HONORARY COMMITTEE INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Transcription

1 CONTENT HONORARY COMMITTEE... 2 INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE... 2 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE... 3 SCIENTIFIC AND REVIEW COMMITTEE... 4 TECHNICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL SERVICES... 5 WATER SESSIONS (Milletus, Hall B)... 6 ENERGY SESSION (Pergamun, Hall A) ENVIROMENT SESSION (Priene, hall C) POSTERS SESSIONS (Priene, hall c) INDEX

2 HONORARY COMMITTEE Prof.Dr. Cumali KINACI Prof.Dr. Durmuş GÜNAY Prof.Dr. Galip AKHAN Prof.Dr. Mustafa GÜDEN Prof.Dr. Mehmet PAKDEMİRLİ Ministry of Water Affairs and Forestry Member of the Board of Higher Education Rector,Izmir Katip Celebi University Rector,Izmir Instute of Technology Rector,Celal Bayar University INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Prof. Dr. Yunus Cengel A. Menderes U. Prof.Dr. Zekai Sen Prof.Dr. İbrahim Dincer Prof.Dr. Mustafa GÜDEN Prof.Dr.James G. Speight Istanbul Tech. Univ. Univ. Ontorio Inst. Tech. Rector,Izmir Instute of Technology University of Wyoming 2

3 ORGANIZING COMMITTEE İbrahim Kocabas Raafat Alnaizy Mehmet Sorgun Tugba Kilic Erman Ülker Salih Okur Salih Yılmaz Yetkin Yıldırım Adem Eren Yakup Egercioglu Mehmet Ali Yurdusev Gökmen Tayfur Osman Yıldız Conference Chair, Izmir Katip Çelebi University Technical Program Chair, Conference Vice Chair, Izmir Katip Çelebi University Conference Secretary, Izmir Katip Çelebi University Conference Secretary, Izmir Katip Çelebi University Izmir Katip Çelebi University Izmir Katip Çelebi University Izmir Katip Çelebi University Izmir Katip Çelebi University Izmir Katip Çelebi University Izmir Katip Çelebi University Izmir Katip Çelebi University Izmir Katip Çelebi University 3

4 SCIENTIFIC AND REVIEW COMMITTEE Ahmet Sahin King Fahd Univ. Of Pet. & Minerals Ali Berktay K. Selcuk Univ. Amin Al Sinawi American Univ. of Sharjah Arif Hepbaslı Yasar Univ. Aysun Sofuoğlu Izmir Inst. Of Tech. Bekir Solmaz Celal Bayar Univ. Evren Ozbayoglu Univ. of Tulsa Hafzullah Aksoy Istanbul Tech. Univ. Ibrahim Can Ataturk Univ. Ismail Aydin Middle East Tech. Univ. Jacques Ganoulis Aristotle Univ. Kazi Fattah American Univ. of Sharjah Kutsi Erduran Nığde Univ. Levent Kavvas University of California M. Alaattin Hastaoglu Gebze Inst. Of Tech. Mahmud Gungor Pamukkale Univ. Martin Sauter Gottingen Univ. Mehmet Emin Aydin Necmettin Erbakan Un. Mehmet Fatih Orhan American Univ. of Sharjah Mehmet Kanoglu Gaziantep Un. Melih Yanmaz Middle East Tech. Univ. Muhamed Gadallah American Univ. of Sharjah Muhammed Maruf Mortula American Univ. of Sharjah Muhammed O. Hamdan United Arab Emirates Univ. Mustafa Altinakar University of Mississippi Mustafa Aral Georgia Tech. Mustafa Gogus Middle East Tech. Univ. Muthiah Perumal Indian Institute of Technology Necati Agiralioglu Istanbul Tech. Univ. Nidal Hilal Masdar Inst. Omer Faruk Noyan Celal Bayar Univ. Ramazan Kahraman Qatar Univ. Said Sofuoglu Izmir Inst. Of Tech. Salih Kirkgoz Cukurova Univ. Serter Atabay American Univ. of Sharjah Sukru Guney Dokuz Eylul Univ. Taleb Ibrahim American Univ. of Sharjah Tariq Shamim Masdar Inst. UAE Tommaso Moramarco Intellectual Property Rsrch. Inst. Umit Gokkus Celal Bayar Univ. Weiming Wu University of Mississippi Yuosef Haik United Arab Emirates Univ. Zhiguo He Zhejiang University 4

5 TECHNICAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL SERVICES Tuğba KILIÇ Erman ÜLKER Melike KARAKAYA Cebrail ÖZBEK Abdullah BAYRAM Melike ÜRPER Zerife PEKER Mehmet Yavuz ÇETİNKAYA Abdurrahman Haliz GÜZELAYDIN İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Engineering Sciences İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Engineering Sciences İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Engineering Sciences İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Faulty of Fishery İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi, Faulty of Fishery İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Faculty of Tourism İzmir Institute of High Technology Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Sciences 5

6 WATER SESSIONS (Milletus, Hall B) SOIL MOISTURE AND RAINFALL IN ANN FOR PREDICTING RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH Gokmen Tayfur, Tommaso Moramarco Enstitude of technology of Izmir This study quantitatively investigates the use of soil moisture measured at 10, 20, and 40 cm soil depths along with rainfall in predicting event-based runoff hydrographs. Rainfall plus soil moisture at 10, 20, and 40 cm formed the input vector while the discharge was the target output in the model of generalized regression neural network (GRNN) training algorithm. The model for Colorso and Migianella basins in central Italy was trained (calibrated) using October March 2003 data and then employed to predict the runoff hydrograph for each basin for the period of January - April The model performance was satisfactory with R 2 = 0.87 and RMSE = 0.14 m 3 /s for Colorso basin and R 2 = 0.87 and RMSE = 1.89 m 3 /s for Migianella basin. The investigation of effects of soil mositure on runoff hydrograph prediction revealed that the addition of moisture data, along with rainfall, tremendously improves the performance of the model. INVESTIGATION OF WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL O SMALL SAMPLE ESTIMATES OF SEMIVARIOGRAM FOR REGIONAL ESTIMATION Zekai SEN Istanbul Technical University, Turkey zsen@itu.edu.tr Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Hydraulics and Water Resources Division, Maslak 3446 The small sample estimation of semivariogram (SV) is biased which is a function of the finite sample length and the spatial correlation structure of the regionalized variables. In order to quantify such a bias the small sample expectation of SV is derived analytically by taking into account the spatial correlation structure of the regionalized variable. Analytical derivations are based on the Kendall's bias estimation procedure for the autocorrelation of autoregressive integrated moving average, ARIMA(1,0,1), process, which are commonly used in water resources simulation studies. This process subsumes autoregressive (AR), moving average (MA), independent (IP) and Brownian motion processes. The AR process semivariogram does not exhibit any nugget effect even for small samples. However, in the case of ARIMA (1,0,1) process the amount of bias is relatively smaller and for small samples there appears nugget effect which diminishes with the increase in sample lengths. Analytical expressions of small sample SV estimates explain explicitly the linearity, nugget and hole effects in the SV depending on the type of stochastic process. 6

