientprocessingpower,itcanalsobeusedtosupporttheTCP/IPprotocolstackandother networkingfunctionssuchasdhcp,client/serverstacksandcloudservicessupporti.e.xively, ThingWorx,IFTTT/ZAPIRS,andothers).Wherethisisnotpossible,thesefunctionsmustbeoffloadedto thehostsystem,althoughitusuallyaddscomplexitytothedevelopmentprocess. Discrete%Wi1Fi%Solutions%1%Pros%and%Cons% Untilrecently,manufacturerswishingtoaddWiFicapabilitytotheirproductswouldhavetoeither adaptawifisiliconvendor sreferencedesignstotheirneeds,orinvestevenmoreresourcestocreate afullcustomdesign.inaddition,achipmaker sreferencesoftware/firmwaremustbeconfiguredto supportanyoptionalfeatures,protocolstacksor3 rd partyapplications.thisapproachalsorequired manufacturerstotrackandsupporttheeverevolvingstandardsofthei802.11committeeandother industrystandardsorganizationse.g.thewifiallianceanddlnatonameafew).iftheirproductswere Contact:[email protected] Page4of12

5 conaiswhitepaper Page5of12 soldoverseas,theyalsohadtomaintaincompliancewiththeimport/exportcertificationsofthe telecommunicationsregistrationbodiesforeachcountrywheretheirdeviceswouldbesoldorshipped. Historically,WiFisubsystemsimplementedwithdiscretecomponentswerealmostalwaysthemost costeffectivesolutionsforhighvolumeconsumerelectronicsandotherproductswithstaticdesigns andmanufacturingrunsmeasuredinthe100 softhousandsormore.butthemake/buyequationhas shiftedasthecostofwifimoduleshassteadilydeclinedwhiledevelopmentcostshaveheldoreven increasedinresponsetotheglobalmarketplace sgrowingandeverchangingdemands. TherearemanyotherfactorswhichcanaddtotheactualcostofadiscreteWiFisolutionincluding: Mostgenericreferencedesignsaren tcompactenoughtofitinsidethetightconfinesof manyiotdevices.however,theengineeringresources,timeandriskassociatedwith designingacustomwifisubsystemrisesteeplyasthelayout sfootprintshrinks. ManyWiFireferencedesigns standardsoftwareloadslackimportantapplicationspecific features,suchastheprotocolstacksneededtoimplementcloudconnectivity.3 rd party softwarecanoftenfillthesegaps,butevenintegratingprecertifiedcodeintoacomplex environmentfrequentlyaddstoaproject sschedule,budget,expenseandrisk. Whilesiliconvendor sreferencedesignscansimplifymanyaspectsofintegratingawifi device,thediplexer,antenna,pa/lanandtherfconnectionsalongthetransmit/receive signalchainareallplaceswhereevensmalldesignerrorscancauseimpedancemismatches, inadvertentsignaltrapsandotherproblemswhichimpactthetransceiver sperformance. AvoidingthesepotentialhazardsrequiresspecializedRFexpertisethat sfrequentlynot availableintoday sleanlystaffedengineeringteams.worseyet,recruitingandreataining someonewiththenecessaryskillsfromashrinkingpooloftrulycapablerfengineerscanbe difficultandcostly. Inaddition,certificationofWiFidesignsforcompliancewithFCCandotherregulatory agenciesc,ic,tlc,vcci,andothers)canbelong,costlyanduncertain.insomecases,a product scertificationcantakelongerthanitsdevelopmentcycle;evenassumingadesign teamgetsitrightthefirsttime. Modular%Wi1Fi%Solutions%to%the%Rescue% mbeddedwifimodulesprovidedesignerswithnearturnkeysolutionswheretheycanquickly integrateintotheirdevices compactformfactorswithoutcompromisingperformance.theirhigher productionvolumescaneasilyjustifytheuseofadvanceddesign,manufacturing,andtestingpractices thatinsuretheyarerugged,reliable,andeasytointegrate.modularwifisolutionsalsoprovideseveral otherimportantdirectandindirectsavings: ThetimeandexpenseoftestingandcertifyingWiFiModulesforcompliancewithRF compatibility,communicationandsafetyregulationsisabsorbedbythemodule manufacturersandspreadacrossproductionvolumes. IntegratingembeddedWiFimodulesintonewandexistingproductsrequiresdramatically fewerhardwareandsoftwareengineeringresourcesthandiscretesolutions.

