(1) Soziale Roboter als Interface zwischen Mensch und Maschine (2) Definition: Soziale Roboter (3) Typen sozialer Roboter nach Breazeal

Transcription

1 How to build Social Robots WS 2006/07 Veranstaltung 1: (1) Soziale Roboter als Interface zwischen Mensch und Maschine (2) Definition: Soziale Roboter (3) Typen sozialer Roboter nach Breazeal Veranstaltung 2: (1) Anthropomorphismus (2) Klassifikation der Roboter nach Form 37 /98

2 Gestaltung von sozialen Robotern Human Application Interface 1. Funktion 2. Form 3. Kontext 4. Kommunikation 38 /98

3 Virtueller Charakter als Roboter/Agent Funktion Emotion Persönlichkeit Werte, Ziele, Bedürfnisse Bewusstsein... } Wie? Form Mimik und Gestik Verhalten Kommmunikation allg.... } Was? Kontext Applikation Rolle... } Warum, wozu? Virtueller Charakter Mensch 39 /98

4 Anthropomorphismus Es ist ein übliches Verfahren, das Bild von uns selbst in Dinge oder Funktionen von Dingen in die Außenwelt zu projezieren. Diese Art der Projektion nenne ich Anthropomorphisierung. Da wir alle Erfahrung von uns selbst haben, ist der unmittelbarste Weg zum Verstehen von X für uns, eine Abbildung zu finden, in der wir uns durch X selbst dargestellt sehen können. Dies wird deutlichst demonstriert dann, wenn wir bestimmten Dingen die Namen von Teilen unseres Körpers geben, weil sie diesen strukturell und funktional ähnlich sind: Wir sprechen vom Kopf einer Schraube, von den Backen eines Schraubstocks, den Zähnen einer Säge, vom Hals einer Flasche, von den Beinen eines Tisches. Anthropomorphisierungen dienen in den meisten Fällen als hilfreiche Algorithmen zur Steuerung des Verhaltens. H. v. Foerster, Wissen und Gewissen, /98

5 Anthropomorphismus - Beispiele (1) Animal Farm (2) Surrealismus (3) Micky Maus (4) Vegienaps Beispiele: Der treue Hund, das edle Pferd, der stolze Löwe, der schlaue Fuchs und Gedächtnis bei Computern. Aber auch Micky Maus, Gott usf. 41 /98

6 Anthropomorphismus in der Robotik While anthropomorphism is clearly a very complex notion, it intuitively provides us with very powerful physical and social features that are being implemented to a greater extent in social robot research. (1) - function as a mechanism (for design, for interpreting behavior, etc.) through which social interaction can be facilitated. Anthropomorphism... attribution of human qualities to nonhumans. (2) - People attribute human qualities products and machines - and they design products, and machines to enhance this process. - Our anthropomorphic perception influences how we interact with products: how much we like them, how much we trust them, and how much we rely on them. (1) B. Duffy, Anthropomorphism and The Social Robot, 2003 (2) 42 /98

7 Anthropomorphismus Perceiving Humanlikeness: Under which conditions do we attribute humanlikeness to nonhumans? (a) Having a human face (b) Physical appearance and social behavior (c) Social context cues (d) Social interaction (e) Personality /98

8 Anthropomorphismus - Perceiving Humanlikeness (a) Having a human face Faces acquire emotional and social significance (face = more humanlike). Robotic heads with more facial features were rated as more humanlike. C. DiSalvo et al, All robots are not created equal (2002) 44 /98

9 Anthropomorphismus - Perceiving Humanlikeness (b) Physical appearance and social behavior Having a head, arms or legs, increases anthropomorphism, especially when accompanied by social movements like turning the head toward a person. Sculpture, Ron Mueck Sculpture, Antony Gormley 45 /98

10 Anthropomorphismus - Perceiving Humanlikeness (c) Social context cues F. Heider and M. Simmel, An experimental study of apparent behavior (1944) 46 /98

11 Anthropomorphismus - Perceiving Humanlikeness (d) Social interaction Humans form mental models of ourselves and others during social interaction. Anthropomorphism involves a mental model in which the nonhuman (animal or object) is thought to have human attributes. For example, we may blame the animal or object for a mistake, thinking it intended to act as it did. When we are interacting with an animal or object, we can t think intellectually about what is really going on, for instance, a biological animal or computer program. Instead we focus on what the animal or object is doing and automatically make attributions as we do with people. 47 /98

12 Anthropomorphismus - Perceiving Humanlikeness (e) Personality People perceive animals to have personality traits (for example, extraverted dogs). We often attach traits to animals and objects when their behavior matches our stereotypes of these traits in people - doing so is probably automatic. This helps us predict behavior and form expectations. 48 /98