7 SMALL SAMPLE ESTIMATES OF SEMIVARIOGRAM FOR REGIONAL ESTIMATION Zekai SEN Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Hydraulics and Water Resources Division, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey zsen@itu.edu.tr The small sample estimation of semivariogram (SV) is biased which is a function of the finite sample length and the spatial correlation structure of the regionalized variables. In order to quantify such a bias the small sample expectation of SV is derived analytically by taking into account the spatial correlation structure of the regionalized variable. Analytical derivations are based on the Kendall's bias estimation procedure for the autocorrelation of autoregressive integrated moving average, ARIMA(1,0,1), process, which are commonly used in water resources simulation studies. This process subsumes autoregressive (AR), moving average (MA), independent (IP) and Brownian motion processes. The AR process semivariogram does not exhibit any nugget effect even for small samples. However, in the case of ARIMA (1,0,1) process the amount of bias is relatively smaller and for small samples there appears nugget effect which diminishes with the increase in sample lengths. Analytical expressions of small sample SV estimates explain explicitly the linearity, nugget and hole effects in the SV depending on the type of stochastic process. CONTEMPORARY WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH AND POTENTIAL OF WESTERN ANATOLIA Zekâi SEN Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Hydraulics and Water Resources Working Group, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey, zsen@itu.edu.tr Water resources are creeping towards critical threshold levels in many parts of the world in general, but also at an ever increasing rate in some particular regions such as the Middle East and the North Africa. For the time being, although world conjecture and political strategies revolve around energy and food security aspects, but at the very root of such issues are the water resources without which any nation, society or tribe cannot survive in a sustainable manner. It is, therefore, water security what matters behind the whole long-term political curtain and each region should have its own rules and regulations for effective, efficient and sustainable exploitation of water resources. It seems that ultimately water resources are the main foundations for human dominance and existence on the earth. The undeniable necessity of water has been touched upon in many religious contents in addition to many philosophical thinking as to the origin; continuous and ultimate existence in the universe. Water issues are taking unprecedentedly significant facets from irrigation, agriculture, water supply, energy, industrial, commercial, social, environmental and political points of view. This work will expose some sheds on the contemporary water issues in the world especially in relation to climate change impacts, environmental contamination and pollution in addition to future possible problems concerning the surface and ground water resources potential. Additionally, the water resources situation in the Aegean Sea region of Anatolia, Turkey, in general, and the climate change impacts in particular are explained. Finally, worldwide recommendations and conclusions are presented in the hope that they will provide guidelines for future water resources management on a sustainable basis. 7

8 INVESTIGATION OF WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL OF AKSARAY REGION VIA AN ANALYTICAL METHOD BASED ON RAYLEIGH PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION Ö.KÖSE, A.ALTINSOY Aksaray University Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department Aksaray, Turkey omerkose@aksaray.edu.tr Investments in the field of renewable energy in Turkey as well as over the world is increasing. Wind energy is one of these sources. In this study theoretical wind energy potential in Aksaray region is determined using hourly wind speed data recorded at Aksaray Meteorological Station. The yearly wind speed distribution and wind power density for different height and lengths of the wings are evaluated using an analytical approach based on Rayleigh probability density function. Power density calculations are made using the hourly recorded wind data for the last ten years. There is a need that to compare the forecasted annual energy production results with the real produced energy data, therefore there can be a risk that forecasted annual energy production can be overestimated AKSARAY REGION VIA AN ANALYTICAL METHOD BASED ON RAYLEIGH PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION Ömer KÖSE, Adem ALTINSOY Faculty of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department Aksaray, Turkey Aksaray University omerkose@aksaray.edu.tr Investments in the field of renewable energy in Turkey as well as over the world is increasing. Wind energy is one of these sources. In this study theoretical wind energy potential in Aksaray region is determined using hourly wind speed data recorded at Aksaray Meteorological Station. The yearly wind speed distribution and wind power density for different height and lengths of the wings are evaluated using an analytical approach based on Rayleigh probability density function.power density calculations are made using the hourly recorded wind data for the last ten years. There is a need that to compare the forecasted annual energy production results with the real produced energy data, therefore there can be a risk that forecasted annual energy production can be overestimated. GENETIC-FUZZY PREDICTION OF MONTHLY RIVER FLOWS Mustafa Erkan TURAN, Mehmet Ali YURDUSEV Celal Bayar University, Turkey mustafaerkan.turan@cbu.edu.tr Prediction of river flows have generally been undertaken using in two types of models, namely hydrological and black-box models. There exists several black-box type models employed to achieve this end. Of these, genetic fuzzy systems have used in this study as they have relatively attracted limited attention. Genetic-fuzzy systems are the fuzzy systems that have the capability of learning and tuning by Genetic Algorithms. In this study, genetic-fuzzy systems have been used to predict monthly river flows from precipitation, temperature and evapotranspiration values using four different input structure formed by the various combinations of input variables. Two fuzzy inference systems are employed in modelling processes: Mamdani and Takagi-Sugeno, by which two genetic fuzzy systems are obtained namely The Thrift method and Takagi-Sugeno Genetic Fuzzy System (GFS-TS). The former employs Mamdani system of which rule base is obtained through genetic algorithm whereas in the latter genetic algorithm is used to tune the parameters in the premise and consequent parts of the Takagi-Sugeno inference system. The two systems are applied to predicting the monthly flows of two flow gauging stations, Acısu(#523), Yiğitler(#525), in Gediz River Basin, Turkey. The findings of the case study have revealed that GFS-TS system is more successful than Thrift system. Moreover, the model structure including one month lag variables as input variables have more performance values than those of other models. 8

9 INVESTIGATION OF THE SCOUR INCEPTION OF A CIRCULAR BRIDGE PIER Can SAÇAN, Oğuz Kaan ÇETIN, Gökçen BOMBAR Ege University, Turkey gokcen.bombar@ege.edu.tr Local scours around bridge piers are generally the main cause of the bridge failures. The velocity of the approaching flow close to the upstream face of the bridge pier has been considered as the reason of local scour in the vicinity of bridge piers in many scour-related studies. In this study, a series of tests were carried out in a flume at various flow depths and approach velocities in order to determine the inception of the scouring around a circular bridge pier of diameter 60 mm in steady flow. At the same time, the instantaneous three dimensional velocity time series were obtained by means of an acoustic doppler velocity meter. All the tests were conducted in the clear water regime in a rectangular flume of 70 cm width and 18 m length. The sediment was non-uniform fine sand with a median diameter 0.43 mm and geometric standard deviation The flow rate was measured by an electromagnetic flow meter. The experimental findings were compared with those obtained from the existing empirical equations and it is revealed that the properties of the velocity time series are highly related to the inception and development of the scour. SUSTAINABLE WATER MANAGEMENT OF BAŞKÖY SPRINGS (AĞLASUN- BURDUR/TURKEY) Ayşen DAVRAZ, Fatma AKSEVER Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey aysendavraz@sdu.edu.tr Water is crucial for every civilisation and human settlement. Safe and reliable access to clean water throughout the year is fundamental for sustainable population growth and development. Improving the environmental sustainability of bodies of water has become an important policy goal for local water management authorities. To achieve this goal, various issues must be carefully evaluated. Investigation of hydrological and hydrogeological properties of water resources are one of these issues. In this study, Başköy springs which has springs with high yields and is small-scale settlement area were assessment point of view hydrogeological and sustainable water management. These springs have been used as drinking water, trout breeding and irrigation water, and the rest discharged to Ağlasun stream. In the research area, Eynazlı (69 l/s), Deregözü (83 l/s), Çaygözü (106 l/s), Küllük (95 l/s), Manasır (52 l/s) and Baran (37 l/s) springs are located. These springs group discharged from contact of allochthonous Akdağ limestone and ophiolitic complex. Temperature, ph, redox potential, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids values were measured on site as C, , , µs/cm and mg/l, respectively. According to Piper diagram, these spring waters are Ca-Mg-HCO3 water facies. According to Schoeller s drinkable diagram, the spring waters were classified as very good quality drinkable water. In addition, water samples are fall in C2S1 fields in the US Salinity Laboratory diagram. According to Wilcox diagram, it also falls in very good irrigation water class. Eynazlı spring water allocated for bottled water with 2 l/s yield. But, majority of the other spring waters which have drinking water quality have been used irrigation water and discharged to stream. Natural waters which have drinking water quality are used except for suitable purposes in most of the regions in Turkey due to planned at small-scale of water usages. Therefore, water management strategies should be made in wide scale regions which are associated point of view hydrological and hydrogeological. 9