6 conaiswhitepaper Preassembledmoduleseliminatethenonrecurringengineeringandtoolingcostsrequired tomanufactureandmaintaindiscretesolutionsinhouse. Simplyswappingintherightmoduleorusingamodulealreadycertifiedforeverycountry canaccomplishsupportingmultiplecountrieswiththesameproductdesign. Asaresult,WiFimodulesareoftenabletoprovidemanufacturersandsystemsintegratorswithhigher qualityandaloweroverallsolutioncostthananinhousesolution.theyalsoofferanumberofother compellingadvantagesforlowandmoderatevolumeproductsincluding: Lowerdesignrisk,reducedtimetomarket. Designteamscanfocustheirresourcesondevelopingthevalueaddelementsoftheir projectinsteadofmaintainingtheexpertiserequiredtodevelopandintegrateawifi subsystem. Manufacturersenjoylowerongoingoverheadbylettingthemodulevendortake responsibilityfortrackingevolvingstandards,regulatoryissuesandtheassociated complianceengineering. PluginWiFisolutionsenablemanufacturerstobringnewproductsontotheIoTasquickly aspossibleandquicklyupgradeolderappliancedesigns.replaceablemodulesalsoenable easyproductionandfieldupgradestomaintainstandardscomplianceormeetevolving requirements. Lowcostmodularradioshelpmanufacturersrespondquicklytoemergingmarketopportunities. Productsrangingfromwearablehealthtrackersandbathroomscalestoindustrialandautomotive diagnosticequipmentcannowallserveasconduitsofdatastreamsandcontrolsignalsfrommobile phoneapplicationsandcloudbasedservices.theyalsoacceleratedevelopmentofnewmarket opportunitiesbybringingiotconnectivityandothercapabilitiestoproductsthatmayhothavebeen previouslyconsideredfig.4). Fig.4:'In'addition'to'IoT'applications,'conais 'WiSmart'platform'offers'cost+effective' solutions'for'wireless'headphones,'speakers'and'other'wi+fi'audio'products'wisaudio).' Reference'hardware/software'designs'are'also'available'which'enable'a'Smartphone'or' PC'to'stream'digital'audio'files'to'any'stereo'system'within'range'of'a'home s'wi+fi' network.'courtesy'of'conais)' Page6of12

7 conaiswhitepaper Page7of12 Conclusions% Thedistributedandcloudbasedapplicationsthatarereshapingtheglobaleconomyrelyonsmart,IoT enableddevicesthatsupportautonomousmachinetomachinem2m),machinetopeoplem2p),and peopletomachinep2m)transactions.thankstowifitechnology srange,capacityandwidespread availabilityinpublicandprivateinfrastructures,manyofthesedeviceswilluseitastheirconnectionto theiot. Manufacturersmustchoosewhetherit sbettertospendtheresourcestocreatetheirwifisolution, purchaseastandardpreintegratedwifimodule,orengagea3 rd partyvendortoassistwithother semiorfullcustomoptions.butregardlessofhowthey reimplemented,iotcapablewifisolutions requirethreebasicresourcesordertosucceed: AnMCUcapableofhandlinginput,output,androbustcontrolofdataanddevice ArobustWiFisubsystemcapableofquickandconsistenttransmissionswiththenetwork Nativecloudaccesstosupportremoteaccess,adaptivecontrol,anddistributedmonitoring conaisgeneral'purposewifimodulesprovideguaranteedperformance,fasttimetomarket,and dramaticallylowerindirectcosts,whichmakethemmorecosteffectivethaninhousesolutions.in addition,theyofferseveralimportant,industryexclusiveadvantages,includingapowerful32bit applicationsprocessorandpreintegratedfirmwarethatsupportsvirtuallyalliotactivities. conaisalsooffersapplication'optimized2standard2productshelpfurtherreducesolutioncostby optimizingthehardwareandsoftwarerequiredtoperformthetasksdefinedbyapplicationssuchas: o Smart,multisensorthermostatsusedinenergymonitoring,managementand conservationapplications. o Wireless,cameraequippeddoorlockswhichenableremoteviewingandaccess control. o Multimediaserversandwirelessamplifiersforhome,officeandportableuse. o WiFibridgeswhichenable legacy equipmenttoaccesswirelessnetworksandthe IoTviatheirexistingserial/USB/SPIconnections. o Addwirelesshighfidelitystreamingaudioandvideocapabilitiestonearlyany embeddeddesign. Althoughapplicationoptimizedstandardproductscanbeverycostcompetitivewithdiscretesolutions inmanyapplications,therearesituationswhereotherapproachesshouldbeconsidered.conaisoffers afullrangeofdesignoptionstomatchanyapplication,budget,orlevelofdesignexpertisewhichfall roughlyintothreepaths: Preengineeredmodulesandpredevelopedapplicationsprovideturnkeysolutions. Moreexperienceddesignteamscanusethesamemodulesasthebasisforsemicustomized WiFisolutions.conaiscanprovidehardwareandsoftwaredevelopmentkitsplusthe

