The Performance of Measurement-Based Overlay Networks

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1 The Performance of Measurement-Based Overlay Networks Daniel Bauer, Sean Rooney, Paolo Scotton, Ilias Iliadis, Sonja Buchegger IBM Research Säumerstrasse 4 CH-8803 Rüschlikon/Switzerland

2 Measurement Based Overlay Networking Internet routing, in particular BGP, exhibits a rather poor fail-over behavior. The Internet does not provide any QoS mechanisms. In particular, Internet routing is oblivious to congestion. Unlikely to change in the future due to operational and administrative hurdles in deploying QoS mechanisms. Overlay Networking claims to provide a solution: Use a link-state approach with simple QoS support. Use dynamic, i.e. measured metrics. Examples: Resilient Overlay Network (RON), Detour, RON achieved a better performance for small, fully-meshed experimental overlay networks with 12 and 16 nodes.

3 Application: Floating Car Data Transmission of: Position Speed Server Proxy-Servers ( boosters ) Router Traffic monitoring/predictions Pay-as-you-drive insurance Car maintenance Car taxes Does the overlay network reduce the packet loss ratio? Is it worthwhile to build an overlay network for this kind of application?

4 Design Outline of Measurement Based Overlays Overlay network topology is automatically constructed Virtual links are established based on network-closeness. Network closeness is based on path-capacity measurements and hop counts. Path-char and packet-pair (packet tailgating) methods are used. Link-state routing protocol Uses delay as link metric, path computation is shortest-path. QoS support for low delay and/or high throughput Link metrics are measured using network performance forecasts (e.g. Network Weather Service or REMOS).

5 Design Outline of Measurement Based Overlays? Virtual links are constructed based on capacity and length of the underlying IP path. NWS NWS Use Network Weather Service or REMOS to periodically measure the virtual link delay. Run link-state routing protocol with shortest-path.

6 Simulating the Overlay Network Generate base topology using the BRITE topology generator Populate topology with background traffic sources and sinks (TCP) Place sensor applications (UDP) Reference experiment (NS-2) Place traffic boosters at a subset of the network nodes Construct the overlay network Compare drop ratios of sensor traffic Send a fraction of the sensor applications traffic over the overlay Overlay network experiment (NS-2)

7 Base Network Topology BRITE topology generator using Waxman model 100, (200, 400) nodes Avg. connectivity=4 (# of directed links = 4 x # of nodes) α=0.9, β=0.2; i.e. p( d) = αe d β Link capacity uniformly distributed in the range 1-4 Mbit/s Delay uniformly distributed in the range of 1-10 ms. Why not using a power-law distribution? Power-law distribution makes sense for networks with several thousands of nodes. NS-2 does not scale to these numbers with our simulation.

8 Application Placement and Construction of Overlay Network Sources and sinks are located on nodes with low connectivity. Boosters are assigned to nodes with high connectivity. Each booster constructs 4 virtual links to neighboring boosters. The closest neighbors are chosen on the spanning tree obtained from shortest-widest path computation.

9 Background Traffic Background traffic is needed to generate congestion. TCP or UDP point-to-point traffic with 576 bytes packet size. Bit-rate normally distributed, mean 250 kbit/s or 500 kbit/s Exponentially distributed burst lengths, means 1ms, 10 ms, 100ms, or 1000 ms Diurnal behavior, i.e. some sources only are active during certain periods.

10 Sensor Application Traffic Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor Sensor applications model the Floating Car Data approach. 4 sources send a constant bit-rate stream to a single sink. UDP is used as a transport protocol. Bit-rate is 250 kbit/s. Sink Small number of sensor (40) compared to the number of background applications (500).

11 Measurement of Dynamic Metrics TCP connection Router Router Router Router Booster Virtual link Booster Overlay routing measures link metrics every 500 ms. Adjacent boosters send 50 byte probes over TCP connections. The cost of a virtual link is set to the smoothed round triptime of the corresponding TCP connection. If a probe is lost, the cost is set to an arbitrary high value which is higher than any observable RTT. Updates are sent on changes, but at least every second.

12 Experiments Conducted Light congestion 500 TCP background traffic sources with data rate = 250 kb/s. 40 sensors (250 kb/s). Traffic of 4 sensors routed through overlay. Packet loss in reference experiment: <4%. Heavy congestion 500 UDP background traffic sources with data rate = 500 kb/s. 40 sensors (250 kb/s). Traffic of 4 sensors routed through overlay. Packet loss in reference experiment: <36%. Low overlay usage 500 TCP background traffic sources with data rate = 250 kb/s. 40 sensors (250 kb/s). Traffic of 2 sensors routed through overlay. Packet loss in reference experiment: <4%. Topology with 100 nodes; 10, 20, and 50 boosters in overlay. Burst duration of background traffic from 1ms to 1000 ms. 10 simulation runs are executed for a given parameter setting (10 x 4 x 3 = 120 experiments per scenario). A different topology is used for each run.

13 Result Methodology Referecence Experiment Overlay Experiment Reference traffic Overlay traffic Compare average drop ratio Normal traffic Overlay network can be beneficial, i.e. overlay traffic has lower drop rate and normal traffic is not worse than reference. Overlay network often is partially beneficial, i.e. overlay traffic gets lower drop rate but normal traffic sees increased drop rate. Overlay network can be detrimental and both the overlay traffic and the normal traffic get a higher drop rate. Results are independent of the burst sizes of the background traffic.

14 Results for Scenario Light Congestion Overlay Normal Reference Bboxes Burst Drop Ratio Stddev Drop Ratio Stddev Drop Ratio Stddev

15 Results (cont.) Comparison of drop ratios of overlay traffic and reference traffic light congestion heavy congestion low overlay usage booster boxes 20 booster boxes 50 booster boxes

16 Discussion of the Results Some possible explanations of the effects seen: Overlay networks are beneficial If the overlay network succeeds in routing around congestion points. Overlay networks are partially beneficial If the normal traffic is affected by the additional overhead introduced by the overlay network (i.e. network probes and overlay routing link-state messages). Overlay networks are detrimental If the virtual links have a high overlap on the physical topology and thus funnel additional traffic over the same physical links.

17 Conclusion Our current approach has not identified parameter regions where overlay networking is always beneficial. Small changes in parameters seem to have large effects. Many possible approaches in building overlay network topologies exist. Future work: Explore alternative ways of building overlay networks and measure their performance behavior. Build a reactive system that uses the overlay network only if it is beneficial.

18 END

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