Key Indicators Samoa Food and Nutrition Security Profiles In Samoa per capita GDP and Dietary Energy Supply (DES) per person have increased, while undernourishment has decreased accordingly, in recent years The proportion of underweight young children is just 1%, and all nutritional outcomes stand at acceptable levels. Nevertheless, a likelihood exists that overweight may become a public health concern, given the increasingly high proportion of animal origin foods, vegetable oils and sugars in the diet. Figure 1.1 Food Availability From 199 to 211: DES increased 1% Animalorigin supply decreased 4% Vegetalorigin products increased 15% and remain the major DES source 3 25 2 15 1 21 751 185 2872 724 2148 Kcal per person per day Figure 1.2 Undernourishment and Economic Growth From 199 to 212: GDP increased 52% Undernourishment declined 44% and is now at a low and stable level (5%) GDP per person, PPP (constant 211 dollars) Undernourished in total population International $ 55 5 45 4 35 3 11 3255 199 1992 1994 199 1998 2 22 24 2 28 21 212 Source: GDP: WDI 214 / Undernourished: FAO FSI_213 18 1 4935 Figure 1.3 Child Malnutrition In 1999: Stunting was %, underweight 2% and wasting1% Overweight was % Low Birth Weight stood at 1% 5 14 12 1 8 4 3.3 25.2 11.1 199 Figure 1.4 Child Mortality From 199 to 212: Under5 mortality reduced 41%, will not achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target Infant mortality reduced 39% Neonatal mortality reduced 35% 1995 Figure 1.5 Anaemia Anaemia is a public health issue, high among pregnant women (33%), nonpregnant women (2%) and under5 children alike (3%) Deworming and iron supplementation can be effective for Total reducing <2 yr anaemia in pregnant women as well as children. Children <5 years Non pregnant women of reproductive age 21.5 18.3 2 3 15.5 8.5 7.3 2 25 18.1 21 15.3 7.2 212 MDG Target 17.8 Infant Neonatal Under fives Source: Interagency Group for CME (213) 1 215 Pregnant women 33 5 199 211 Animal Origin Vegetal Origin Total Dietary Energy Supply (DES) Source : FAOSTAT FBS: 214 update Overweight Underweight 2 1 1999 Stunting Wasting Source: UNICEFWBWHO Joint Global Nutrition Dataset_213 2 4 8 1 Prevalence of Anaemia (%) Source: WHO Worldwide prevalence of Anaemia (199325) Anthropometry (Table 1.1) Underweight women (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) Overweight adults (BMI >= 25 kg/m2) Proportion of infants with low birth weight Source: WHO Global Database on BMI & DHS 28 1 % 29
Samoa Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Food Availability / Food Access Access to food Figure 2.2 Economic access to food General and food inflation 35 General inflation Food inflation 3 25 Food Availability Figure 2.1 Food supply by food group 2 15 1 (kcal/person/year) Total dietary energy supply= 2,872 (211) 211 199 Cereals 53 511 5 5 2 21 22 23 24 25 2 27 28 29 21 211 2. 212 Rice 123 155 Source: ILOSTAT Database Consumer Price Indices 214 Wheat Meat & Milk & Eggs 235 48 53 548 Food inflation has recorded historically larger fluctuations than general inflation. The last significant variation between these two indices occurred in 28, during the global food price crisis. Sugars and syrups 24 28 Fruits & vegetables 235 188 Vegetable oils 55 759 Fish & Fish products 14 12 Animal fats Pulses Starchy roots 3 82 12 294 343 4 8 Source: UN_FAO Food Balance Sheets_214 Update Figure 2.3 Share of food expenditure 1 8 Non food items Cereals 17 9 (29) Vegetable oil and oil crops are the main source of energy 2% of total energy source Meat, milk or eggs (19%) continue to be one of the most important sources of energy in Samoan diets Although wheat increased 74%, the contribution of cereals to overall DES has decreased from 2% to 18% 4 Fruits and vegetables Fish Sugars 3 9 8 19 Veg oils 2 Meat, milk and eggs 3 Other % Total expenditure per person per day % Dietry energy Consumption Source: UN FAO RAP based on national HIES, ECS, SES, HLSS 213 Update, Samoa
Food Utilization Samoa Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Food utilization refers both to food preparation practices in households, which influence nutrient content of consumed foods, and to the absorption of nutrients by the human body after consumption. Nutrient absorption in the gut is strongly influenced by health status, particularly the presence of diarrhoea. Hygienic environmental conditions related to improved water and sanitation are important determinants of health and infection incidence and prevalence. Water and Sanitation Figure 3.1 Access to Improved Sanitation From 199 to 212: Access to improved sanitation decreased 1% in 22 years Issue remains for 8% of households, with slight differences between rural and urban areas 1 8 93 92 92 91 Figure 3.2 Open Defecation From 199 to 212: Open defecation has not been an issue for more than 2 years 1 8 Figure 3.3 Access to Improved Water Sources From 199 to 212: Disparities in access to improved water sources between urban and rural areas have been solved At least 98% of people have sustainable access to improved water sources 1 8 97 99 89 98 87 % Population 4 % Population 4 % Population 4 2 2 2.1.1.1 199 1993 199 1999 22 25 28 211 25 2 27 28 29 21 211 212 199 1993 199 1999 22 25 28 211 Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Source: WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 214 Source: WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 214 Source: WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, 214 Food Safety Figure 3.4 Diarrhoea Management of Diarrhoea (Table 3.1) No Data Zinc Share of children under age 5 with diarrhoea receiving zinc treatment Existing policy framework Zinc Supplementation and Reformulated Oral Rehydration Salt in the Management of Diarrhea Source:
