How To Write A Type Definition In Xhtml 1.2.2
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1 BASI DI DATI II 2 modulo Parte III: Schemi per XML Prof. Riccardo Torlone Università Roma Tre
2 Outline The purpose of using schemas The schema languages DTD and XML Schema Regular expressions a commonly used formalism in schema languages Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 2
3 Motivation We have designed our Recipe Markup Language...but so far only informally described its syntax How can we make tools that check that an XML document is a syntactically correct Recipe Markup Language g document (and thus meaningful)? Implementing a specialized validation tool for Recipe Markup Language is not the solution... Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 3
4 XML Languages XML language: a set of XML documents with some semantics schema: a formal definition of the syntax of an XML language schema language: a notation ti for writing schemas Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 4
5 Validation instance document schema schema processor valid invalid normalized instance document error message Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 5
6 Why use Schemas? Formal but human-readable descriptions Data validation can be performed with existing schema processors s Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 6
7 General Requirements Expressiveness Comprehensibility Efficiency Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 7
8 Regular Expressions Commonly used in schema languages to describe sequences of characters or elements : an alphabet (typically Unicode characters or element names) A regular expressions (RE) over : Each element in is a regular expression If and are regular expressions then:?, *, +,,, and ( ) are also regular expressions Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 8
9 Matching Matching between a string of elements in and a regular expression over matches the string? matches zero or one * matches zero or more s + matches one or more s matches any concatenation of an and a matches the union of and ( ) matches Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 9
10 Examples A regular expression describing integers: (0 -)?( )( )* A regular expression describing the valid contents of table elements in XHTML: caption? (col colgroup)* thead? tfoot? (tbody tr)+ Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 10
11 DTD Document Type Definition Defined as a subset of the DTD formalism from SGML Specified as an integral part of XML 1.0 A starting point for development of more expressive schema languages Considers elements, attributes, and character data processing instructions and comments are mostly ignored Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 11
12 Document Type Declarations Associates a DTD schema with the instance document <?xml version="1.1"?> <!DOCTYPE collection SYSTEM " it/recipes dtd"> <collection>... </collection> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN " <!DOCTYPE collection [... ]> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 12
13 Element Declarations <!ELEMENT element-name content-model> Content models: EMPTY ANY Mixed content: (#PCDATA e1 e2... en)* Element content: regular expression over element names (concatenation is written with ),) Example: <!ELEMENT table (caption?,(col colgroup)*,thead?, tfoot?,(tbody tr)+)> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 13
14 A valid document <table> <caption><em>great cities of the world</em></caption> <thead> <tr><td>city</td></tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr><td>copenhagen</td><td>denmark</td></tr> <tr><td>san Francisco</td><td>USA</td></tr> </tbody> </table> <tr><td>rome</td><td>italy</td></tr> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 14
15 An invalid document <table> <thead> <tr><td>city</td></tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr><td>copenhagen</td><td>denmark</td></tr> <tr><td>san Francisco</td><td>USA</td></tr> <tr><td>rome</td><td>italy</td></tr> </tbody> <caption><em>great cities of the world</em></caption> </table> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 15
16 Attribute-List Declarations <!ATTLIST element-name attribute-definitions> Each attribute definition consists of an attribute name an attribute type a default declaration Example: <!ATTLIST input maxlength CDATA #IMPLIED tabindex CDATA #IMPLIED> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 16
17 Attribute Types CDATA: any value Enumeration: (s 1 s 2... s n) ID: must have unique value IDREF (IDREFS): must match some ID attribute(s)... Examples: <!ATTLIST p align (left center right justify) #IMPLIED> <!ATTLIST recipe id ID #IMPLIED> <!ATTLIST related ref IDREF #IMPLIED> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 17
18 Attribute Default Declarations #REQUIRED #IMPLIED (optional) value (optional, but default provided) #FIXED value (if present must have this value) Examples: <!ATTLIST form action CDATA #REQUIRED onsubmit CDATA #IMPLIED method (get post) "get" enctype CDATA "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"> <!ATTLIST html xmlns CDATA #FIXED " w3 org/1999/xhtml"> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 18
19 Entity Declarations (1/3) Internal entity declarations a simple macro mechanism Example: Schema: <!ENTITY copyrightnotice Input: "Copyright 2005 Widgets'R'Us."> A gadget has a medium size head and a big gizmo subwidget. ©rightnotice; Output: A gadget has a medium size head and a big gizmo subwidget. Copyright 2005 Widgets'R'Us. Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 19
