Evolution of the Intel s e-business Data Center toward a Service-Oriented Infrastructure
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1 Evolution of the Intel s e-business Data Center toward a Service-Oriented Infrastructure Jackson He, Mark Chang, Enrique Castro-Leon Intel Corporation Jackson.He@Intel.com, Mark.Chang@Intel.com, Enrique.G.Castro-Leon@intel.com Abstract This paper brings a historic perspective of the Intel e-business data center growth from supporting a simple static Web site to a leading e-business implementation, one of the world s largest and most complex installations of its type. It outlines the challenges facing IT and e- Business operations today and calls out the needs for more advanced platform and service manageability technologies. To cope with these new challenges, the paper introduces the concept of service-oriented infrastructure (SOI), its architecture, key technical components, business benefits, and key steps to of the evolution toward SOI. 1. Path toward No.1 e-business operations in the world In 1994, when the adoption curve for Internet and Web technologies becan to accelerate among large corporations, intel.com was started on a single PC sitting under an employee s desk. It was a simple Web server with static content. However, it started an era of exponential growth for e-business applications at Intel. From the first server (with a single 60 MHz Pentium processor), the site grew rapidly and by 1995 there were three duplicate Web servers hosting intel.com. In 1996, the site was rebuilt using servers based on Pentium-Pro processors for increased performance and capacity. At the same time two additional Web servers were added bringing the total to five. Low-cost PCs, with a small floor space requirement (footprint) were chosen at the loss of internal fault tolerance (redundancy) and larger storage capacity. In 1997, these systems were replaced with serverclass machines with dual Pentium Pro processors that had the added benefits of more memory and greater capacity disk subsystems using Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) technology and slightly larger footprints. By 1999 and 2000, Storage Area Network (SAN) was deployed for mission critical applications to have large capacity, shared, reliable storage. Introduction of SAN also made easy for server platform upgrade, since critical application and data were no longer tied to the local RAID. Figure 1 shows architecture of SAN as the center of data storage for Web heads and backend database. Figure 1: A highly available Web and database farm Load balancing technologies were used to improve the quality of service and availability. Early load balancing was achieved using the DNS Round Robin technique. DNS Round Robin allows multiple content servers to provide the same function and be addressed as a single unit. DNS Round Robin is a very attractive solution for small-scale operations; however, it does not detect server failure. That was when cluster technology was added to the backend database servers. At the same time of server infrastructure growth to meet the increasing traffic, applications and systems architecture also went through tremendous changes. Initially, intel.com contained only static content. Common Gateway Interface (CGI) scripts were placed on separate application servers to reduce resource contention, which could affect serving Web
2 pages. This setup was effectively an early version of a two-tiered architecture. This architecture was later extended to encompass "extranet systems" which connected to other business applications within Intel. In addition, more databases and applications were added to the e-business data center to handle increasing needs for dynamic content and business-tobusiness transactions. This process led to the emergence of n-tier systems. Another important aspect of the e-business data center is security. Network security started with routers using simple packet filtering rules known as Access Control Lists (ACLs). In 1995, firewalls were put in place for several applications connecting from the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) to internal systems. These were known as Plug Gateway systems. These systems were cumbersome because of the need of a dedicated machine for each application/server. In 1997, Plug Gateways were largely replaced by a newer firewall solution allowing for routing of requests to/from multiple servers. This significantly reduced the number of firewall servers needed. In 1999 and 2000, intrusion detection, automatic virus scan and dispatching were deployed. By 2000, Intel s e-business had nearly 2,000 servers and covered all aspects of business: B2C (Business-to-Customer) and B2B (Business-to- Business), with production, pre-production, development, and stress test environments. Intel was leading the industry toward electronic corporation, or e-corporation. In addition, by deploying the latest B2B technology, Intel became the No.1 e-business company in terms of on-line revenue as indicated in Figure 2. Figure 2: Intel ranked No.1 e-business Company in Challenges facing today s e- Business operations The legendary story of Intel s e-business from static Web portal to full-blown e-business is impressive. However, the quest for internet economy and to drive business and services on the internet has not stopped. In the following 5 years after 2000, Intel continues to drive toward an 100% e-corporation. The figure below highlights key stages of such on-going evolution Figure 3: History of e-business evolution By 2004, Intel has achieved its goal of 100% e-corporation, in which not only B2C and B2B are fully automated and covered by e- business technologies, but B2E (Business to Employees) and B2A (Business to Affiliates) are also covered. As a result, all aspects of Intel s business, internal and external are built on top of inter-connected