Data Center Forum. Forum focus: Arc Flash Safety in 400V Data Centers. Eaton's Global IT Newsletter Volume 5 Issue 3. Data Center Interactive

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1 Eaton's Global IT Newsletter Volume 5 Issue 3. Data Center Forum Forum focus: Arc Flash Safety in 400V Data Centers IT Perspective Customer Voice Data Center Interactive

2 Power through data center challenges. Eaton has the know-how you need to succeed. Data centers are no place for guesswork. To keep power quality high, you need proven answers from experts with deep industry knowledge and realworld expertise. Every article, white paper and webcast in Eaton s thought leadership library reflects our 100 years of hands-on experience helping businesses achieve lasting success. Find the answers you need. Eaton is a trademark of Eaton Corporation Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved _0311

3 Data Center Forum Letter from Dave Loucks: Safety First Dave G. Loucks PCM Solution Manager Eaton Corporation 400V data centers, while pretty much the norm everywhere else in the world, are rare at present in the U.S. Yet with technology budgets tighter than ever and interest in sustainable IT steadily rising, American businesses are slowly beginning to wire their server rooms for 400V operation, since doing so can significantly reduce energy waste along the power chain. Though that s good news for both corporate balance sheets and the environment, it also raises safety issues new to many U.S. IT and facilities managers. The effects of an arc flash involving 120V current can include burns and other painful injuries. They pale, however, in comparison to the impact of a 400V arc flash, which can produce bone-crushing pressure waves, blinding light, deafening noise and heat several times greater than the surface of the sun. Unless they re wearing appropriate protective gear, persons exposed to such forces can suffer permanentlydisabling injuries or worse. Most companies work hard to protect their data center technicians from the hazards of arc flash incidents, but the safety measures a typical U.S. computing facility employs today would be overwhelmed by the explosive power of a 400V arc flash. That's why we ve dedicated this issue of Data Center Forum to the challenges of ensuring arc flash safety in 400V data centers. In an article that s must reading for anyone contemplating a move to 400V, we explain the dangers your employees are likely to face and suggest concrete strategies for mitigating them. They re all simple and relatively inexpensive actions that could end up saving lives. Next, we step outside the IT world to examine arc flash mitigation at a manufacturing facility operated by Bowater Inc., a leading maker of newsprint and specialty papers. As our case study shows, Bowater used some of the same technologies and best practices available to data center operators to reduce arc flash energy levels and boost power system reliability. Finally, don t miss the latest edition of our Data Center Interactive section, where you ll learn more about the terrifying power of both arc flashes and their distant cousin the lightning bolt. There s also an interesting piece about the shortage of space, power and cooling at many data center these days, as well as a new poll question to answer. Send us your response quickly and you just might win one of ten jumbo coolers. Given the fiscal pressures we all feel and environmental concerns we all share, adopting 400V power in your data center is an important new opportunity provided you do it safely. I m confident that the advice and analysis we provide on the following pages will help you harness the potential of 400V operation both successfully and safely. Register to receive the quarterly electronic version of Data Center Forum: EATON CORPORATION