13 Anthropomorphic Form Anthropomorphism vs. Anthropomorphic Form: The colloquial use of the word form emphasizes the physical shape of an object but designers view form as the total expression of an object. (a) How is the human form imitated (qualities, material properties)? (b) What is the purpose of imitating human form? (c) What constitutes human form? What aspect of human form is being imitated? Four aspects of anthropomorphic form ( - not hard and fast categories): (1) structural anthropomorphic form (2) gestural anthropomorphic form (3) anthropomorphic form of character (4) aware anthropomorphic form C. DiSalvo et al, Imitating the Human Form: Four Kinds of Anthropomorphic Form, /98

14 Anthropomorphic Form (1) Structural Anthropomorphic Form Wooden figures Sculpture, Antony Gormley... imitates the construction of the human body with a focus on its materiality. The presence of shapes, volumes, mechanisms, or arrangements that mimic the appearance or functioning of the human body is evidence of structural anthropomorphic form. It draws from knowledge of human anatomy and reflects the thingness of the human body. 50 /98

15 Anthropomorphic Form (1) Structural Anthropomorphic Form Honda Asimo 51 /98

16 Anthropomorphic Form (2) Gestural Anthropomorphic Form Macintosh: Login Screen Chair... imitates the ways people communicate with and through the human body with a focus on human behavior. The use of motions that suggest human action to express meaning, intention, or instruction is evidence of gestural anthropomorphic form. It draws from knowledge of human non-verbal communication and reflects the expressiveness of the human body. 52 /98

17 Anthropomorphic Form (2) Gestural Anthropomorphic Form Karl Sims (Thinking Machines), Evolved Virtual Creatures 53 /98

18 Anthropomorphic Form (3) Anthropomorphic Form of Character Gaultier... imitates the traits, roles or functions of people. It also emphasizes the purpose of individual action. The display of qualities or habits that define and describe individuals are evidence of the anthropomorphic form of character. It draws from knowledge of societal conventions and contexts and reflects the practices people engage in. 54 /98

19 Anthropomorphic Form (4) Aware Anthropomorphic Form... imitates the human capacity for thought, intentionality, or inquiry. It also recognizes the social qualities of being human. Unlike the anthropomorphic form of character, which represents the individual in the society, aware anthropomorphic form emphasizes a common nature of being human. Currently, aware anthropomorphic forms live at the boundary between science fiction and science fact. Many systems are being designed that imitate a form of being human through programmed abilities to learn, adapt, reason, or interact sociably. 55 /98

20 Anthropomorphic Form (1) Structural Is there a body or body parts? Does it work like a human body? Are the parts universal to all human bodies? (2) Gestural Is there action or expression? Does that action tell you something? Could you assign human meaning? (3) Character Does it imitate human relationships? Could you describe its character or social role? Does it relate to a human experience? (4) Aware Does it appear to be aware? Is there a simulation of human consciousness? Do you relate to it as a human? Relationships (a) Emphasis: Human Body, Human Being (b) Change (c) One artifact, multiple kinds of anthropomorphic form 56 /98

21 Form und Gestalt Form and Structure is important because it helps establish social expectations. Familiarity of a robot s morphology can have profound effects on its accessibility, desirability, and expressiveness. (1) Mögliche Klassifikationen von Form und Gestalt: (a) anthropomorphic (b) zoomorphic (c) caricatured (d) functional (1) (a) human-like (b) familiar animals as pets (dogs, cats) (c) non-familiar animals as pets (seals, elephants) (d) new characters and artificial animals (2) (1) T. Fong et al, A Survey of Socially Interactive Robots (2003) (2) 57 /98

22 Uncanny Valley Hypothesis (Masahiro Mori, 1970s) Uncanny Valley humanoid robot } Healthy Person familiarity industrial robot stuffed animal human likeness 50% 100% movement appearance corpse zombie prosthetic hand 58 /98

23 Robots - Anthropomorphism / Human-Like (1) Hiroshi Ishiguro (2) Ever-1 (Eve -R 1) (3) Hanson s Einstein (4) BARTHOC (jr.)... (1) (2) (3) (4) 59 /98

24 Robots - Beispiel 60 /98

25 Robots - Beispiel Hanson 61 /98

26 Robots - Beispiel Hanson 62 /98

27 Robots - Beispiel 63 /98

28 Robots - Zoomorphic / Pets (familiar & non-familiar) (1) Paro (2) Sony Aibo (3) Philips icat (4) Keepon... (1) (2) (3) (4) 64 /98

29 Robots - Caricatured / Artificial Animals (1) Leonardo (2) PaPeRo (3) Kismet (4) emuu... (1) (2) (3) (4) 65 /98

30 Robots - Beispiel emuu 66 /98

31 Robots - Functional (1) ABB HM-05 (2) Artist Robot (3) Rotundus (4) PackBot EOD... (1) (2) (3) (4) 67 /98

32 Robots - Beispiel ABB - Eindhoven 68 /98

33 Robots - Science Fiction (1) C3PO (2) R2D2 (3) irobot (4) HAL... (1) (2) (3) (4) 69 /98