10 NETWORK OPTIMIZATION OF STORM-SEWER COLLECTION SYSTEMS Tülin ÇETIN, Mehmet Ali YURDUSEV Celal Bayar University Turgutlu Vocational School, Turkey tulin.cetin@cbu.edu.tr Urban storm water and sewer systems are essential for human health and safety. Therefore, their design and operation are one of the highly important issues of civil engineering. Considering the financial investment required, this is also true on economical front.the first and the main process of storm water and sewer systems is determining lines through which debris flow by defining the network. The process of determining direction of each line in the network affects directly the construction cost of urban storm water and sewer systems. To minimize the cost, the most proper network design should be selected, which requires to consider so many options. To this end, an appropriate optimization technique should be used to ease the selection process.in this study, a study of the network design having minimum cost is planned for just before hydraulic design process. Lines joining corners of streets and vertex where lines are changing their direction are defined as storm/sewer lines. These lines and discharge point specified are given as inputs to the developed program. Using the optimization technique selected, directions of all these lines are investigated and all network is led to the discharge point to allow flow. To find the most proper cost, an approximate cost formulae from the literature is used. Finally, a method is proposed for the network design which affects the cost of urban storm water and sewer systems. WATER RESOURCES FOR HYDROELECTRIC WITH ENERGY POLICY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN TURKEY Ibrahim YUKSEL, Hasan ARMAN Kamil KAYGUSUZ Sakarya University, Technology Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, Sakarya, Turkey yukseli2000@yahoo.com Energy needs are continuously increasing and the demand for electrical power continues to grow rapidly. The world energy market has to date depended almost entirely on nonrenewable, but low cost, fossil fuels. Hydroelectric developments throughout the world provide approximately one-fifth of the world s total electrical energy.as would be expected, the rapid expansion of energy production and consumption has brought with it a wide range of environmental issues at the local, regional and global levels. States have played a leading role in protecting the environment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases.turkey is an energy importing country with more than half of the energy requirement being supplied by imports, and air pollution is becoming a great environmental concern in the country. On the other hand, Turkey s geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of the renewable energy sources. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey.This paper provides an overview of water resources for hydroelectric with energy policy and environmental issues in Turkey. 10

11 EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY USED FOR AGRICULTURE IN ANKARA-GOLBASI SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AREA Goksen CAPAR, Cenk AKSIT, Mehmet CELIK, Suleyman KODAL Ankara University Gölbaşı district, located at 20 km south of Ankara city is one of the special environmental protection areas (SEPA) of Turkey. The water resources of Gölbaşı district are under the pressure of urbanization and agricultural activities. In recent years, the demand for groundwater has increased, however availability is limited to the quantity and quality of water, where the latter is subjected to salinity and boron contamination. Therefore, there is a need to figure out the current status of water quality in the district for agricultural use. In this study, 41 groundwater samples (mostly existing wells and fountains) from 11 villages were collected and analyzed for relevant parameters to assess their conformity with irrigation and livestock drinking standards. Salinity class of 13 samples were determined as C3 (high salinity) and 6 samples were classified as C4 (very high salinity). Boron concentrations were not too high, such that 59-88% of samples were Class 1 for sensitive, moderately sensitive and resistant plants, respectively. On the other hand, only 5-10% of samples were Class 5 for plants. The results showed that groundwaters were either not suitable or should be used with attention for irrigation and livestock drinking at a ratio of 40% and 32%, respectively. INFLUENCE OF AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT ON AGGLOMERATION AND DISSOLUTION OF THIOL-FUNCTIONALISED MESOPOROUS SILICA COATED MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES Othman HAKAMI, Yue ZHANG, Charles BANKS Faculty of science, chemistry Department, Physical Chemistry Division, Jazan University omhakami@jazanu.edu.sa Purpose of the present research work is to investigate the stability and the dissolution of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) and thiol-functionalised mesoporous silica coated magnetite nanoparticles (TF-SCMNPs). The state of NPs in an aqueous environment is investigated under different ph conditions. Changes in the NPs mean diameter due to aggregation were measured over a specific time. The effects of contact time and ph on the dissolution of NPs were investigated. In this study, to avoid possible aggregation occurring, Fe3O4 NPs were coated with silica and functionalised further with thiol organic groups. These methods impart excellent stability to magnetite NPs in an aqueous medium over a wide range of ph values with reasonable hydrodynamic size. The organic group bound magnetite NPs allowed these particles to circulate over a long time in aqueous system, and particle aggregation and sedimentation did not occur. The trend of decreasing zeta potential was observed after thiol grafted onto the surface of SCMNPs. For the effect of ph on the dissolution of NPs, the results revealed that the increased efficiency of the silica in eliminating the ph dependence and enhancing the NP stability of SCMNPs and SH- SCMNPs in aqueous medium is noteworthy. On the other hand, the dissolution of Fe3O4 NPs was to found to be detrimental at ph 2.0 and 4.0 or had a long contact time. 11

12 SELECTIVE REMOVAL OF CHROMATE USING HYBRID ANION EXCHANGER Medhat Mohamed EL-MOSELHY, Othman M. HAKAMI Istanbul Technical University, Turkey medhatmohamed@yahoo.com Adsorption and preconcentration of Chromate species from water and wastewater were investigated using Carminic acid modified anion exchanger (IRA 900). The existence of some oxyanions which might have a competing effect on chromate removal such as MoO4 2-, SO4 2-, SeO4 2- and AsO4 2- were investigated beside the influence of ph. Adsorption reached equilibrium within 30 min and was independent of initial concentration of chromate oxyanions. Studies were performed at different ph values to find the ph at which maximum adsorption occurred and was determined to be at a ph between 4.0 and 4.5. The Langmuir adsorption capacity (Qmax) was found to be mg Cr(VI)/g of the adsorbent. The results showed that modification of IRA 900 with Carminic acid is suitable for the removal of Cr (VI), as chromate, from water and wastewater samples. The obtained material was subjected to efficient regeneration. EFFECT OF GEOTHERMAL FLUID ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN GEDİZ GRABEN, WESTERN TURKEY Alper BABA and Alim MURATHAN Izmir Institute of Technology, Geothermal Energy Research and Application Center, Izmir, Turkey alperbaba@iyte.edu.tr In parallel to developing geothermal energy applications in Turkey, many sites experience problems associated with not only waste geothermal fluid disposal but also uncontrolled surface eruptions during drilling operations. Alasehir Geothermal Area as one of that area located in the southern part of the Gediz Graben System, was investigated in this study and problems associated with waste geothermal fluid discharge on groundwater resources were assessed. The waste geothermal fluid originating from Alan field where geothermal drill was collapsed was found to cause significant thermal and chemical contamination. Accordingly, field parameters (temperature, ph, and electrical conductivity), major anion and cation (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, and sulfate) and heavy metal (aluminum, arsenic, barium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lithium, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc) concentration were determined in water samples taken from geothermal fluid and observation wells during May through December The chemical analyses showed that the uncontrolled discharge of geothermal fluid contained high levels of arsenic and boron. The result also indicated that uncontrolled geothermal fluid eruptions influence groundwater resources of the area where water resources were commonly used for agricultural irrigation. The levels of arsenic (As) and boron (B) in geothermal fluid and groundwater in region exceeded the maximum allowable limits given in national and international standards for drinking-water quality. 12