Web infrastructure. The evolution toward 100% e-corporation is not only a build-up of IT infrastructure, but also profound change to business processes and employee behaviors. As a result, it greatly improved Intel competitiveness in the market place and leadership position in the hi-tech industry. To same extent, Intel s success story tells the story of the tremendous growth of e-business in the past decade. Despite the success, Intel e- business operation also faces new challenges as it improves further in terms of functionality, agility, productivity, at the same time meeting ever increasing business changes. The following is a summary of some of the top challenges Intel IT, as well as many IT organizations are facing today: High operation cost: Each data center needs multiple teams providing 24x7 support. Even though remote management and central monitoring technology have been applied to a certain extent, labor intensive production support for hardware, applications, and databases is still required. Another high-cost operation component is managing system
3 configurations and server provisioning. Building a production server still takes significant time, despite a lot of effort to automate the process. Once a server is in the data center, the next challenge is tracking its configuration and asset information. In addition, with increased virus attacks, the ongoing virus patching, bug tracking, as well as hardware and firmware upgrades take most of the resources just to keep the business running. According to IDC, most of IT organizations in America spend 70-80% of the IT budget just for operations. Intel s experience is no exception. We are actively looking at ways to curb the staggering operation cost, so that we can have more resource directed at new technology innovation and adding more business value. Low utilization: Since most servers are dedicated to a particular application and typically 4X headroom is needed to handle peak loads, server utilization is typically very low, most of them hover around 10%, which is tremendous waste of computing resources. On the other hand, when a special event happens and some servers are running out of capacity, it is very difficult to shift capacity from idle servers to stressed servers. Long lead times to meet business requirements: Any changes to business process or deployment of new applications typically will take a long lead time, anywhere from a few weeks to a few months, because it requires a lot of planning and design upfront before the changes can be made. The more servers and applications involved the longer lead time will take. The lack of agility to adapt to business requirement quickly has become a problem as the e-business data center become bigger and bigger. Difficult to upgrade: With evolution of hardware and software technology, it is inevitable that servers and applications need to be updated from time to time. However, due to the tight coupling of servers and applications, in many cases upgrades were very difficult, because applications would not run on the new hardware and OS and it would some level of reengineering of the application before the server infrastructure upgrades were possible. 3. Service-oriented infrastructure: A Service-Oriented Infrastructure (SOI) is a very modular, flexible IT fabric based on standard building blocks which are highly configurable to meet changing needs. In a multilayer service-oriented enterprise, the SOI layer focuses on the orchestration and virtualization of compute, network and storage resources. The SOI ensures resources are made available in amount and location required to the Service- Oriented Architecture (SOA) layer above it. Within the SOI, the physical details of a device are hidden by software on the platform. The device can then be managed through a more abstract software interface also defined as a service. SOI is optimized to handle lots of XML traffic associated with Web-services applications. It also uses XML as the lingua franca enabling interoperability of management and security services built into each of the component building blocks. The SOI provides a way to manage computing resources in lockstep with application requirements both at initial deployment, and whenever the workload or requirements change, effectively enabling an integrated design, deployment, management life cycle. The standardized and loosely-coupled nature of SOI also reduces complexity and increases the potential for automation by enabling devices to do self-diagnosis and selfrepair, with minimal involvement from higher levels. More specifically, the SOI layer of a service-oriented enterprise manages the details of: Orchestration: Managing hardware as a set of distributed resources, shifting from a static, one-application-per-box paradigm to dynamic provisioning based on real time workloads and activities. This provides the ability to realign compute, network, and storage resources as needed. Asset discovery and management: Maintaining an automatic inventory of all connected devices which is always accurate and updated in a continuous manner. Provisioning: Enabling bare metal provisioning, coordinating the configuration between server, network, and storage in a synchronous manner, making sure software gets loaded on the right physical machines, taking platforms in and out of service as required for testing, maintenance, repair or capacity expansion; remote booting a system
4 from another system, and managing the licenses associated with software deployment. Virtualization: Running an application across multiple computing or storage devices, or running many applications on a single physical platform. In other words, one-to-one dependencies between applications and platforms are removed. 1 Load balancing: Dynamically assigning physical devices to applications to ensure adherence to specified service (performance) levels and optimal utilization of all resources as workloads change. Capacity planning: Tracking the consumption of virtual resources to be able to plan when new equipment needs to be brought on line. Monitoring and problem diagnosis: Verifying that virtual platforms are operational, detecting error conditions and network attacks, and responding by running diagnostics, de-provisioning platforms and re-provisioning affected services, or isolating network segments to prevent the spread of malware. Security enforcement: Enforcing automatic device and software load authentication; tracing identity, access and trust mechanisms within and across corporate boundaries to provide secure services across firewalls. IT operation process: Building in generic micro IT operations as building blocks to standardize the IT processes and enabling the interoperability across heterogeneous system management products. 3.1 SOI Platform Foundation Capabilities The capabilities provided by the SOI layer depend on interaction among modular SOI software and hardware components. Within the software platform mentioned above, there are several key software features that enable SOI services to be implemented: 1 It is fair to say that virtualization within SOI strives to remove dependencies between applications and the underlying hardware platform, taking care of one-to-many and many-to-one relationships between application and hardware resources, whereas SOA strives to remove dependencies between data and the applications that manipulate it. We are not there yet, but this is the general pattern that emerging technologies are enabling. Figure 4. Service-Oriented Infrastructure Architecture Platform management protocols: This is a set of XML protocols to interact with resources for the configuration autodiscovery, status and performance monitoring, remote command execution, policy enforcement, etc. Currently, Intel is participating Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) to define the standards, e.g. WS-Management, and WS-CIM. Resource abstraction repository: Based on the Common Information Model (CIM) of DMTF, the resources, including computing, network, and storage, are abstracted into models and stored in the repository. Depends on the implementation, the repository can be as extensive to include the inter-dependency among resources, and it will be the foundation database for SOI architecture. Vendors can extend the models to take advantage their special features provided in the products, for example, Intel Virtualization Technology for processor virtualization. Operation profiles: Operation profiles are generic micro IT operation profiles i.e., building blocks used to standardize IT processes. For example, the server provisioning can be a generic operation orchestrating configuration across server OS installation, network switch VLAN settings, and SAN storage partitions. At this point, IT management can automate these routines in terms of standardized processes, and focus on value-added local customization. For product vendors, they can extend these operation profiles to leverage their product
5 features and provide ease of use or better performance. For example, Intel can create an extended operation profile for bare metal provisioning based on Active Management Technology (AMT) to differentiate its values. Messaging bus: In order to be scalable in distributed enterprise environments, a messaging bus is desirable to ensure the reliable delivery of events and data. This can range from the traditional TIBCO solutions, Java Message Service (JMS), to the newly developed Sonic Software s Enterprise Service Bus (ESB). Core services: These are a set of services that provide the basic functions for resource management, such as resource autodiscovery, dependency correlation, event notification, resource administration and status/performance monitoring, resource allocation and reservation, audit trail, and others. These services can be provided by an integrated system management product or by a combination of products loosely coupled under Web Services interfaces. Workflow engine: Flexibility is one of major benefits for Web Services enabled architecture. This is mainly accomplished by a Web Services enabled workflow engine, e.g. workflow engines adopting Business Process Extension Language (BPEL) protocol. This workflow engine will also collaborate with the workflow processes embedded in the traditional configuration database products. Extended services: Based on the core services and workflow engine, extended services can be implemented to provide the services, such as integrated resource provisioning, workload balancing, root cause analysis, capacity planning, and a set of services defined in the de-facto IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) practice. Resource management protocols: This set of XML protocols allows business applications, either WebService enabled or legacy, decoupling from underpinning resources. SOI will maintain a runtime detail internally and interact with the business applications through the object handlers and available Web Services porttypes. For example, a J2EE application server can send a resource request based on the needed jappserver SPEC benchmark, not the detail system and OS information. SOI will reply with available options, either a dedicated Xeon server or a shared Itanium 2 4-way server based on specified jappserver SPEC benchmark and available OS and schedule. SOI will maintain the configuration context across computing, network, and storage, and encapsulates the detail from the business applications. Web-based, cross firewall operation: To achieve the objectives of simplification, automation and interoperability, and to address new generation Web applications that operate across multiple enterprises, SOI must be compatible with service-oriented approaches such as XML, SOAP and emerging Web standards. Given the features described above, it is obvious that the SOI must be based on open, industry-wide standards defining common functions, data structures and interface points to enable interoperability among all the hardware and software components that make up the service-oriented enterprise. Intel will focus its effort to promote the standards in the resource management protocols, resource abstraction model, basic IT service profiles, and the infrastructure management protocols. By leveraging these standards, Intel will also collaborate with its fellow travelers to promote the vision and provide the solutions in various areas of the SOI. Beyond the software platform mentioned above, there are several key hardware features that enable SOI services to be implemented. Asset identifiers: Provides a dependable way to remotely and uniquely identify and catalog physical resources attached to a network. This enables an enterprise management console to discover and account for all IT assets connected to the corporate network, including wireless devices. Out-of-band (OOB) accessibility: Allows network access to platform management functions even if the platform is otherwise non-functional because the operating system or application software are not loaded, or due to a software bug, system failure, malware attack or other problem. This does not require a dedicated external connection (i.e., another network cable), but provides alternate paths and intelligence within the platform itself. This enables remote bare
6 metal provisioning, reloading software that has become corrupted, as well as running remote diagnostics, remote reconfiguration, and many other functions. Microcontroller: Like OOB facilities, a dedicated management microcontroller supports functionality even when the primary platform processor(s) are not yet provisioned with software or are not functioning properly for any reason. A separate microcontroller also enables more effective monitoring, failure detection and diagnostics in any platform system state. It also allows the platform to perform autonomous functions such as periodic selftest and diagnostics, automatic hardware and software configuration discovery and reporting, and self-repair actions, such as isolating itself from the network and sending an alert when a virus is detected. Non-volatile storage: Non-volatile storage dedicated to management functions is needed to enable the platform to maintain critical local state information, e.g. platform component inventory with field replaceable unit (FRU) part numbers and revisions, configuration status and history, a diagnostics log, inventory of installed software modules, revisions and license status, etc. Maintaining this information locally simplifies the overall management architecture, provides greater autonomy to the platform itself, and ensures accuracy of information when the equipment is moved or reconfigured. Cross-platform architecture: To deliver maximum business value from SOI, enterprises need consistent capabilities across every platform under IT management. As customers increasingly depend on the value of un-tethered access to computing and information resources, management solutions must address the reality that the majority of the platforms are not located in a data center, and are not connected to a network 100% of the time. In addition, mobile devices from RFID readers and wireless sensors to wireless laptop and hand-held computers are being integrated into key real-time business processes. Consequently, the SOI layer must be implemented in a way that allows every IT device associated with the enterprise to be managed as a business critical platform. 3.2 The Business Value of SOI SOI delivers important bottom-line business benefits to the enterprise. It provides the basis for greater IT automation which results in higher IT productivity, and lower operational costs. SOI also makes it possible to move from the static, one-box-per-application approach, to dynamic resource allocation where virtual processing, storage and network resources are allocated to applications as needed. This results in reduced capital costs through better resource utilization. It also yields higher reliability (fewer service outages and delays) since applications can be reprovisioned from failed to available resources without disruption of the application. More consistent service (performance) levels can be achieved since additional virtual resources can be automatically allocated as an application workload increases. Even more important in the long run is SOI s contribution to overcoming the complexity barrier that limits our ability to design and implement new information-supported business processes. With an SOI in place, the business can reallocate IT overhead dollars to investment in new innovative systems that create true business differentiation. For example, SOI can help enterprises take full advantage of autonomic data sources (e.g., RFID, eforms) in real-time, the instant the data becomes available. SOI enhances the ability to implement and manage event-driven, message-based services and applications inside and across the corporate firewall. Better management of mobile wireless devices allows the business to push services to the edge of the network to make employees more productive and to deliver value-added services to mobile customers. SOI also enables greater business accountability, e.g., better Sarbanes- Oxley compliance in the area of IT asset inventories for accurate depreciation schedules, and timely software version and license management. These are high-impact capabilities Intel has saved 40,000 personhours in the last five quarters just using automated IT asset inventory techniques. From the unique perspective of IT management, SOI offers many benefits: Reduced operations workload due to reduced manual reconfiguration of hardware and software.
7 High productivity resulting from the ability to perform enterprise-wide platform, network, data, and applications management from a single, standardized management console. Better resource utilization leading to reduced capital expenditures to accomplish IT objectives. Greater flexibility through dynamic resource allocation, as well as the option to focus on core competencies and move commodity IT services, such as corporate , outside the firewall to 3rd party providers. The ability of SOI to operate across firewalls means that IT can manage services consistently whether they are sourced within the corporation, or outsourced to external providers through telco or ISP connectivity. Simple and cost-effective upgrades are enabled by the modular, loosely-coupled SOI architecture. This allows IT to refresh its infrastructure to take advantage of new technologies (such as Intel *T s) without complications resulting from hard-wired management dependencies. This eliminates painful rip-and-replace (also kown as forklift ) upgrades, allowing IT to respond to change in a rapid and graceful manner, and reducing the inertia that causes IT to resist incorporation of new technologies because of anticipated disruptions. Support for on-demand usage models allowing more accurate alignment of costs to benefits through pay for use chargeback methods. Supports managing all client platforms, ranging from desktops to mobile hand-held devices, as an integral part of the infrastructure with common platform features and access interfaces. Developers also benefit directly from evolution to a service-oriented infrastructure: SOI introduces separation of concerns, removing resource management and security responsibilities from the application codes. These functions are architected into Web Services enabled hardware, SOI middleware and applications building blocks from the bottom up, and the inside out, in a standardized, consistent manner through infrastructure management protocols. Developers need only to specify virtual application requirements and can then rely on the SOI to ensure that these are met in an accurate and dynamic way over time, rather than having to make critical assumptions that will invariably change, or embed logic to take care of this in the application code. Developers can use pre-built services for distributed, real-time, event-driven, multiplatform applications because these elements are already architected to be consistent with, and take advantage of, a standardized SOI. Reuse of components they have built for other services and application also becomes routine. Bottom line, developers are able to build and modify applications faster, and therefore can deliver more innovation and business value over time. It becomes much easier to work in heterogeneous environments, including cross-enterprise Internet/Web applications, because the building blocks are Web-based, service-oriented, and virtualized, meaning they conform to industry standard capabilities and interfaces. Since the overall architecture is more standardized, simplified and automated, there is less need to port applications or adapt them to changing operational conditions over time. 4. SOI Implementation & transition toward SOI SOI represents the future of e-business infrastructure technology that solves the challenges we are facing today. We believe the evolution toward SOI is inevitable, because we cannot manage the growth of our e-business data center like we did in the first 5 years from The current e-business data center infrastructure is not sustainable for fast business growth and rapid business changes. We have to look seriously at SOI and plan to move toward it. Migrating to SOI is a serious engineering project and takes a lot of planning and the right amount of initial investment. We believe the business benefits will payoff the initial efforts. The following are some guidelines for implementing SOI: Platform management protocols: This is a set of XML protocols to interact with resources for the configuration autodiscovery, status and performance monitoring, remote command execution, policy enforcement, etc. It allows the resources can be connected through loosely
8 coupled but consistent interfaces to abstract the configuration of the resources. Resource abstraction repository: Based on the Common Information Model (CIM) of DMTF, the resources, including computing, network, and storage, are abstracted into models and stored in the repository. Depends on the implementation, the repository can be as extensive to include the inter-dependency among resources, and it will be the foundation database for SOI architecture. Once the common abstractions or expressions of the resources and their inter-dependencies are defined, this repository can be shared among many applications to promote the interoperability. Operation profile: these are generic micro IT operation profiles used as building blocks to standardize the IT processes. For example, the server provisioning can a generic operation to orchestrate the configuration across server OS installation, network switch VLAN settings, and SAN storage partitions. Then, IT management can automate these routines and standardized processes and focus on value-added local customization. Resource management protocols: this is a set of XML protocols allowing business applications, either Web services enabled or legacy, decoupling from underpinning resources. The SOI will hide runtime details and interact with the business applications through the object handlers and available Web services port types.. Adopt service-oriented technology: redesign applications and system architecture based on Web services and asynchronous messaging Upgrade system management and gradually introduce SOI components: The value of SOI is to evolve existing infrastructure to do more for less. The benefits will be gradually realized, transitioning from a high operational cost environment to costeffective SOI environment Select key apps for pilot: Like any other new technology adoption, small pilot trials are recommended before large scale deployment. Work with vendors: SOI encompasses equipment, IT and business processes, requiring an ecosystem to support, and is not something a single IT or even a large company can accomplish. Need to work closely with vendors and solution providers 5. Summary This paper uses real examples of Intel s e- business infrastructure evolution emphasis that despite the tremendous growth of e-business in the past ten years and great achievement, the current e-business infrastructure has come to a point where it is difficult to sustain continued rapid growth and increasing business needs in a cost-effective manner. With flat or reduced IT budgets, we need to seriously think about new solutions like SOI and plan to move toward it. The evolution toward SOI will be gradual along with the new technologies from OEM and ISVs. Investment in SOI will build for future growth. The business benefits justify the effort. 6. Reference [1] Efraim Turban, Jae Lee, Dave King, H. Michael Chung, Electronic Commerce, a Management Perspective, Prentice Hall, (1999). [2] Howard Postley, "Price Waterhouse Cooper White paper of Intel Web Outfitter Content Delivery Architecture," Price Waterhouse Coopers, November 1999 [3] T. McClure, Location, Location, Location, It Can Make a Difference on IT Operation Cost, Inside Gartner Group, May 20, 2000 [4] IDC IT Spending Survey, IT Spending, How Do You Stack Up?, May 2003 [5] T. Fieldhouse, M. Greinke, J, He, J. Vliet Evolution of Intel s e-business Data Center, Intel Technology Journal, November, 2000 [6] M. Chang, Service-Oriented Infrastructure, Intel internal whitepaper, February, 2005
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