20 Entity Declarations (2/3) Internal parameter entity declarations apply to the DTD, not the instance document Example: <!ENTITY % Shape "(rect circle poly default)"> <!ATTLIST area shape %Shape; "rect"> corresponds to: <!ATTLIST area shape (rect circle poly default) "rect"> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 20
21 Entity Declarations (3/3) External parsed entity declarations references to XML data in other files Example: <!ENTITY widgets SYSTEM " External unparsed entity declarations references to non-xml data Example: <!ENTITY widget-image SYSTEM " it/widget gif NDATA gif > <!NOTATION gif SYSTEM " media-types/image/gif"> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 21
22 Conditional Sections Allow parts of schemas to be enabled/disabled by a switch Example: External DTD: <![%person.simple; [ <!ELEMENT person (firstname,lastname)> ]]> <![%person.full; [ <!ELEMENT person (firstname,lastname, +,phone?)> <!ELEMENT (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT phone (#PCDATA)> ]]> <!ELEMENT firstname (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT lastname (#PCDATA)> Internal DTD: <!ENTITY % person.simple "INCLUDE" > <!ENTITY % person.full "IGNORE" > Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 22
23 Checking Validity with DTD A DTD processor (also called a validating XML parser) parses the input document (includes checking well-formedness) checks the root element name for each element, checks its contents and attributes checks uniqueness and referential constraints (ID/IDREF(S) attributes) t Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 23
24 RecipeML with DTD (1/2) <!ELEMENT collection (description,recipe*)> <!ELEMENT description (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT recipe (title,date,ingredient*,preparation,comment?, nutrition,related*)> related*)> <!ATTLIST recipe id ID #IMPLIED> <!ELEMENT title (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT date (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT ingredient (ingredient*,preparation)?> <!ATTLIST ingredient name CDATA #REQUIRED amount CDATA #IMPLIED unit CDATA #IMPLIED> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 24
25 RecipeML with DTD (2/2) <!ELEMENT preparation (step*)> <!ELEMENT step (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT comment (#PCDATA)> <!ELEMENT nutrition EMPTY> <!ATTLIST nutrition calories CDATA #REQUIRED carbohydrates CDATA #REQUIRED fat CDATA #REQUIRED protein CDATA #REQUIRED alcohol CDATA #IMPLIED> <!ELEMENT related EMPTY> <!ATTLIST related ref IDREF #REQUIRED> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 25
26 Problems with the DTD description calories should contain a non-negative number protein should contain a value on the form N% where N is between 0 and 100; comment should be allowed to appear anywhere in the contents of recipe unit should only be allowed in an elements where amount is also present nested ingredient elements should only be allowed when amount is absent our DTD schema permits in some cases too much and in other cases too little! Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 26
27 Limitations of DTD Cannot constraint character data Specification of attribute values is too limited Element and attribute declarations are context insensitive Character data cannot be combined with the regular expression content t model The content models lack an interleaving operator The support for modularity, reuse, and evolution is too primitive Lack of element e e content t defaults and proper whitespace control Structured embedded self-documentation is not possible The ID/IDREF mechanism is too simple It does not itself use an XML syntax No support for namespaces Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 27
28 Requirements for XML Schema W3C s proposal for replacing DTD Design principles: More expressive than DTD Use XML notation Self-describing Simplicity Technical requirements: Namespace support User-defined datatypes Inheritance (OO-like) Evolution Embedded documentation... Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 28
29 Types and Declarations Simple type definition: defines a family of Unicode text strings Complex type definition: defines a content t and attribute t model Element declaration: associates an element name with a simple or complex type Attribute declaration: associates an attribute name with a simple type Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 29
30 Example (1/3) Instance document: <b:card xmlns:b=" <b:name>john Doe</b:name> <b:title>ceo, Widget Inc.</b:title> <b:phone>(202) </b:phone> <b:logo b:uri="widget.gif"/> </b:card> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 30
31 Example (2/3) Schema: <schema xmlns=" xmlns:b=" targetnamespace=" sinesscard <element name="card" type="b:card b:card_type type"/> <element name="name" type="string"/> <element name="title" type="string"/> <element name=" " type="string"/> <element name="phone" type="string"/> <element name= "logo" type= "b:logo_type type"/> <attribute name="uri" type="anyuri"/> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 31
32 Example (3/3) <complextype name="card_type"> <sequence> <element ref="b:name"/> <element ref="b:title"/> <element ref="b: "/> <element ref="b:phone" minoccurs="0"/> <element ref="b:logo" minoccurs="0"/> </sequence> </complextype> <complextype name="logo_type"> <attribute ref= b:uri" use="required"/> </complextype> </schema> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 32