8 conaiswhitepaper necessaryhighqualitysoftwaretoolstohelpyourdesignteamsolvetheirintegrationissues whilelimitingdevelopmentcostandschedule. conaiscustomdesignservicesprovideselectedcustomerswithcosteffectivefullcustom designsthatcanbecustomtailoredtotheneeds/budgetofaspecificapplication.conais providesrapidturnaroundandguaranteedresults. Seethesection The'conais'Advantage tolearnaboutsomeofthespecificfeatures,technologiesand servicesthatmakeconaiswifisolutionsthesmartest,smallest,fastest,mostcosteffectivewaytoput adesignontheiot. ' Page8of12

9 conaiswhitepaper The%conais%Advantage%% Introducing2the2C19D,2C19W,2and2C32L2development2ecosystem Fig.A:'conais 'embedded'wireless'modules'are'supported'by'a'comprehensive' development'ecosystem,'which'enables'rapid'development'and'certification'of'wi+fi' enabled'products.'courtesy'of'conais)' venatthedawnoftheiot,wifiisrequiredtomeetnewchallengeswhicharenearlyasdiverseasthe applicationsitsfindinginsmartobjects,theinternetofthingsandtheapplicationswhichusethem.at thedawnoftheiot,embeddedsystems,especiallythoseusedinindustrialsystemsanddistributedor cloudbasedapplications,conaisisplayingakeyroleinhelpingwifitechnologysatisfythestringent requirementsitencountersinthisnewfrontier.whilepricecontinuesbeakeydriverforwifi solutions,theymustnowalsodeliverhigherperformance,lowerpowerconsumptionwhilesupportinga broadervarietyofspecializedapplicationsandhigherlayerprotocols. SmartThingsDemandSmartSolutions conaisoffersafullrangeofwificonnectivitysolutionscreatedspecificallytohelpdesignersmeet thesenewchallenges.fromeasytouseembeddedmodulesandsoftwaredevelopmentkitssdk)to Page9of12

10 conaiswhitepaper customdesignandmanufacturingservices,eachreflectsconais deepexpertiseinultralowpower ULP)andhighperformancewirelessproductdesign.quallyimportant,theyallbenefitfromconais WiSmarttechnologies,whichwe llexploreshortly.butfirst,let slookatsomeofthefeatureswhich makeconaisembeddedwifimodulestheshortestpathtowirelessconnectivityandtheiotfornearly anyapplication. Forexample,theconaisC19D01moduleillustratedhereFig.B)supportstheI802.11b/g/n standardsatactualdataratesofupto20mbits/s.thecompactsystemmeasures8x8x1.5mmand consumes10uainstandbyand1.16maduringnormaloperation. Fig.B:'System'diagram'of'the'conais'C19D01'802.11b/g/n'Wi+Fi'Module.'' Courtesy'of'conais)' LikenearlyallconaisembeddedWiFimodules,theC19D01includesanMCUwhichsupportsthe protocolstack,afullfeaturedTCP/IPStackwiththeaccompaniednetworkapplications,data securityandalsoprovisioningmethodsfordeviceconfiguration.itisalsoresponsibleforexchanging dataandcontrolsignalswiththehostsystemviastandardserial,spiorsdiointerfaces. TheC19D01module sradiousesanadvancedarchitecturetodeliverhighperformanceandenergy efficiency.theradiosectionisanimportantpartofallofconais precertified,internationallycompliant solutions,whichdramaticallyshortenacceptancecyclesandtimetomarket.theprocesswillaccelerate furtherinaprilof2014,withtheintroductionofthec19wthatisequippedwithinternalflashand integratedantennaandprecertifiedforallagencies. Themodule s32bitprocessorispowerfulenoughtosupportfullwififunctionality,tcp/ip connectivity,multiplehigherlayerprotocolstacks,with overhead tospareforcustomapplicationslike HighFidelityaudio,multiplestreamsofvideo,orstreamingserialdatastreams.Allconaismodules Page10of12