13 AN INVESTIGATION ON THE SOME PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MARMARIS BAY (MUGLA-TURKEY) Nedim ÖZDEMİR, Şeyma Merve KAYMAZ, Ahmet Nuri TARKAN MUGLA SITKI KOÇMAN UNIVERSITY Marmaris Bay has been chosen as a research area where Turkey's southwest Mediterranean Sea with the Aegean Sea in a junction region. Its main characters are being semi-enclosed and one of the main and popular tourism resources of Turkey. This study has been carried out between May 2011-April To be able to carry out the researches which some strategic points in selected physico-chemical parameters in water samples were taken from seven stations investigated in terms of water quality. Results of the study were determined as: water temperature ( oc), ph ( ), electrical conductivity (52,160-59,540 µscm-1),dissolved oxygen ( mgl-1), salinite ( 34,34-39,84), nitrite nitrogen (BDL-0,50 mgl-1), nitrate nitrogen (BDL-30,00 mgl-1), ammonia nitrogen (BDL-2,50 mgl-1), phosphate (BDL-4,00 mgl-1) and chlorophyll-a ( mgl-1). Water samples are analyzed and evaluated in Fisheries Faculty Laboratory of the University of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman. In a year as a result of this study, some stations have been determined that water quality and environment pollution depending on especially in summer tourism season. TURKEY'S AGRICULTURAL WATER FOOTPRINT - A SIZE TOO BIG. Sinan OGUN, Sezen OCAK Zirve University sinan.ogun@zirve.edu.tr Scarcity of freshwater for agricultural production is becoming an ever increasing global environmental issue and one that will impact the food security of many nations in the very near future. Turkey is one of the key agricultural production nations in the world. The OECD estimates that Turkey is the world s seventh-biggest agricultural producer. With 40% of its total land area arable, it is the world s number one producer in hazelnuts, figs, apricots and cherries, and second for lentils, honey and peppers. Turkey is also the biggest wheat producer in the Middle East, which has seen the country s agricultural Water Footprint (WF) rise to unsustainable levels. Animal production in Turkey, besides poultry, however has declined considerably over the past few decades, going from being a livestock exporter in the 1980 s to a major importer of red meat and slaughter animals since Despite the reduction in it national herd size Turkey has also managed to increase it s animal production water footprint (WF) due to inefficient natural resource management practices. Simulations of global climate change by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) with 21 different models, predicts a 12% decrease in annual rainfall in southern Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. As Turkey s annual water withdrawals is expected to exceed 20% of the annual renewable water supply, its at risk of suffering water stress in the next decade. Despite such grim prospects Turkey s agricultural sector is taking very few tangible water conservation measures.the country s increase in the WF for its livestock production has mainly been due to the growth of its intensive animal production methods which has replaced the traditional less impactful grazing systems. Country s recent internal political battle with terrorism has seen mass reduction in pasture grazing in the Eastern and central Anatolian regions. As more cereals have been grown to feed the livestock in the safer feedlot situations, this has placed extra pressure on water resources and environmental services.this study quantifies and maps the water footprint (WF) of Turkeys agricultural and livestock production and while making comparisons to the European models aims to offer workable solutions as to how it can not only reduce its WF but do so while increasing and maintaining production at sustainable levels. 13

14 MONITORING SEASONAL CHANGES OF CHLOROPHYLL-A IN THE MARMARIS BAY Şeyma Merve KAYMAZ, Nedim ÖZDEMİR, Ahmet Nuri TARKAN MUGLA SITKI KOCMAN UNIVERSITY The town of Marmaris, which depends on Mugla Province in Aegean Region is one of the most important resedence places of Turkey. It is placed in southwest of Turkey and closed with peninsula and islands in conjunction of the Mediterranean and Agean Seas. Lots of coves and harbours have become a center for yachts. Marmaris Bay is a center of touristic activities. Especially in summer times, the bay is affected by the touristic activities. Unfortunately, there is a visiual pollution in the bay recent years. We searched for an answer to the question of "Is Marmaris Bay dying?" In this 12-month-study, chlorophyll-a values were investigated from taken water samples monthly from 7 chosen stations in the bay. Results of the study were determined as; water temperature ( C), ph ( ), dissolved oxygen ( mgl-1), saturated oxygen ( %), electrical conductivity ( µscm-1), salinite ( ), nitrite nitrogen (BDL-0.50 mgl-1), nitrate nitrogen (BDL mgl-1), ammonia nitrogen (BDL-2.50 mgl-1), phosphate (BDL-4.00 mgl-1), chrolophyll-a ( µgl-1) and TRIX - index (6-9). According to the results obtained from the some of water analysis, depending on the tourism activities selected stations were observed during the summer months water quality deterioration in the Bay of Marmaris. EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF NDMA FORMATION: RANITIDINE AS A MODEL PRECURSOR Nilay BILGIN, Egemen AYDIN, Elif PEHLIVANOGLU-Mantas Istanbul Technical University, Turkey elif.pehlivanoglu@itu.edu.tr N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a carcinogenic disinfection by-product which forms mainly during chloramination. Although organic nitrogen compounds are known to act as NDMA precursors, the formation pathways as well as the effect of experimental conditions have not been studied widely. In this study, kinetic experiments were conducted on a pharmaceutical, ranitidine, to evaluate the effect of different conditions such as ph, Cl2:N ratio, and the presence of Br-. The highest concentration of NDMA (444±34 ng/l) occurred during chloramination of sample spiked with ranitidine at ph 8 after 72-h. When the same sample was chloraminated at ph 5, the NDMA concentration was measured as 29±2.3 ng/l after 72-h. the ph not only affects the concentration of NDMA formed but also the time required for a detectable concentration of NDMA (2 ng/l). The formation of more than one order of magnitude higher concentration of NDMA at ph 8 indicated that during chloramination the main species responsible for NDMA formation is monochloramine and not dichloramine as suggested in the literature. The concentration of NDMA decreased significantly when a Cl2:N ratio of 10 was used compared to a Cl2:N ratio of 4 as expected due to the presence of free Cl2 after the chlorination breakpoint. 14

15 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY ANALYSES IN MERSIN, TURKEY FOLLOWING THE FUKUSHIMA DAI-ICHI NUCLEAR ACCIDENT Süleyman Fatih ÖZMEN, İsmail BOZTOSUN, Alp CESUR Akdeniz University In this study, the level of the natural and artificial radioactivity in soil samples collected from surrounding of Mersin in Turkey was measured. Activity concentrations of the 238U-series (226Ra, 214Pb, and 214Bi), 232Th-serie (228Ac, 208Tl), 40K and fission product 137Cs radionuclides were determined by gamma-ray spectrometry using HPGe detector with a relative efficiency of 40%. The results obtained for 238U-series (226Ra, 214Pb, and 214Bi), 232Th-serie (228Ac, 208Tl), 40K and fission product 137Cs were discussed. In order to evaluate the radiological hazard of radioactivity in samples, the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the absorbed dose rate (D), the annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) and the external (Hex) and internal hazard index (Hin) were calculated and presented in comparison with the data collected from different areas in the world and Turkey. Since the Turkish government signed an agreement with Russia to build a nuclear power plant at Akkuyu, Mersin Province, Turkey, in May It will be the first nuclear power plant in Turkey. In this respect, the data presented in this study would be very useful to determine the future effects of the nuclear power plant on the environment. SOLAR DESALINATION OF MEDITERRANEAN SEA WATER IN AUTUMN BY USING SEQUENTIAL FLAT PLATE AND PARABOLIC DISH COLLECTORS Mehmet Emin ARGUN, A.A. KULAKSIZ Selcuk University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering Turkey argun@selcuk.edu.tr This study focused on the sea water desalination system using distillation process supported by solar energy. Increasing water scarcity throughout the world has obligated desalination of sea water. However, decision-making about the desalination systems has strongly depends on energy requirement. Desalination costs of traditional thermal systems increase with the increase of water temperature because of electric power consumption increase. As an alternative method, solar energy usage has become promising option to decrease energy costs and CO2 emission. Thus, sequential flat plate and parabolic dish solar collectors were used for sea water heating. The heated saline water was desalinated by evaporation/condensation principle. Physicochemical characterization of sea water and effect of ambient conditions on the productivity was determined. Desalination efficiency was calculated between 23 and 57 % showing successful performance. Maximum production was carried out as 1038 ml/m2.h at 1:00 PM. Desalination process decreased the values of salinity, chloride concentration and electrical conductivity of sea water from 35.6±1.9, 21407±2363 mg/l, and 53.1±2.1 ms/cm to 0.1±0.1, 155±56 mg/l and 0.3±0.2 ms/cm, respectively. 15

16 REMOVAL OF REACTIVE DYE FROM TEXTILE INDUSTRY WASTEWATERS BY MODIFIED YAVU ZEOLITE Meltem sarioglu CEBECI, Asli GULER, Yakup CEBECI Cumhuriyet University Dyes are produced in several industries such as textiles, cosmetics, papers, leather, pharmaceutical, food processing and dye manufacturing industries. Dyes may be toxic to some aquatic life. Color removal is usually studied with conventional physical or chemical treatment processes including coagulation/flocculation, precipitation, ion exchange, membrane technologies and adsorption. Adsorption represents a potentially cost-effective method to remove dyes from industrial wastewaters when low-cost adsorbents are used. Several low-cost adsorbents were used removal of dyes such as zeolite, bentonite, clay minerals and biosorbents. Zeolite samples used in this study were taken from Yavu (Sivas), Turkey. The mineral from Yıldızeli is mixture of clinoptilolite, mordenite and other phases. The mixture is referred to as zeolite in the paper.the adsorption of reactive dye (Everzol Red 3BS) on modified zeolite was investigated. The effect of adsorbent dosage (20-60 g/l), contact time ( min), initial dye concentration ( mg/l), and temperature (25,35-45 C) was studied in batch experiments. Although adsorption capacity of reactive dye was not significant for natural zeolite, high adsorption capacity was found using modified zeolite with HTAB (hegzadesil trimetil amonyum bromür). Experimental data fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The pseudo-second order kinetic was used to describe the kinetic data. Modified Yavu zeolite can be used to remove reactive dye from aqueous solutions. REMOVAL OF CATIONIC DYE AND COPPER(II) ION FROM WASTEWATERS BY USING NATURAL AND ACTIVATED ZEOLITE M. Sarioglu CEBECI, C. DENIZ Department of Environmental Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey sarioglu@cumhuriyet.edu.tr Heavy metals and dyes are major pollutants of several industrial discharges such as textile, dye, tannery, pulp and paper. They are common contaminants in industrial wastewaters and many of them regarded as toxic to organisms. Several chemical treatment methods including precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, membrane and electrochemical technologies have been used in order to remove dye/heavy metal bearing industrial discharges. In this study, zeolite (Yıldızeli region, Turkey) was used as an adsorbent to remove heavy metal (copper) and methylene blue (cationic dye). The effect of ph (2-7), initial pollutant concentration ( mg/l), adsorbent dosage (1-20 g/l), contact time ( min) and temperature (20-50 C) was studied in batch experiments. Optimum ph, initial pollutant concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time were found to be 5, 75 mg/l, 20g/l, 60 minute respectively for both copper and M.blue adorption studies. Adsorption capacities of copper and M.blue were determined as 4.3 and 5 mg/g, respectively for 100 mg/l initial pollutant concentration and 20 g/l zeolite dosage. Experimental results fitted to both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm model for copper adsorption studies. Freundlich isoterm model was suitable for dye adsorption studies than other. The psueudo-second order kinetic was used to describe the kinetic data. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG ) were found for both heavy metal and dye pollutants.copper and M. blue adsorption to zeolite were found to be exothermic and endothermic processes, respectively. XRD analysis and infrared spectra analysis (FT-IR) were used to characterize the mineralogical compositions of original and treated samples and the structural change on the sorbent after its treatment with 75µg/L of copper (II) and Mblue dye, respectively. 16

17 MODIFICATION OF NATURAL ZEOLITES TO REMOVAL OF ARSENIC AND MANGANESE FROM DRINKING WATER Ayten ATES, Gamze TOPAL, Inci OZKAN Cumhuriyet University Engineering Faculty Department of Chemical Rngineering aytates@gmail.com Natural zeolites have high potential to removal of heavy metals from water because they are low cost and abundant material in the earth. However, comparison of natural zeolites with metal oxides for adsorption of arsenic and manganese showed that natural zeolites have low sorption capacity. Therefore, this study deals with various modifications of two zeolites originated from Sivas-Yavu and Manisa-Demirci region of Turkey. These modifications are ion exchange of cations in zeolites with ammonia, treatment in sodium hydroxide and addition of varying amounts of aluminum from different aluminum sources, Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 or NaOAl, at high mixing rates. The goal of high mixing rates (3000, 4000 and 5000 rpm) is to obtain nano-sized zeolites during treatments. Natural and modified zeolites were characterized by XRF, XRD, NH3- TPD, FTIR, SEM/TEM, and BET and particle size distribution analysis. Natural and modified zeolites were tested for adsorption of arsenic (III and V) and manganese (II) which is abundant in Sivas drinking water. The influence of temperature, ph and contact time on the adsorption capacity of natural and modified zeolites was also studied. Kinetic and thermodynamic constants from arsenic and manganese adsorption results were calculated. Based on the XRF results, ammonia can mostly exchange with Mg2+, Ca2+ and Sr2+, but Fe3+, K+ and Ti4+ are stabile. The treatment with NaOH leads to dealumination and the aluminum content of zeolite recovered with aluminum loading. NH3-TPD results show decrease of strong acid sites (Brà nsted and/or Lewis) and increase of hydroxylation of zeolites with treatment with NaOH and aluminum loading. XRD results show crystal loses in zeolites treated with NaOH because of dissolution of alumina and silica. In addition, while surface area zeolite treated with NaOH decreases, its average pore diameter increases. Particle size distribution of samles is in the range of 10 to 100 ïm. The adsorption studies showed that natural zeolite can absorb 15 and 12 % of Mn for 100 mg/l of Mn(II) and As (V), respectively. While the manganese sorption capacity of ion exchanged and alumina loaded natural zeolites increases two time, the zeolites treated with NaOH adsorbs all manganese from 100 mg/l of of Mn(II). The manganese adsorption isotherm of natural zeolite was best described by the Langmuir- Freundlich model. REMOVAL OF DYE FROM TEXTILE WASTEWATER BY PLANE TREE (PLATANUS ORIENTALIS L.) LEAVES Doga AKTAS, Sema Nur GIRAY Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Engineering and Architecture Faculty dogaaktas@ksu.edu.tr This paper describes the adsorption of dye from textile wastewater by Platanus orientalis leaves. The effect of different experimental conditions such as ph, contact time, adsorbent concentration, agitation speed and temperature on the removal of dye was studied. The maximum removal took place in the ph range of 2, contact time of 75 minutes. Equilibrium isotherm models were used to describe by both the Freundlich and Langmuir models. The adsorption isotherms closely followed the Langmuir model. 17

18 WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION OF THE GULLUK LAGOON Nedim ÖZDEMİR, Engin ALPARSLAN, Şeyma Merve KAYMAZ MUGLA SITKI KOÇMAN UNIVERSITY onedim@mu.edu.tr Identified as an area of research in Gulluk Lagoon is located in the south of the Aegean Sea. Gulluk Lagoon is in the marine region of the Bay of Gulluk where water in flows the fresh water region. Gulluk Bay''''s natural beauty, as well as being important in terms of tourism and maritime trade, it is the lack of the element of pollution reaching the lagoon investigated and preserved for the future generations of the region, this study is important in terms of maintaining sustainability. In this study was between June 2011-May 2012 carried out in terms of water quality, introduction of the survey area, as well as some strategic points selected physico-chemical parameters in water samples taken from eight stations were investigated. Results of the study were determined as; water temperature ( C), ph ( ), dissolved oxygen ( mgl-1), saturated oxygen (% ), electrical conductivity ( µscm-1), salinite ( ), nitrite nitrogen (ALA-0.78 mgl-1), nitrate nitrogen ( mgl-1), ammonia nitrogen ( mgl-1) and phosphate (ALA-1.99 mgl-1). Water samples from selected stations evaluated in terms of water quality analyzes in Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University Faculty of Fisheries Laboratory of Basic Sciences. As a result of a one year study of selected stations in the Lagoon of Gulluk; tourism activities, mineral exports in the Lagoon of Gulluk depending on the culture of fishing ground pools has been found that the sense water quality and environmental pollution. DETERMINATION OF RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS AND RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS OF LICHEN SAMPLES Osman AĞAR, İsmail BOZTOSUN, Buğrahan EMSEN, Ali ASLAN Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University osmanagar@windowslive.com The analysis of naturally occuring radionuclides (238U-series (226Ra, 214Pb, 214Bi), 232Th-serie (228Ac), 40K and fission product 137Cs was carried out in 15 samples of three lichen species (Cetraria islandica, Pseudevernia furfuracea, Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca) collected from around Oltu, Erzurum by using HPGe detector based on high-resolution gamma spectrometry system. In order to evaulate the radiological hazard of the natural and artificial radioactivity in samples, the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the absorbed dose rate (D), the annual effective dose and the external hazard index (Hex) for0 the lichen samples of the study area have been calculated. The results have been compared with the other radioactivity measurements in different country s lichens. 18

19 DEGRADATION OF A TEXTILE DYE, RHODAMINE 6G (RH6G), BY HETEROGENEOUS SONOPHOTOFENTON PROCESS IN THE PRESENCE OF FE CONTAINING TIO2 CATALYSTS Nazli DEMIR, Gonul GUNDUZ, Meral DUKKANCI Ege University, Chemical Engineering Department, Bornova/Izmir/Turkey gonul.gunduz@ege.edu.tr This study presents an evaluation of degradation of a textile dye, Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G), by heterogeneous sonophotofenton process in the presence of iron containing TiO 2 catalysts. Iron containing catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation (IW) method with different iron loadings such as 1 wt % and 5 wt %. The catalyst containing 1 wt% Fe was calcined at three different calcination temperatures of 300, 500 and 700 0C in order to determine the effect of the calcination temperature on the catalytic activity. The prepared catalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR and ICP-AES measurements. The oxidation was carried out by 650 ml of 20 ppm Rh6G aqueous solution at a temperature of 293 K, for a catalyst amount of g/650 ml solution using 70 mm H 2 O 2 as oxidant in the presence of two UV lamps of 4W (254 nm) and ultrasonic probe system (20 khz, 40 W). The catalyst containing 1 wt% Fe with a calcination temperature of C showed the highest activity with the highest COD (chemical oxygen demand) reduction (23%). In the catalyst prepared by IW method, TiO 2 was in the structure of both anatase and rutile phases. This study is a part of a Project (112M570) supported by TÜBİTAK. CATALYTIC WET AIR OXIDATION OF PROCION RED MX-5B USING IRON IMPREGNATED CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED WALNUT SHELLS AS A CATALYST Burcu PALAS, Gulin ERSOZ, Suheyda ATALAY Ege University, Turkey burcu.pls@gmail.com Azo dyes are the most common class of synthetic organic dyes used in many industries, especially in the textile industry. Their resistance to biological and even chemical degradation constitutes serious hazards to the environment. Consequently, in this study, degradation and decolorization of the azo dye Procion Red MX-5B by Cataytic Wet Air Oxidation in presence of iron impregnated activated carbon catalyst was investigated. The activated carbon was prepared from walnut shells. Zinc chloride was used as the activation reagent in the chemical activation step. The effects of several parameters such as temperature, pressure, catalyst loading and air low rate on the degradation and decolorization efficiencies of Procion Red MX-5B were evaluated for an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/l. According to the results, generally the degradation and decolorization efficiencies increased with increasing the temperature, pressure and the catalyst loading. The optimum reaction conditions were obtained at 70 o C reaction temperature under pressure of 3atm, and at these optimum conditions the degradation and the decolorization efficiencies were evaluated as 27.1 % nd 13.9 %, respectively. 19

20 THE RELATIONSHIP OF DROUGHT CLASSES DISCERNED BY A MULTI-MONTHLY DROUGHT INDEX-TIMESTEP COUPLE Selim DOGAN, Ali BERKTAY, Vijay P. SINGH Selcuk University, Turkey selim2002@hotmail.com Many drought indices (DIs) have been introduced to monitor drought conditions. This study compares four different DIs which have been commonly used to identify and monitor droughts in the world. The DIs used in this study are statistical Z-Score, China-Z Index (CZI), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), and Effective Drought Index (EDI). Eight different time steps (1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months) were employed. Monthly rainfall data of (456 months) obtained from meteorological stations was used. This study focused on the drought class comparison of DIs with various time steps. Therefore, the investigation sought the relationship of drought classes discerned by a DI-time step couple. Significant disagreement found between the percentages of the drought classes discerned by DI time series and event based drought analysis. WATER LEVEL PREDICTION MODELS BASED ON SOFT COMPUTING TECHNIQUES (SCTS) FOR LAKE BEYSEHIR, TURKEY Meral BUYUKYILDIZ, Gulay TEZEL, Volkan YILMAZ Selcuk University, Turkey meralbyildiz@selcuk.edu.tr Lake Beysehir is located in Isparta and Konya region at the southwestern Turkey and it is one of the most extremely used freshwater systems in Turkey, irrigation, water supply, and recreation interests, while providing important fish and wildlife habitats. The water level in the lake often fluctuates by year and by season. Soft Computing Techniques (SCTs) are proportionally new statistical-based methods that are becoming usually used in water resources and hydrologic model implementations. In this study, Lake Beysehir water level was estimated using Particle Swarm Optimization-based Artificial Neural Network (PSO-ANN), Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) as tools of (SCTs). Used methods were applied to the Lake Beysehir, monthly water levels a case study. The performance of the methods in estimating water levels was evaluated by means of a simple statistical analysis such as root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and determination coefficient (R2). As a result of comparisons, it is obtained that the SVR based model performs better than PSO-ANN and ANNs. 20

21 A SIMPLE APPLICATION PROJECT TO PREVENT EXCESSIVE WATER CONSUMPTION- A PROPOSAL FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGN DEPARTMENTS OF UNIVERSITIES Murat SONMEZ Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus sonmez@metu.edu.tr Water resources play an important role in the development of the socio-economic status of a country. The world s population increased from one billion to six billions in less than 200 years. With the rapid increase in population and advancement in technology, demand for water increases steadily and the limited amount of available fresh water sources are subjected to severe environmental problems. Available fresh water in the world, which is less than 1% of the total volume of water on the Earth, is unevenly distributed. Therefore, management of water resources is very important. Limited fresh water resources are to be conserved against growing demands. In arid regions, it is extremely important to use water efficiently. Northern Cyprus has a very arid climate. Water resources are insufficient. Groundwater resources are exposed to salt water from the sea due to insufficient rain fall and excessive consumption relative to the capacity of basin. In 2012 an initiative, Green Campus Initiative, has started in the Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus with the notions of sustainability and environmental friendliness. Within the framework of national and international norms and related legal regulations; increasing the efficiency of energy utilization on the Campus, prevention of unconscious consumption of water and energy resources, decreasing the greenhouse gas emission, preventing environmental pollution with the waste management plan and raising awareness among students and public about the issues concerning energy and the environment are the prior and essential components of the initiative. In accordance with one of the objectives of the strategic plan of the initiative, METU NCC Energy Society, which is a student society, has proposed and prototyped a simple, practical water saving project. The project aims to draw attention to an error in the design of shower mixers, that causes excessive water consumption, and to apply a simple solution to correct. It is calculated that when a wedge is used to hold the diverter at the position even for very low flow rates, 7000 lt water/ day can be saved totally in 140 staff residences. Additional, in this article, considering the errors in the design of shower mixers and some other products, which are designed by the graduates of industrial design departments of faculties today, it is commented that to be able to prevent or at least minimize errors in conceptual designs, the industrial design departments should be restructured to offer only 2nd tier programs for the graduates of engineering faculties. 21

22 DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER MODELING FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS WITH A CASE STUDY Veysel KIŞ, Tolgay KARA Sirnak University, Turkey veyselk72@hotmail.com Control and monitoring of water supply processes require an accurate mathematical model together with a good measurement system. Distributed parameter models take into account the process dynamics more accurately compared to lumped parameter models. However, a lumped parameter approach is generally preferred for its ease of calculation and simulation. Distributed parameter models for fluid transmission pipes are available in literature, but the general model for a supply system with all relevant components, which are tanks and reservoirs, valves, pump stations and pressure relief components, is not covered in past studies. In the current study, a mathematical model of a typical water supply system is developed using a distributed parameter approach, where equations of motion, mass balance, and energy balance are used and each component model is integrated into the general model to give the overall water supply system representation in the form of a set of differential equations. The model is applied to the water supply system of the city of Şırnak in Turkey. Simulation results are tested using real system measurements for verification.the results of this study constitute a basis for future work on water supply modeling and control, and gives useful results for local water supply authorities. INVESTIGATION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN MUSSELS (MYTILUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS) IN DIFFERENT LOCALIZATIONS OF İZMIR BAY COASTLINE Ceren ERGUDEN, Songul Bayram DELIBAS, Soykan OZKOC, Nural EROL, Umit AKSOY Dokuz Eylul Universty Institute of Health Sciences, Turkey cerenerguden@hotmail.com Mussels remove and concentrate waterborne pathogens by filtration and can be used for sanitary assessment of water quality. They were known as paratenic host to infectious agents. Toxoplasma gondii and HAV cause water-borne diseases. Transmission is favored by the prolonged viability and infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in soil and in water. Prognosis of the symptomatic disease depends on the level of reticuloendothelial damage. Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) causes infectious hepatitis and gastroenteritis by fecal-oral route as well as raw or undercooked seafood consumption. In this study, Toxoplasma gondii and Hepatitis A Virus were investigated in mussels in the İzmir Bay for the first time. Mussels were collected from 8 different sites of Izmir Bay once in each season in a year and were analyzed for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii and Hepatitis A Virus by PCR and RT-nested PCR, respectively. Hepatitis A virus was positive during all seasons of the years in the different localizations of Inner Bay.Toxoplasma gondii was negative to all seasons and all localizations. It is seen that the biological pollution in the Inner Bay poses a treat for public health. This study allows comparison of the data about marine pollution in Izmir Bay and the other Aegean and the Mediterranean Coastline countries. 22

23 INFLUENCE OF DROUGHT ON GREAT MENDERES BASIN RIVER FLOWS Selim DOGAN, Havva ATES, Ali BERKTAY Selcuk Univesity, Turkey Drought is an extended period of time when a region notes a deficiency in precipitation and water supply. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation. Drought can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture in the affected region. Although droughts can persist for couple of years, even a short but intense drought can cause significant damage and harm the local economy. There are three types of drought that meteorological, hydrological, agricultural. Hydrological drought is associated with the effects of periods of precipitation shortages on water supply. Water in hydrologic storage systems such as reservoirs and rivers are often used for multiple purposes such as flood control, irrigation, recreation, navigation, hydropower, and wildlife habitat. Competition for water in these storage systems escalates during drought and conflicts between water users increase significantly. The Great Menderes Basin is one of Turkey s leading industrial and agricultural production area. Great Menderes River (592 km) is the largest river of the Aegean region in Turkey. The source of the river is located in the Anatolian plateau south-west of Afyon province and stream flows westward through a narrow valley and canyon. It then expands into a broad, flat-bottomed valley and from here this slow moving river passes through the Aegean plains and the mouth of the river is near Kusadasi. The basin covers the provinces of Aydin, Denizli, Mugla, Usak and Afyon. Great Menderes catchment, located in the southwestern part of Turkey, is one of the most populated river basins in Turkey with 2.5 million inhabitants. Due to increasing activities in agriculture and also in industrial sectors, water resources management in the basin is one of the biggest challenges for future. The basin catchment area is 3.2% of Turkey's surface area that covers 24,976 km2. Basin extends along a line, approximately 200 kilometers east-west direction. The climate of the basin is not alike for all locations and varies geographically. Large portion of the annual rainfall falls during winter months.there are total 46 flow measurement stations with water level data logger and nine stations with a flow measuring points in the Great Menderes Basin. Daily Mean Flows (DMFs) data of 30-year from the station of No.730 in which there is no regulation on the flows, in the Great Menderes Basin has been used to determine the effects of hydrological drought. The Standard precipitation index (SPI) can be employed in various timesteps, this is to capture both short-term and long-term drought conditions. In this study, SPI was used in order to analyze drought conditions using 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12 month timesteps. Negative SPI values indicate dry periods while positive values show wet periods. Drought conditions such as severity, duration, magnitude and intensity are demonstrated for the 30-year period of time. 23