33 Connecting Schemas and Instances <?xml version="1.0 encoding= UTF-8?> <bc:card xmlns:bc=" xmlns:xsi=" org/2001/xmlschema-instance" xsi:schemalocation=" business_card.xsd"> <bc:name>john Doe</bc:name> <bc:title>ceo, Widget Inc.</bc:title> <bc:phone>(202) </bc:phone> <bc:logo bc:uri="widget.gif"/> </bc:card> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 33
34 Element and Attribute Declarations Examples: <element name="serialnumber" type="nonnegativeinteger"/> <attribute name= alcohol" type= r:percentage"/> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 34
35 Simple Types (Datatypes) Primitive string any Unicode string boolean true, false, 1, 0 decimal float E23 double 42E970 datetime T16:29:00-05:00 time 16:29:00-05:00 date hexbinary 48656c6c6f0a base64binary SGVsbG8K anyuri QName... rcp:recipe, recipe Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 35
36 Derivation of Simple Types Restriction Constraining facets: length minlength maxlength pattern enumeration whitespace maxinclusive maxexclusive mininclusive minexclusive totaldigits fractiondigits Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 36
37 Examples <simpletype name="score_from_0_to_100"> <restriction base="integer"> <mininclusive value="0"/> <maxinclusive value="100"/> </restriction> </simpletype> <simpletype name="percentage"> <restriction base="string"> <pattern value="([0-9] [1-9][0-9] 100)%"/> </restriction> </simpletype> regular expression Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 37
38 Simple Type Derivation List <simpletype name="integerlist"> <list itemtype="integer"/> </simpletype> matches whitespace separated lists of integers Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 38
39 Simple Type Derivation Union <simpletype name="boolean_or_decimal"> <union> <simpletype> <restriction i base="boolean"/> "/ </simpletype> <simpletype> <restriction base="decimal"/> </simpletype> </union> </simpletype> Oppure: <union membertypes= boolean decimal > Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 39
40 Built-In Derived Simple Types normalizedstring token languagel Name NCName ID IDREF integeri nonnegativeinteger unsignedlong long int short byte... Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 40
41 Complex Types with Complex Contents Content models as regular expressions: Element reference <element ref=... /> Ordered sequence <sequence>... </sequence> Union <choice>... </choice> Unordered sequence <all>... </all> Element wildcard: <any namespace =... processcontents=... /> Attribute reference: <attribute ref=... /> Attribute wildcard: <anyattribute namespace =... processcontents =... /> Cardinalities: minoccurs, maxoccurs, use Mixed content: mixed= true Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 41
42 Example <element name="order" type="n:order_type"/> <attribute name= id" type= unsignedint"/> <complextype name="order_type" mixed="true"> <choice> <element ref="n:address"/> <sequence> <element ref="n: " minoccurs="0 maxoccurs="unbounded"/> d"/ <element ref="n:phone"/> </sequence> </choice> <attribute ref= n:id" use="required"/> </complextype> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 42
43 Derivation with Simple Content <complextype name="category"> <simplecontent> <extension base="integer"> <attribute ref= r:class /> </extension> </simplecontent> </complextype> <complextype name="extended_category"> <simplecontent> <extension base="n:category"> <attribute ref= r:kind"/> </extension> </simplecontent> </complextype> <complextype name="restricted_category"> <simplecontent> <restriction base="n:category"> <totaldigits value="3"/> <attribute ref= r:class" use="required"/> </restriction> </simplecontent> </complextype> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 43
44 Derivation with Complex Content <complextype name="basic_card_type"> <sequence> <element ref="b:name"/> </sequence> </complextype> <complextype name="extended_type"> <complexcontent> <extension base= "b:basic_card_type"> <sequence> <element ref="b:title"/> <element ref="b: " minoccurs="0"/> </sequence> </extension> </complexcontent> </complextype> <complextype name="further_derived"> <complexcontent> <restriction base= "b:extended_type"> <sequence> <element ref="b:name"/> <element ref="b:title"/> <element ref="b: "/> </sequence> </restriction> </complexcontent> </complextype> Note: restriction is not the opposite of extension! Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 44
45 Global vs. Local Descriptions Global (top-level) style: <element name="card type="b:card_type"/> <element name="name type="string"/> <complextype name="card_type"> <sequence> <element ref="b:name"/> "/... </sequence> </complextype> Local (in-lined) style: <element name="card"> <complextype> <sequence> <element name="name" type="string"/>... </sequence> </complextype> </element> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 45
46 Global vs. Local Descriptions Local type definitions are anonymous Local element/attribute declarations can be overloaded a simple form of context sensitivity Only globally declared elements can be starting points for validation (e.g. roots) Local definitions permit an alternative namespace semantics (explained later...) Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 46
47 Requirements to Complex Types Two element declarations that have the same name and appear in the same complex type must have identical types <complextype name= some_type"> <choice> <element name= foo" type= string"/> <element name= foo" type= integer"/> </choice> </complextype> This requirement makes efficient implementation easier all can only contain element (e.g. not sequence!) so we cannot use all to solve the problem with comment in RecipeML... Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 47