4 IT Perspective Arc Flash Safety in 400V Data Centers Strategies for protecting employees from underappreciated yet potentially deadly hazards Tight budgets and rising interest in energy efficiency have many U.S. companies looking to switch from 120V power to 400V power in their data centers. However, while operating a data center at 400V significantly decreases energy waste, it also dramatically increases the magnitude and impact of arc flash events. Indeed, while arc flashes in a 120V data center generally produce minor, temporary wounds, comparable incidents in a 400V data center can easily result in permanently disabling and disfiguring injuries or even death. Six steps that could save a life 1. Perform a hazard analysis 2. Select appropriate personal protective equipment 3. Conduct employee safety training 4. Leverage parallel redundant architectures 5. Use circuit breakers instead of fuses 6. Deploy arc flash safety products The rise of the 400V data center In the U.S., utilities typically deliver power at 480V. Most U.S. data centers, however, operate at 120V/208V. As a result, they must use a series of mechanisms to transform or step down power from the 480V at which it is received to the 120V at which it is consumed by servers and other infrastructure devices. Unfortunately, a small amount of energy gets lost as waste during each of those steps. One way to reduce such waste is to operate the data center at 400V, as organizations in most countries around the world already do. In a 400V data center, fewer voltage transformations occur along the power chain, resulting in reduced energy loss. Not surprisingly, then, many U.S. data centers are taking a close look at increasing their operating voltage from 120V to 400V. As they do so, however, it is important that they examine the potential safety implications of such a move, including the heightened risks associated with arc flash incidents. In a 120V/208V circuit, arcs tend to self-extinguish, so arc flash incidents are rarely capable of causing lifethreatening or permanentlydisabling injuries. In a 400V circuit, by contrast, an accidental short circuit can initiate an arc that does not self-extinguish. As a result, 400V circuit arc flash events routinely ignite powerful explosions marked by searing heat, toxic fumes, blinding light, deafening noise and devastating pressure waves. Without proper protection, workers exposed to such blasts can suffer third-degree burns, collapsed lungs, loss of vision, ruptured eardrums, puncture wounds and even death. Eaton provides mandatory arc flash training for all of its service personnel. Technicians are required to use lockout/ tag out procedures (which ensure that equipment is not unexpectedly re-energized while technicians are working on it) and wear appropriate protective gear, including suits, helmets with face guards, safety glasses, safety shoes and protective gloves. Preventing arc flash events in a 400V environment No company should begin powering their data center at 400V before making careful preparations aimed at protecting their employees. The remainder of this editorial discusses six essential safety steps that data center managers should consider taking. 1. Perform a hazard analysis Proper arc flash safety is impossible without accurate measurements of the potential energy release associated with arc flash events. An arc flash hazard analysis can help you calculate those incident energy values, while also identifying arc flash risks along the power chain and strategies for mitigating them. Data center managers who lack direct and extensive experience with performing arc flash analyses within 400V environments should be certain to include a qualified power systems engineer in the arc flash hazard analysis process. 2. Select appropriate personal protective equipment Technicians in a 400V data center should never come within range of a potential arc flash incident unless they re wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as flame-resistant clothing, eye protection and gloves. For example, if live bus work is exposed, personnel should remain at least 10 feet away unless they re wearing appropriate PPE. The specific type of PPE worn depends on the calculated incident energy values. PPE shields wearers from the heat and light produced by arc flash explosions, and to a lesser extent from shrapnel and noise as well. PPE is available in varying degrees of strength offering varying degrees of protection. Electrical engineers and fire safety professionals have developed two standards to help organizations determine how much protection their employees require: IEEE : Created by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), one of the world s most respected technical professional associations, IEEE offers 4 EATON CORPORATION

5 IT Perspective guidance on measuring the incident energy associated with arc flash events, as well as recommendations on how much PPE workers require based on those measurements. For more information, visit org and search for NFPA 70E: Produced by the National Fire Protection Association, a non-profit organization dedicated to fire, electrical, building and life safety, NFPA 70E defines thresholds for appropriate PPE based on the severity of potential arc flash hazards. For more information, visit and search for NFPA 70E. Drawing on these two standards as well as the data collected during an arc flash hazard analysis, organizations can accurately calculate their Hazard Risk Category, which will in turn tell them what kind of PPE their employees should wear when working in arc flash danger zones. Data center managers should also ensure that any vendors or third-party service providers who perform maintenance procedures on their server infrastructure wear appropriate PPE at all times. Though arc flash safety standards like IEEE are extremely helpful tools, it is worth noting that they contain an important gap at present: single-phase-toground faults. Though IEEE provides energy calculations for three-phase arcing faults, it offers no guidance on single-phase-toground faults, which are much more common in servers and other information and communications technology equipment that operate on single-phase power. Instead, the standard assumes that ground faults will ether selfextinguish or escalate into a three-phase fault. In truth, (Source: IEEE) however, the additional energy released by singlephase ground faults before they become three-phase faults can be substantial. This is because ground faults tend to be lower current faults that require more time for upstream protective devices to clear, while higher current three-phase faults are cleared quickly. Since present IEEE guidelines fail to take that additional energy into account, they may significantly underestimate the amount of protection that exposed workers require. Eaton and other leading companies have contributed substantial funding to a new joint NFPA/IEEE work effort aimed at updating the 2002 standard to include, among other things, single-phase arc flash testing. 3. Conduct employee safety training While providing appropriate PPE is a vital part of safeguarding technicians from arc flash hazards, thorough safety training should also be part of every company s strategy for mitigating arc flash dangers. When delivered by experienced and knowledgeable instructors, arc flash safety training Utility AC Utility AC Utility AC can also help data center managers calculate potential short circuit currents, Hazard Risk Categories and safe boundary distances based on the IEEE and NFPA 70E standards. Organizations should also ensure that any vendors or third-party service providers working in their data center have received thorough safety training as well. 4. Leverage parallel redundant architectures Many organizations currently use parallel redundant power chain architectures in their data centers. At their most thorough, such schemes provide multiple, independent power paths all the way from utility mains to electrical load, so that if one path becomes unavailable due to a component failure or routine maintenance, the others can keep critical applications up and running. However, companies can temporarily use parallel redundant power architectures to promote safety rather than reliability, by manually de-energizing a power path before repairing or administering the IT equipment it supports. Though such a move briefly increases the risk of downtime, it also UPS 1 UPS 2 UPS 3 Output power bus reduces the risk of arc flashrelated injuries. For most businesses in most situations, that s a tradeoff worth making. 5. Use circuit breakers instead of fuses Generally speaking, organizations have two options when selecting overcurrent protection technologies in a data center power system: fuses and circuit breakers. Though data center managers should consider a range of factors before making their choice, circuit breakers provide significant advantages with respect to arc flash safety due to the faster fault clearing time they provide during the kind of fault that occurs most commonly in a data center ground faults. In fact, IEEE Std (Gold Book), Table states that the likelihood of a ground fault is 2.5 to 70 times more likely than a phase-to-phase fault. Since ground fault current typically flows through noncopper conductors, the overall magnitude of the fault current is reduced. Under these lower current conditions, the very steep time-overcurrent curve typical of a current limiting fuse works against it. ITE Loads ITE Loads ITE Loads Figure 1. Creating multiple power paths all the way from utility mains to UPSs to IT equipment (ITE) can improve both reliability and safety. EATON CORPORATION