11 conaiswhitepaper makegooduseoftheprocessingpowerwitharichcomplementofembeddedsoftwareandapisthat canbeeasilyconfiguredtoaparticularapplication srequirementsfig.c). Fig.C:''Block'Diagram'of'an'C32L'conais'module'and'software'libraries.'' Courtesy'of'conais)' Inadditiontobasic802.11capabilities,thefirmwareincludessupportforadvancedWiFifeaturessuch aswifidirectwithp2pclientandp2pgoplusthefullrangeofsecurityoptionswps2.0,wpandthe personalandenterpriseversionsofwpa/wpa2).ahttps/sslsecuritystack,adhcpclient/server,a ConfigurableWebServerandstandardTCP/UDPSockets,complementsitsonchipTCP/IPprotocol stack. TheapplicationsoftwaremodulealsoincludesXively cloudservicessupporttoassistinthe developmentofcloudbasedapplications.inasimilarmanner,homeentertainmentandhome automationapplicationsaresupportedthroughdigitallivingnetworkalliance sdlna/upnp)protocol stack.uniqueandproprietaryprobme massconfigurationtechnologybuiltintomodulesallowsfor simplifiedoutoftheboxconfigurationandrapidregistrationofdevicesonexistingwifinetworks. Toaddresstheneedsofspecializedapplications,conaisalsooffersaselectionofembeddedmodules whoseprocessingpower,resources,andmemoryhavebeenoptimizedforaparticularapplication space.byonlyprovidingtheneededamountofprocessorresources,memory,serial/paralleland audio/videoi/o,conaisenablesdesignerstoachievethemostcosteffectivesolutionwhilestill retainingthequality,reliability,andrapidtimetomarketofitsfullfeaturedproducts.conais design servicesbringthesametechnologyandknowhowtothesemicustomandfullcustomdesignsthey createforselectedcustomers. conais%wismart%=%cloud%connectivity%without%tears%% conais WiSmarttechnologyseamlesslyintegratesitsproducts embeddedintelligence,wireless connectivityandcloudconnectivityresourcestohelpdesignerscreatesmarter,morecosteffectiveiot Page11of12

12 conaiswhitepaper Page12of12 enabledandcloudconnectedsolutions.allembeddedmodulesaresupportedbyapowerfulsetof developmenttoolswhichmakeiteasytoselectandcustomizeanythepretestedprotocolstacks, applications,driversandotherresourcesconaisincludeswithitsproducts.inaddition,conaishas partneredwithxivelypubliccloudservicespecificallybuiltfortheinternetofthings;tolicenseitscloud servicesapi.% conaiswismartsolutionsalreadyenjoylowpower,lowcost,andsmallsize.byaddingnativesupport forxively scloudservicesapi,theycannowbeeasilyintegratedwithinsensorsandmonitorstosupport Cloud'Based2Services%suchas: Remote/cloudbasedutilitymetering&SmartGrid Healthcaremonitoring&telemedicine, Highfidelityaudioandvideostreaming Remotemonitoring,dataacquisition,andcontrol Securityapplications These,andmanyotherapplications,canbenefitsignificantlyfromcloudaccessprimarilybyusingthe cloudfor: Remotedataloggingrequiringlittletonoonboardmemoryresources) Remotedatamonitoringtotrackandevenpredictperformancemetrics) Adaptive,optimized,andautomatedcontrolfromwebprogrammableuserprofilesrequiringa minimumofonboardprocessingorcomputation) Distributeddatacollection,trending,andforecasting Remotecontrolandconfigurationbyusersfromanywhereintheworld conaishasbuiltitsbusinessonenablingsmarter,morecosteffectiveembeddedwifisolutions.with theadditionofwismarttechnologies,itnowalsooffersthesmallest,fastest,mostcosteffectivewayto putyourdesignontheiot. % % Note: WiSmart,conais,C19D,C32L,andWiSAudioaretrademarksofconais,Inc. Alltrademarksarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners.