The Bro Network Security Monitor. Broverview. Bro Workshop NCSA, Urbana-Champaign, IL. Bro Workshop 2011

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1 The Bro Network Security Monitor Broverview NCSA, Urbana-Champaign, IL

2 Outline 2

3 Outline Philosophy and Architecture A framework for network traffic analysis. 2

4 Outline Philosophy and Architecture A framework for network traffic analysis. History From research to operations. 2

5 Outline Philosophy and Architecture A framework for network traffic analysis. History From research to operations. Architecture Components, logs, scripts, cluster. 2

6 What is Bro? 3

7 What is Bro? Packet Capture 3

8 What is Bro? Packet Capture Traffic Inspection 3

9 What is Bro? Packet Capture Traffic Inspection Attack Detection 3

10 What is Bro? Packet Capture Traffic Inspection Attack Detection NetFlow syslog Log Recording 3

11 What is Bro? Packet Capture Traffic Inspection Attack Detection NetFlow syslog Log Recording Flexibility Abstraction Data Structures 3

12 What is Bro? Packet Capture Traffic Inspection Attack Detection NetFlow syslog Log Recording Flexibility Abstraction Data Structures 3

13 What is Bro? Packet Capture Traffic Inspection Attack Detection NetFlow syslog Log Recording Flexibility Abstraction Data Structures 3

14 What is Bro? Packet Capture Traffic Inspection Attack Detection Domain-specific Python NetFlow syslog Log Recording Flexibility Abstraction Data Structures 3

15 What is Bro? Packet Capture Sum is more than the pieces Traffic Inspection Attack Detection Domain-specific Python NetFlow syslog Log Recording Flexibility Abstraction Data Structures 3

16 Philosophy 4

17 Philosophy Fundamentally different from other IDS. Reset your idea of an IDS before starting to use Bro. 4

18 Philosophy Fundamentally different from other IDS. Reset your idea of an IDS before starting to use Bro. Real-time network analysis framework. Primarily an IDS, but many use it for general traffic analysis. 4

19 Philosophy Fundamentally different from other IDS. Reset your idea of an IDS before starting to use Bro. Real-time network analysis framework. Primarily an IDS, but many use it for general traffic analysis. Policy-neutral at the core. Can accommodate a range of detection approaches. 4

20 Philosophy Fundamentally different from other IDS. Reset your idea of an IDS before starting to use Bro. Real-time network analysis framework. Primarily an IDS, but many use it for general traffic analysis. Policy-neutral at the core. Can accommodate a range of detection approaches. Highly stateful. Tracks extensive application-layer network state. 4

21 Philosophy Fundamentally different from other IDS. Reset your idea of an IDS before starting to use Bro. Real-time network analysis framework. Primarily an IDS, but many use it for general traffic analysis. Policy-neutral at the core. Can accommodate a range of detection approaches. Highly stateful. Tracks extensive application-layer network state. Supports forensics. Extensively logs what it sees. 4

22 Target Audience 5

23 Target Audience Large-scale environments. Effective also with liberal security policies. 5

24 Target Audience Large-scale environments. Effective also with liberal security policies. Network-savvy users. Requires understanding of your network. 5

25 Target Audience Large-scale environments. Effective also with liberal security policies. Network-savvy users. Requires understanding of your network. Unixy mindset. Command-line based, fully customizable. 5

26 Bro History Vern writes 1st line of code 6

27 Bro History Vern writes 1st line of code LBNL starts using Bro operationally 6

28 Bro History Vern writes 1st line of code LBNL starts using Bro operationally v0.2 1st CHANGES entry v0.4 HTTP analysis Scan detector IP fragments Linux support v0.6 RegExps Login analysis v0.7a90 Profiling State Mgmt v0.7a175/0.8ax Signatures SMTP IPv6 support User manual v0.8ax/0.9ax SSL/SMB STABLE releases BroLite v1.1/v1.2 when Stmt Resource tuning Broccoli DPD v1.0 BinPAC IRC/RPC analyzers 64-bit support Sane version numbers v1.5 BroControl v1.4 DHCP/BitTorrent HTTP entities NetFlow Bro Lite Deprecated Bro Waters Bro 2.0 v0.7a48 Consistent CHANGES 0.8a37 Communication Persistence Namespaces Log Rotation v1.3 Ctor expressions GeoIP Conn Compressor 6

29 Bro History Host Context Time Machine Enterprise Traffic TRW State Mgmt. Independ. State Bro Cluster Shunt Academic Publications USENIX Paper Stepping Stone Detector Anonymizer Active Mapping Context Signat. BinPAC DPD 2nd Path Parallel Prototype Autotuning Vern writes 1st line of code LBNL starts using Bro operationally v0.2 1st CHANGES entry v0.4 HTTP analysis Scan detector IP fragments Linux support v0.6 RegExps Login analysis v0.7a90 Profiling State Mgmt v0.7a175/0.8ax Signatures SMTP IPv6 support User manual v0.8ax/0.9ax SSL/SMB STABLE releases BroLite v1.1/v1.2 when Stmt Resource tuning Broccoli DPD v1.0 BinPAC IRC/RPC analyzers 64-bit support Sane version numbers v1.5 BroControl v1.4 DHCP/BitTorrent HTTP entities NetFlow Bro Lite Deprecated Bro Waters Bro 2.0 v0.7a48 Consistent CHANGES 0.8a37 Communication Persistence Namespaces Log Rotation v1.3 Ctor expressions GeoIP Conn Compressor 6

30 Research Heritage 7

31 Research Heritage Much of Bro is coming out of research projects. Bridging gap between academia and operations. 7

32 Research Heritage Much of Bro is coming out of research projects. Bridging gap between academia and operations. However, that meant limited engineering resources. We were lacking resources for development, documentation, polishing. 7

33 Research Heritage Much of Bro is coming out of research projects. Bridging gap between academia and operations. However, that meant limited engineering resources. We were lacking resources for development, documentation, polishing. NSF now funding Bro development at ICSI and NCSA. Full-time engineers working 3 years on capabilities & user experience. Office of Cyberinfrastructure 7

34 Research Heritage Much of Bro is coming out of research projects. Bridging gap between academia and operations. However, that meant limited engineering resources. We were lacking resources for development, documentation, polishing. NSF now funding Bro development at ICSI and NCSA. Full-time engineers working 3 years on capabilities & user experience. Objective is a sustainable development model. Aiming to create a larger user and development community. Office of Cyberinfrastructure 7

35 Deployment Internet Internal Network 8

36 Deployment Internet Ta Internal Network Bro 8

37 Deployment Internet Ta Internal Network Bro Runs on commodity platforms.! Standard PCs & NICs. Supports FreeBSD/Linux/OS X. 8

38 Architecture Packets Network 9

39 Architecture Events Protocol Decoding Event Engine Packets Network 9

40 Architecture Logs Notification Analysis Logic Policy Script Interpreter Events Protocol Decoding Event Engine Packets Network 9

41 Architecture Logs Notification User Interface Analysis Logic Policy Script Interpreter Events Protocol Decoding Event Engine Packets Network 9

42 Script Example: Matching URLs Task: Report all Web requests for files called passwd. 10

43 Script Example: Matching URLs Task: Report all Web requests for files called passwd. event http_request(c: connection, # Connection. method: string, # HTTP method. original_uri: string, # Requested URL. unescaped_uri: string, # Decoded URL. version: string) # HTTP version. { if ( method == "GET" && unescaped_uri == /.*passwd/ ) NOTICE(...); # Alarm. } 10

44 Script Example: Scan Detector Task: Count failed connection attempts per source address. 11

45 Script Example: Scan Detector Task: Count failed connection attempts per source address. global attempts: table[addr] of count &default=0; event connection_rejected(c: connection) { local source = c$id$orig_h; # Get source address. local n = ++attempts[source]; # Increase counter. if ( n == SOME_THRESHOLD ) # Check for threshold. NOTICE(...); # Alarm. } 11

46 Distributed Scripts 12

47 Distributed Scripts Bro comes with >10,000 lines of script code. Prewritten functionality that s just loaded. 12

48 Distributed Scripts Bro comes with >10,000 lines of script code. Prewritten functionality that s just loaded. Scripts generate alarms and logs. Amendable to extensive customization and extension. 12

49 Example Logs 13

50 Example Logs > bro -i en0 [... wait...] > cat conn.log 13

51 Example Logs > bro -i en0 [... wait...] > cat conn.log #fields ts id.orig_h id.orig_p id.resp_h id.resp_p proto service duration obytes rbytes [...] tcp http tcp http tcp http tcp http tcp http tcp http tcp http

52 Example Logs > bro -i en0 [... wait...] > cat conn.log #fields ts id.orig_h id.orig_p id.resp_h id.resp_p proto service duration obytes rbytes [...] tcp http tcp http tcp http tcp http tcp http tcp http tcp http > cat http.log 13

53 Example Logs > bro -i en0 [... wait...] > cat conn.log #fields ts id.orig_h id.orig_p id.resp_h id.resp_p proto service duration obytes rbytes [...] tcp http tcp http tcp http tcp http tcp http tcp http tcp http > cat http.log #fields ts id.orig_h id.orig_p [...] host uri status_code user_agent [...] docs.python.org /lib/lib.css 200 Mozilla/ docs.python.org /icons/previous.png 304 Mozilla/ docs.python.org /lib/lib.html 200 Mozilla/ docs.python.org /icons/up.png 304 Mozilla/ docs.python.org /icons/next.png 304 Mozilla/ docs.python.org /icons/contents.png 304 Mozilla/ docs.python.org /icons/modules.png 304 Mozilla/ docs.python.org /icons/index.png 304 Mozilla/ / 200 Mozilla/5.0 13

54 Bro Ecosystem Internet Tap Internal Network Bro 14

55 Bro Ecosystem Internet Tap Internal Network Bro Control Output BroControl User Interface 14

56 Bro Ecosystem Internet Tap Internal Network Contributed Scripts Functionality Bro Control Output BroControl User Interface 14

57 Bro Ecosystem Internet Tap Internal Network Contributed Scripts Functionality Bro Events State Other Bros Control Output BroControl User Interface 14

58 Bro Ecosystem Internet Tap Internal Network Contributed Scripts Functionality Bro Events State Other Bros Control Output BroControl User Interface Events Bro Client Communication Library Broccoli 14

59 Bro Ecosystem Internet Tap Internal Network Contributed Scripts Functionality Bro Events State Other Bros Control Output BroControl User Interface Events Bro Client Communication Library Broccoli Python Broccoli Broccoli Ruby (Broccoli Perl) 14

60 Bro Ecosystem Internet Tap Internal Network Contributed Scripts Functionality Bro Events State Other Bros Control Output bro-aux BinPAC capstats BroControl Events Bro Client Communication Library Broccoli Python BTest tracesummary Broccoli Broccoli Ruby User Interface (Broccoli Perl) 14

61 Bro Ecosystem Bro Distribution bro-2.0.tar.gz Internet Tap Internal Network Contributed Scripts Functionality Bro Events State Other Bros Control Output bro-aux BTest BinPAC tracesummary capstats BroControl Events Bro Client Communication Library Broccoli Python Broccoli Broccoli Ruby User Interface (Broccoli Perl) 14

62 Bro Ecosystem Bro Distribution bro-2.0.tar.gz Internet Tap Internal Network Contributed Scripts Functionality Bro Events State Other Bros Control Output bro-aux BTest BinPAC tracesummary capstats BroControl Events Bro Client Communication Library Broccoli Python Broccoli Broccoli Ruby User Interface (Broccoli Perl) git://git.bro-ids.org 14

63 Bro Cluster Ecosystem Internet Tap Internal Network Contributed Scripts Functionality Bro Events State External Bro Control Output bro-aux BinPAC capstats BroControl Events Bro Client Communication Library Broccoli Python BTest tracesummary Broccoli Broccoli Ruby User Interface (Broccoli Perl) 15

64 Bro Cluster Ecosystem Internet Tap Internal Network Contributed Scripts Functionality Bro Events State External Bro Control Output bro-aux BinPAC capstats BroControl Events Bro Client Communication Library Broccoli Python BTest tracesummary Broccoli Broccoli Ruby User Interface (Broccoli Perl) 15

65 Bro Cluster Ecosystem Internet Tap Load- Balancer Internal Network Contributed Scripts Functionality Bro Events State External Bro Control Output bro-aux BinPAC capstats BroControl Events Bro Client Communication Library Broccoli Python BTest tracesummary Broccoli Broccoli Ruby User Interface (Broccoli Perl) 15

66 Bro Cluster Ecosystem Internet Tap Internal Network Packets Load- Balancer Contributed Scripts Functionality Bro Bro Bro Bro Bro Events State External Bro Control Output bro-aux BTest BinPAC tracesummary capstats BroControl Events Bro Client Communication Library Broccoli Python Broccoli Broccoli Ruby User Interface (Broccoli Perl) 15

67 Bro Cluster Ecosystem Internet Tap Internal Network Packets Load- Balancer Contributed Scripts Functionality Bro Bro Bro Bro Bro Events State External Bro bro-aux BTest BinPAC tracesummary capstats Control Control Output BroControl Output Events Bro Client Communication Library Broccoli Python Broccoli Broccoli Ruby User Interface (Broccoli Perl) 15

68 Bro Cluster Ecosystem Internet Tap Internal Network Packets Load- Balancer Frontend Contributed Scripts Functionality Bro Bro Bro Bro Bro Workers Events State External Bro bro-aux BTest BinPAC tracesummary capstats Control Control Output Manager BroControl Output Events Bro Client Communication Library Broccoli Python Broccoli Broccoli Ruby User Interface (Broccoli Perl) 15

69 The Bro Team Vern Paxson Gregor Maier Jim Barlow Jonathan Siwek Gilbert Clark Adam Slagell Seth Hall Robin Sommer Christian Kreibich Daniel Thayer Hui Lin Matthias Vallentin 16

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