6 IT Perspective Recommended arc f lash personal protective equipment Risk Personal Protective Equipment 0 Natural fiber long sleeve shirt and pants, safety glasses, hard hat, V-rated gloves 1 Fire resistant shirt and pants, safety glasses, hard hat, V-rated gloves 2 Fire resistant shirt and pants, face shield, hard hat, ear canal inserts, V-rated and leather gloves, leather work shoes 3 Fire resistant coverall over fire resistant shirt and pants, flash suit hood, ear canal inserts, V-rated and leather gloves, leather work shoes 4 Flash suit over fire resistant coverall over fire resistant shirt and pants, flash suit hood, ear canal inserts, V-rated and leather gloves, leather work shoes With a current limiting fuse, a slight decrease in fault current results in a large increase in clearing time. As a result, these reduced clearing speeds produce proportionally higher incident energy during a fault. With a circuit breaker, for any current level above the instantaneous trip pickup point (typically six to 10 times breaker handle rating), the incident energy decreases as the fault current decreases, as is common in a ground fault. For the fuse, the incident energy increases as the fault current decreases. For even lower incident energy levels, circuit breakers can be equipped with ground fault sensing. In circuit breakers with ground fault sensing, the instantaneous trip can occur at fault current levels below the breaker handle rating. This results in substantially lower arc flash incident energy. Even if a high current fault were to occur, breakers still provide the required protection. In fact, Eaton molded case circuit breakers operate so quickly, that for any current value above 15 times the handle rating of the breaker and below the withstand rating of the breaker, the incident arc energy released from a fault downstream of that breaker will always be no higher than Hazard Risk Category level 1. Furthermore, though technicians can turn fusible switches on or off remotely, changing or inspecting a fuse requires them to go into the panelboard, where they re exposed to potential arc flash events. Circuit breakers, by contrast, rarely require replacement and can be reset safely from outside the panel. 6. Deploy arc flash safety products Beyond wearing appropriate PPE, there are four main ways to lessen arc flash hazards: reduce arc flash durations, reduce arc flash currents, reduce the frequency of arc flash incidents and place protective physical barriers between arc flashes and data center personnel. With the help of safety products from Eaton and other manufacturers, data center managers can cost-effectively take advantage of all four strategies. Reduce arc flash durations The shorter an arc flash event lasts, the less energy it releases and hence the less danger it poses to nearby personnel. Organizations can use a variety of tools to interrupt arc flashes quickly, including these: Feeder protective devices with arc flash reduction maintenance system settings: During a fault, data center operators always prefer protective devices closest to the fault to trip before upstream devices, as that minimizes the number of servers impacted by the interruption of electrical power. Consequently, most companies select products with intentional delays in upstream protective devices that give downstream devices time to trip first. Unfortunately, however, such products also give arc flashes time to reach potentially deadly energy levels if the fault occurs between two protective devices, as current will flow longer than needed while the upstream device waits for the fault to be cleared by the downstream device. Since the downstream device does not see the fault, there is no reason to wait before clearing the fault by the upstream device. Feeder protective devices with maintenance system settings enable technicians to temporarily disable intentional delays along the power chain while they work with live electrical equipment, so as to shorten arc flash incidents and limit the energy they release. Be sure, however, to look for arc flash reduction maintenance systems that operate even faster than the circuit breaker s normal instantaneous clearing time. Such products include dedicated high-speed analog tripping circuitry that bypasses the circuit breaker trip unit. Modern electronic trip units use microprocessors to calculate currents and decide when to trip. The time delays introduced by executing this program code (not to mention boot-up time if the breaker is closed into a fault and the microprocessor is initially powered up), are eliminated by the analog bypass circuit. Zone selective interlocking: Though it doesn t provide as much arc flash incident energy reduction as a true analog bypass arc flash reduction maintenance system, zone selective interlocking (ZSI) offers the advantage of automatic operation. No maintenance switch must be activated. ZSI systems accomplish this by interconnecting inhibit signals between upstream main and downstream feeder breakers. Should a fault occur downstream of a feeder breaker, the feeder breaker sends an inhibit signal to the upstream main telling the main to wait and allow the feeder to clear the fault, if the feeder breaker sees the fault. The upstream main breaker maintains its time delays and remains closed during the fault. 6 EATON CORPORATION