Food Utilization Samoa Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Nutrition and Health Figure 3.5 Exclusive Breastfeeding Exclusive breastfeeding is 51% and early initiation of breastfeeding is prevalent for 88% of children 1 8 4 2 Early initiation of breastfeeding Exclusive breast feeding rate (5 months) Source: WSM_DHS_2921 88 51 29 Figure 3. Complementary Feeding Introduction of complementary feeding is timely for 85% of children 45% of children aged 23 months do not meet the minimum meal frequency Meeting the recommended quality of diet remains a challenge, with only 48% achieving the minimum acceptable diet Introduction of solid, semisolid or soft food (breastfed children Minimum dietary diversity (breastfed children 23 months) Minimum meal frequency (breastfed children 23 months) Minimum acceptable diet (breastfed children 23 months) Source: WSM_DHS_2921 48 55 78 85 2 4 8 1 Figure 3.7 Duration of Breastfeeding No Data Figure 3.8 Child Malnutrition and Poverty Micronutrient Status Figure 3.9 Vitamin A Vitamin A deficiencies (1% of preschoolers) indicate that Vitamin A is lacking in the daily diet. Deficiencies at this level are a public health concern and deserve ongoing attention. No Data 1 75 5 25 1.1 Vitamin A Supplementation Coverage full children 59 months Vitamin A Deficiency (PreSchool Aged Children) <.7umoL /a * VAD is a severe public health problem if >2% of preschool children (71 months) have low serum retinol (<.7µmol/L) Source: a/ WHO Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in population at risk 199525 report. Iodine (Table 3.2) Households consuming iodized salt Iodine deficiency (Urinary Iodine Concentration <1ug/L) among schoolage children *Optimal UIE 1 199ug/L Source: a/ WHO Global database on idodine deficiency, b/unicef State of the World s Children
Samoa Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Enabling environment for Nutrition and Food security Policy documents addressing nutrition issues Policy Table 1 Nutrition related issues covered in these policies Covered Comments Child undernutrition Maternal and Child Undernutrition Low Birth Weight Maternal undernutrition Obesity and diet related NCDs Infant and Young Child Nutrition Source: Child obesity Adult obesity Diet related NCDs Breastfeeding Complementary feeding Int l Code of Marketing of BMS Supplementation: Vitamin A children/women Vitamins and Minerals Iron Folate children/women Zinc children Other vitamins & min child/women Food fortification Underlying and contextual factors Food Safety Food security Food Aid Nutrition and Infection Gender Maternal leave Social Protection policies or legislation including food or nutrition component
Samoa Food and Nutrition Security Profiles Policy Table 2 Demographic Indicators (Table 5.1) Year Economic Indicators (Table 5.3) Year Population size (thousands) /a 189 212 GDP annual growth rate /c 2.89 % 212 Average annual population growth.77 % 212 Proportion of population urbanised 19.7 % 212 GDP per capita (PPP) (constant 211 international dollars) /c 4,935 212 Number of children <5 years (thousand) 25 Education level of mothers of underfives: None (%) 212 Gini index /c (1= complete inequality; = complete equality) Male 7 212 Life expectancy at birth (Years) /a Female 7.2 212 Agriculture population density(people/ ha of arable land /b).8 228 Unemployment rate /c 5 % 21 Population below US $ 1.25 (PPP) per day /c (%) Employment in agriculture sector (% of total employment) /c 39.9 % 21 Poverty gap ratio /e Women employed in agriculture sector (% of total female employment) /c) Adolescents (Table 5.2) 15.8 % 21 Year Income share held by households /c Poorest 2% Richest 2% Adolescent birth rate (number of births per 1, adolescent girls aged 1519) /a 29 2 Adolescent girls aged 1519 currently married or in union /d 7 % 221 Women aged 224 who gave birth before age 18 /d (%) 5 221 Sources: a/ World Bank, Health Nutrition and Population Statistics Database 214 Update b/ FAOSTAT 213 Update; c/ World Bank, World Development Indicators Database, 214 Update; d/ UNICEF, State of the World Children 214 (data refer to the most recent year available during the period specified) The information inlcuded in this Food Security and Nutrition profile, is backed by recognized, validated and properlty published information available untill June 214. Although updated information might be available at national level form different sources, until requirements of quality, validity and proper publication are met, it has not been inlcuded in this profile.