48 Namespaces <schema targetnamespace=" > Prefixes are also used in certain attribute values! Unqualified Locals: if enabled, the name of a locally declared element or attribute in the instance document has no namespace prefix such an attribute or element belongs to the element declared in the surrounding global definition always change the default behaviour using elementformdefault="qualified" Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 48
49 Uniqueness, Keys, References <element name="w:widget" xmlns:w=" <complextype>... in every widget, each part must have </complextype> unique (manufacturer, productid) <key name="my_widget_key"> <selector xpath="w:components/w:part"/> /> <field <field </key> <keyref name="annotation_references refer="w:my_widget_key"> <selector xpath=".//w:annotation"/> <field "/ <field </keyref> in every widget, for each annotation, </element> (manu, prod) must match a my_widget_key unique: as key, but fields may be absent Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 49
50 Other Features in XML Schema Groups Nil values Substitution groups Annotations Defaults and whitespace Modularization Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 50
51 RecipeML with XML Schema (1/5) <schema xmlns=" xmlns:r=" targetnamespace=" elementformdefault="qualified"> <element name="collection"> <complextype> <sequence> <element name="description" type="string"/> <element ref="r:recipe" minoccurs="0" maxoccurs="unbounded"/> </sequence> </complextype> <unique name="recipe-id-uniqueness"> <selector xpath=".//r:recipe"/>/> <field </unique> <keyref name="recipe-references" refer="r:recipe-id-uniqueness"> <selector xpath=".//r:related"/> <field </keyref> </element> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 51
52 RecipeML with XML Schema (2/5) <element name="recipe"> <complextype> <sequence> <element name="title" type="string"/> <element name="date" type="string"/> <element ref="r:ingredient" minoccurs="0" maxoccurs="unbounded"/> <element ref="r:preparation"/> p <element name="comment" type="string" minoccurs="0"/> <element ref="r:nutrition"/> <element ref="r:related" minoccurs="0" maxoccurs="unbounded"/> </sequence> <attribute name="id" type="nmtoken"/> </complextype> </element> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 52
53 RecipeML with XML Schema (3/5) <element name="ingredient"> <complextype> <sequence minoccurs="0"> <element ref="r:ingredient" r:ingredient minoccurs="0" maxoccurs="unbounded"/> unbounded <element ref="r:preparation"/> </sequence> <attribute name="name" use="required"/> <attribute name="amount" use="optional"> <simpletype> <union> <simpletype> <restriction base="r:nonnegativedecimal"/> </simpletype> <simpletype> <restriction i base="string"> " <enumeration value="*"/> "/ </restriction> </simpletype> </union> </simpletype> </attribute> <attribute name="unit" use="optional"/> </complextype> </element> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 53
54 RecipeML with XML Schema (4/5) <element name= "preparation"> <complextype> <sequence> <element name="step" type="string minoccurs="0 maxoccurs="unbounded"/> </sequence> </complextype> </element> <element name="nutrition"> <complextype> <attribute name="calories" type="r:nonnegativedecimal use="required"/> <attribute name="protein" type="r:percentage" use="required"/> <attribute name="carbohydrates" type="r:percentage" use= "required"/> <attribute name="fat" type="r:percentage" use="required"/> <attribute name="alcohol" type="r:percentage" use="optional"/> </complextype> </element> <element name="related"> <complextype> <attribute name="ref" type="nmtoken" use="required"/> </complextype> </element> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 54
55 RecipeML with XML Schema (5/5) <simpletype name="nonnegativedecimal"> <restriction i base="decimal"> <mininclusive value="0"/> </restriction> </simpletype> <simpletype name="percentage"> <restriction base="string"> <pattern value="([0-9] [1-9][0-9] 100)%"/> 9][0 9] 100)%"/ </restriction> </simpletype> </schema> Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 55
56 Problems with the XML Schema description calories should contain a non-negative number protein should contain a value on the form N% where N is between 0 and 100; comment should be allowed to appear anywhere in the contents of recipe unit should only be allowed in an elements where amount is also present nested ingredient elements should only be allowed when amount is absent even XML Schema has insufficient expressiveness! Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 56
57 Limitations of XML Schema The details are extremely complicated (and the spec is unreadable) Declarations are (mostly) context t insensitiveiti It is impossible to write an XML Schema description of XML Schema With mixed content, character data cannot be constrained Cannot require specific root element The type system is overly complicated xsi:type is problematic Simple type definitions are inflexible Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 57
58 Strengths of XML Schema Namespace support Data types (built-in i and derivation) Modularization Type derivation mechanism Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 58
59 Summary schema: formal description of the syntax of an XML language DTD: simple schema language elements, attributes, entities,... XML Schema: more advanced schema language element/attribute declarations simple types, complex types, type derivations global l b l vs. local l descriptions... Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 59
60 Essential Online Resources w3 Riccardo Torlone: Basi di dati 2 60
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