7 IT Perspective However, should a fault occur between the upstream main and the downstream feeder, the downstream feeder does not have any fault current flowing through it, so it does not send an inhibit signal to the upstream main. Consequently, the upstream main bypasses internal time delays and trips instantaneously. This reduces the arc flash incident energy released for faults that occur within electrical equipment between circuit breakers. Note that some manufacturers offer maintenance systems that manually disable the ZSI inhibit signal, essentially telling the upstream breaker to trip instantaneously during a fault. This does not provide improved arc flash reduction performance over a ZSI system, however, since a fault occurring between the main and feeder would trip the main instantaneously anyway. A better approach is to specify both ZSI and a true arc flash reduction maintenance system that utilizes the bypass analog circuit, which can trip the breaker faster than the instantaneous clearing time of the breaker. Bus differential schemes: These are coordinated zones of protection within an electrical system. When a fault occurs within a given zone of protection (i.e. between the main and feeder breakers), protective devices trip instantaneously, limiting arc flash durations while also confining arc flash damage to specific portions of your infrastructure. Bus differential systems are typically faster and more sensitive than ZSI systems, but require additional current transformers and relaying equipment. This tends to make bus differential systems more difficult to implement and more expensive than ZSI systems. Reduce arc flash currents Just as a shorter arc flash is less dangerous, the same is true (on a circuit breaker protected system ) of an arc carrying a smaller amount of current. Among the many ways companies can reduce arc flash currents are these: Current limiting reactors: Typically deployed in series with the three-phase conductors feeding the load, current limiting reactors restrict current under fault conditions. For example, lowvoltage motor control centers can be supplied with three single-phase reactors that limit available short circuit current, resulting in a reduction of available arcing current during faults. High-resistance grounding systems: During ground faults, high-resistance grounding (HRG) systems provide a path for ground current via a resistance that limits current magnitude. That dramatically reduces the magnitude of line-to-ground faults and limits the scale of arc flash events. While HRG can be used on systems that service only three-phase loads, the US National Electrical Code prohibits using HRG on distribution systems providing loads that are connected line-to-neutral, as are most servers. This limits the practicality of an HRG system to the portion of a data center that powers cooling plants and other large three-phase loads. Reduce frequency of arc flash incidents Several technologies, including the following, can help data center managers decrease the likelihood of arc flash events happening at all: Predictive maintenance systems: Deteriorating insulation is the leading cause of arc-producing electrical failures. Identifying and repairing compromised insulation before it fails can help avert arc flash explosions. Predictive maintenance systems provide early warning of insulation failure in medium-voltage switchgear, substations, generators, transformers and motors. Remote monitoring, control and diagnostics software: With the help of power management systems, technicians can perform many administrative tasks remotely, rather than expose themselves to potential arc flash events. Power management applications also equip companies to remotely de-energize electrical equipment before data center personnel approach it. Erect protective physical barriers When all else fails, protective safety barriers offer vulnerable data center employees a critical last line of defense from the explosive power of arc flash incidents. Among the many varieties of such barriers are these: Arc-resistant switchgear: Properly-designed switchgear utilizes sealed joints, top mounted pressure relief vents, reinforced hinges and through-the-door racking to contain harmful gases and reduce injuries during arc flash explosions. Infrared windows: These allow technicians to complete thermal inspections of electrical switchgear without opening cabinets or doors. Leveraging their infrared thermography technology, operators can safely and quickly assess potential equipment problems without first de-energizing electrical circuits. Also, always keep equipment doors and access covers closed and fastened during normal operation, to keep arc flash energy contained. Figure 2: Power management software enables data center personnel to perform many tasks remotely rather than expose themselves to arc flash dangers. EATON CORPORATION

8 Customer Voice Eaton and Bowater devise a strategy to significantly reduce arc flash danger Company: Bowater Inc. Location: Grenada, Miss. Application: Arc flash safety Challenge: Reduce employee exposure to arc flash dangers and heat stress by creating a safer work environment that requires lighter protective gear. Solution: Eaton Arc Flash Hazard Analysis and Eaton Arc Flash Reduction Maintenance System Results: With Eaton s help, Bowater is enjoying: Lower arc flash incident energy levels Reduced need for stifling personal protective equipment Enhanced safety system reliability Protecting technicians from arc flash hazards is a critical priority for data center managers. But data centers aren t the only places where arc flashes can occur. In truth, any facility that relies on electrical equipment is vulnerable to arc flash incidents. Fortunately, however, many of the same tools and techniques that keep data centers safe from arc flashes can be used to safeguard factories and other industrial sites as well. Commitment to Safety Just ask Bowater Inc. The leading producer of coated and specialty papers and newsprint, Bowater stands by their commitment to ensure the safety of their workers at their Grenada, Miss., facility Mississippi s only newsprint manufacturer. Bowater looked to Eaton and its Electrical Services and Systems district office in Pelham, Ala. to implement its arc flash training, perform an Arc Flash Hazard Analysis to assess their safety needs and concerns, and to coordinate its power systems through Eaton s PowerChain Management solutions. An arc flash is produced by a flow of electrical current through ionized air after an initial flashover or short circuit. An arc flash event releases a tremendous amount of energy in the form of thermal heat, toxic fumes, pressure waves, blinding light, sound waves and explosions that can result in serious injury including critical burns, collapsed lungs, loss of vision, ruptured eardrums, puncture wounds and even death. According to the National Fire Protection Association, Inc (NFPA), an arc flash occurs when an electric current passes through air between ungrounded conductors or between ungrounded conductors and grounded conductors. The NFPA 70E safety standard sets forth basic requirements for electrical safety in the workplace, and requirements for arc flash hazards in particular. Accidents, unintentional contact with electrical systems, equipment failure, improperly designed equipment and/or work procedures can all cause an arc flash explosion. An arc flash releases dangerous levels of radiant heat energy that can cause fatal or severe burns. Fatal burns can affect workers up to five feet or more from the arc and severe burns can happen up to ten feet away during a high energy arc flash. An arc flash produces some of the highest temperatures on earth up to 35,000 degrees Fahrenheit three times the surface temperature of the sun. These excessive temperatures cause the air and metal in the path of the arc to expand and explode, creating an arc blast. Offering Solutions Based upon the initial systems study findings, Eaton and Bowater devised a strategy to significantly reduce arc flash danger at the Grenada facility. Eaton used its power systems expertise to coordinate existing electrical protective measures, devices and monitoring as well as conduct an arc flash analysis. Eaton s integrated systems approach 8 EATON CORPORATION

9 Customer Voice for Bowater served to identify potential arc flash hazard areas within the electrical system and offer a variety of possible solutions. The primary concern of Bowater s maintenance manager, Gary Fant, was employee safety. Due to generally hot and humid conditions at the facility, Fant wanted to create an environment in which the employees could wear sufficient personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent the potentially fatal or severe effects of an arc flash, yet not so much that employees would be exposed to the danger of extreme heat stress. Installation of Eaton s Arc Flash Reduction Maintenance System units offered the primary line of defense. These innovative protective devices, installed in the company s power circuit breakers, lower arc flash incident energy levels by temporarily lowering trip settings while workers are performing work on the energized electrical system. Bowater s commitment to employee safety and arc flash incident prevention was emblematic of its historical efforts to prevent workplace accidents. The company s meticulous record keeping and data collection removed a major hurdle faced by Eaton with many of its industrial clients. Eaton s team was able to expedite implementation because Bowater had helped lay the ground work. Challenges Despite the fact that Bowater created a safe and cooperative working environment, Eaton s team faced several key challenges while implementing its Arc Flash Safety Solutions. Bowater, the second largest newsprint production facility in the U.S. and third largest worldwide, could not afford lengthy downtime. This led to a tight timeframe for Eaton to upgrade and install the Arc Flash Reduction Maintenance System units onto the company s circuit breakers. Bowater s production schedule allowed only a threeday window for operation shutdown. During this period, Eaton had to retrofit and test 96 circuit breakers in almost 30 locations while simultaneously performing testing and maintenance at all levels of the power system. Several workstations were set up to retrofit the units onto the circuit breakers and test them. Switchgear specialists were brought in from Eaton s Aftermarket Centers of Excellence in Alabama and Louisiana to oversee the project. In the meantime, Eaton took the initiative to gather additional, specific information about the connected loads and operating parameters for each breaker and perform an on-site system study to verify proper settings for each individual breaker. While the installation took place, key parts of the Bowater mill remained open and functional so other necessary maintenance work could be done. End Results Eaton completed work at the Bowater facility on schedule resulting in a state-of-the-art safety system and maximum peace-of-mind for electrical maintenance employees and managers. Frank Ashley, senior field service engineer at Eaton, outlined the value of the arc flash safety evaluation, analysis and system enhancements. By installing the Arc Flash Reduction Maintenance System units, Bowater was able to offer their electrical workers three key safety and reliability-related benefits: 1. Lower arc flash incident energy levels in the work location. 2. Less arc flash PPE required, which reduces heat stress. For example, before the retrofit with the Arc Flash Reduction Maintenance System unit MCC was a category 3 arc flash hazard at 8.3 cal/cm2, requiring a flame resistant (FR) shirt & pant plus FR coveralls over them. After the retrofit, MCC was reduced to a category 1 arc flash hazard at 1.9 cal/cm2, requiring only an FR shirt and pant. 3. For system reliability, replacing the older analog breaker trip units with microprocessor-based true RMS trip units gives more flexibility to the power systems engineer in making settings for system coordination. Also, the true RMS units are less susceptible to nuisance tripping from harmonic signals on the line, generated by Bowater s paper mill drives. While noting Eaton s highlevel of strategic resources and exceptional quality, Bowater s Fant added that a key ingredient in the success of the venture was the tremendous personal commitment of Eaton s team. Bowater is currently implementing an electrical safety program to include all aspects of NFPA 70E. Eaton s integrated systems approach for Bowater served to identify potential arc flash hazard areas within the electrical system and offer a variety of possible solutions. As the company develops and implements its ongoing electrical safety program, informational sharing sessions will increase employee awareness of their evolving role in the overall safety program. With a safety initiative of this magnitude, Bowater is staying ahead of the safety curve. Moreover, by addressing arc flash mitigation rigorously and effectively, Bowater is setting a standard for other manufactures to emulate. Even data center operators can learn a thing or two from Bowater s experiences. With help from Eaton, any enterprise with a power infrastructure can improve safety and efficiency alike. EATON CORPORATION

10 Data Center Interactive Brain Teasers: Rack your IT brain Global forum Fast facts New Research Reveals Data Center Capacity Challenges Running short on data center capacity? You re not alone. Indeed, 36 percent of data centers will run out of space, power, cooling or all three by the end of 2012, according to a recent study by the Uptime Institute, an education and consulting organization focused on improving data center performance and efficiency. The report surveyed 525 data center operators and owners, 71 percent of whom were in North America. Among organizations that expect to outgrow one or more critical resource, it showed, 40 percent plan to build a new data center, 62 percent plan to consolidate servers and 29 percent plan to lease collocation space. On a different note, the Uptime Institute research also revealed that over 70 percent of respondents currently measure Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE), a widely respected metric for gauging data center energy consumption. Data centers that track their PUE report an average reading of between 1.6 and 1.9, the study reports. For purposes of comparison, Google, which maintains some of the world s most sophisticated and efficient data centers, currently maintains an average PUE of 1.16 across its numerous facilities. More information about the survey can be found on the Uptime Institute Web site, at Electrical contact results in 4,000 non-disabling and 3,600 disabling injuries annually in the U.S., plus one workplace death every day, according to statistics from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The National Fire Protection Association reports that more than 2,000 people are treated for severe arc flash-related burns annually. Electrical arcs can reach temperatures of up to 35,000 degrees Fahrenheit, according to research from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). That s four times the surface temperature of the sun. The sound waves produced by arc flashes can reach magnitudes as high as 140 db at a distance of two feet, according to an IEEE study. That s roughly the same volume as a jet engine at 100 feet, and loud enough to cause permanent hearing loss. Contact Us Did you know? Think arc flashes are scary? They re nothing compared to nature s most violent electrical phenomenon: lightning. Lightning flashes can exceed five miles in length and reach temperatures of 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit, according to the National Weather Service. A 1993 study by the Sandia National Lab determined that lightning can spread as much as 20 meters laterally after striking the ground. The average lightning bolt contains enough power to light a 100-watt bulb for over three months, according to the National Lightning Safety Institute (NLSI). Also from the NLSI: The average lightning strike contains 20,000 amps. An arc welder, by comparison, uses 250 to 400 amps to weld steel. Roy Sullivan, a U.S. Park Ranger popularly known as the human lightning rod, was struck by lightning seven times between 1942 and Astonishingly, he lived to tell the tale every time. Polling questions Send us your response and be one of 10 early bird winners of jumbo coolers. What are your company s plans for using 400V power in the data center? A. We use it now companywide B. We use it now in selected places C. We re currently deploying it D. We re evaluating it for the future E. We have no plans to use it Submit your poll 10 EATON CORPORATION

11 Data Center Interactive Glossary Contest Fault current: Electrical current that flows through a circuit during a fault. Ground fault: A fault caused by unintentional contact between an energized conductor and a ground or equipment frame. Hazard Risk Category: A measure created by the National Fire Protection Association indicating the type of personal protective equipment needed to protect against a minimum level of incident energy, as measured in calories per centimeter squared. Incident energy: The amount of energy released by an arc fault, as measured in calories per centimeter squared. Lockout/tagout: A safety procedure designed to protect employees from unexpected energizing or startup of electrical equipment during maintenance procedures. Personal Protective Equipment: Clothing or equipment designed to safeguard people from dangerous degrees of pressure, heat, light and sound. Participate in our My Safety Prectice contest for a chance to win Bushnell Binoculars Training courses, protective gear and warning signs are musts, but many organizations also use other, less well-known safety measures to protect their employees. Tell us about your best and most original data center safety practice, and if it s the coolest idea we receive, you ll win the prize! Bushnell Binoculars Submit your story EATON CORPORATION

12 Power your way to success. Eaton whitepapers deliver insight on demand. You have questions. We have answers. Thought leadership white papers from Eaton deliver the in-depth expertise you need to conquer your toughest power and cooling challenges. Written by industry experts, they're available any time you are, free and on demand. Tap into our century of innovation and insight today. Find the insights you're looking for. Register to receive the quarterly electronic version of Data Center Forum: Eaton white papers deliver insight on demand. UNITED STATES 8609 Six Forks Road Raleigh, NC U.S.A. Toll Free: CANADA Ontario: LATIN AMERICA Brazil: Caribbean: México & Central America: South Cone: You have questions. We have answers. Thought leadership white papers from Eaton deliver the in-depth expertise you need to conquer your EUROPE/MIDDLE toughest EAST/AFRICA power and cooling ASIA challenges. PACIFIC Written Denmark: Australia/NZ: Finland: by industry experts, they re China: available any time you France: are, free and on demand. Tap HK/Korea/Taiwan: into our century of Germany: innovation and insight today. India: Find the insights to 18 Italy: Singapore/SEA: you re looking for. Norway: Portugal: Eaton, ABM, epdu and Intelligent Power are trade names, trademarks and/or service marks Sweden: of Eaton Corporation or its subsidiaries and United Kingdom: affiliates. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners Eaton Corporation All Rights Reserved Printed in USA DCF_newsv5.2 September 2011 Eaton is a trademark of Eaton Corporation Eaton Corporation. All rights reserved _0311

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