24 TURKEY FENTON-LIKE OXIDATION OF BENZOIC ACID USING FE 3+ DOPED BASIC ACTIVATED WALNUT SHELLS AS A CATALYST Gulen TEKIN, Gulin ERSOZ, Suheyda ATALAY Ege University gulen.tekin@ege.edu.tr The degradation of benzoic acid by Fenton-like process was investigated over a Fe3+ doped on activated carbon catalyst in this study. A heterogeneous catalyst was prepared to prevent the drawbacks of conventional Fenton process. Walnut shells which are organic wastes that have no industrial use were used as catalyst support in this context. The shells were activated by chemical activation method using KOH as chemical reagent. Fe3+ ions were doped to the prepared activated carbon by wet impregnation. The initial concentration of benzoic acid was 50 mg/l in the degradation experiments. The effects of parameters such as catalyst loading, hydrogen peroxide concentration, temperature, and ph were examined. The optimum values of these parameters were determined as 0.2 g/l for catalyst loading, 2mM for hydrogen peroxide concentration, approximately 25 C for (room) reaction temperature without ph adjustment (ph=4). Approximately 25-30% degradation was achieved at these conditions. It has been concluded that the catalyst prepared by chemical activation can be considered as successful for treatment of benzoicacid. It promises efficient treatment for further studies both with benzoic acid and other refractive organic materials. A CASE STUDY ON SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATION PLANT: GASKI M.Akif KUTUK, Mennan AKSOY University of Gaziantep, Turkey kutuk@gantep.edu.tr Annual sewage amount in Turkiye is increased to 3.5 billion m3 by the year About %4 of the sewage can be considered as sludge so 140 million tonnes of sewage sludge comes out in Turkiye. Some municipals have waste water treatment plants where wastes are separated from water. Gaziantep municipal has also a waste water treatment plant. Daily amount of sewage sludge is about 150 tonnes and the first incineration plant of Turkiye is established in the city. A drier and a fludised bed furnace is used in the plant. Overall capacity of incineration is about 180 tonnes/day. The manuscript discusses the operation principles and operation parameters of the plant and its sub units. DECISION MAKING ANALYSIS ON DESALINATION PROCESS FOR WATER SUPPLY IN CANARY ISLANDS Ilhan TALINLI, Helena BOADA XAIRO, Emel TOPUZ Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Environmental Engineering Department talinli@itu.edu.tr In HWM framework, generators need a scientific systematic or a regulatory guideline to decide the appropriate options for their wastes. However no regulation indicates an appropriate method for a defined waste. This study attempted to propose appropriate treatment and disposal options in HWM systematic by using a multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology. Appropriate treatment and disposal options for each hazardous waste have been designated in steps of HWM algorithm. Waste characteristics such as physical form, hazard criteria and composition and treatment and disposal facilities are main factors of study approach for determination of appropriate Treatment (Tr) and Treatment&Disposal (Tr&Di). In eight algorithms, Tr and Tr&Di options correspondence to eight designated waste in different forms are proposed to decision makers. Forms of existing HW lists are amended or arrangements of new lists are suggested by additional columns containing the options. 24

25 CRITICAL ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING (LANDSAT) DATA ON WATER MANAGEMENT STUDIES Ozsen CORUMLUOGLU, Ibrahim ASRI Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey ibrahimasri@gmail.com Water is essential for life. A third of Earth s populace has unreliable access to clean water. With current population growth and environmental trends, the U.N. environmental Program estimates that 1.8 billion people will face water scarcity by Water means survival for people and other species we rely upon to thrive, making proper stewardship of our water resources vital. Good decisions require good data.since 1972 the Landsat series of satellites has been providing such data globally and least expensively. Landsat-based decisions on how to manage limited water resources have impacted millions of people worldwide. From finding water for refugees in arid nations to reducing pollution in our national waterways, Landsat enables decisions that directly help people. Data required for decision making can be summarized as those; locating water resources, assessing water pollution, managing watersheds and allocating water resources.access to fresh water is essential for survival. Landsat data support a water-finding tool for arid and semi-arid regions. This tool is used to find underground water sources. Because of Landsat s suitable scale and spatial coverage, Landsat imagery can be used to create base maps of remote regions struggling with drought conditions. These maps serve as essential tools for humanitarian efforts. We rely on clean lakes, waterways, and reservoirs for safe swimming, fishing, and drinking water. Landsat can provide valuable information about water conditions of inland and coastal water bodies. Using information from Landsat s blue and red bands-which is a key indicator for water quality-providing information on water quality of lakes that would be otherwise too costly to obtain. State resource managers use this information to watch for water quality changes and to target remediation efforts. The water in our lakes, bays, and estuaries comes from surrounding watersheds. Remote sensing data helps environmental managers limit the pollution-often excess nitrogen and phosphorus-that runs from watersheds to waterways. Landsat can be a critical and invaluable tool for characterizing the landscape and mapping it over time. Without the baseline set of information from remote sensing satellites (i.e. Landsat), we cannot understand how sources of nutrients and sediment have changed and where they are in.irrigation is also one of the most important issues in today s agricultural activities. Increased demand for scarce water supplies has shifted water management strategies from increasing water supply to innovatively managing water use at sustainable levels. Landsat data can be regularly used to quantify water consumed by irrigation. Landsat also serves as an impartial arbitrator in water right disputes. 25

26 A SNAPSHOT OF DESALINATION RESEARCH IN SAUDI UNIVERSITIES: USING DESALINATION AS A SEARCH WORD IN ISI WEB OF SCIENCE DATABASE O. Phillips AGBOOLA, Ibrahim S. AL-MUTAZ King Saud University, Saudi Arabia pagboola@ksu.edu.sa The word Desalination is now a household word with continuous decline in freshwater resources. Saudi remains one of the leaders in desalination technology with the largest producer of desalinated water. Hence, it is necessary to document the contributions of Saudi Universities and various funding agencies in the development of these technologies. This study will investigate research activities in the field of desalination among Saudi Universities. Using the ISI Web of Science database, the word DESALINATION is used as keyword in title and topics with the affiliation addresses SAUDI, SAUDI ARABIA and KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA. The word DESALINATION as a search word in ISI web of science database returned a total of 15,693 publications. The breakdown of publication based on the first 10 countries gives USA (1193), China (620), Spain (4510, South Korea (357), Australia (326), Saudi Arabia (310), Israel (303), Indian 9284), Germany (283) and France (244). The study will process all the 310 articles returned and analyze these articles according to funding agencies, Universities, type of contribution (theoretical or experimental contribution), number of authors in each publication, journal types, paper citation and year of publication. The analysis will revealed progression in desalination research in Saudi Universities. In addition, the study will provide future research path, funding agencies, level of collaboration with Universities out Saudi, and level of involvement of each university in the development of desalination technology in the country. PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITIES OF ZNO AND AG-ZNO SYNTHESIZED BY COPRECIPITATION METHOD Senay SEN, Nuray GUY,Mahmut OZACAR Department of Chemistry, Art and Science Faculty, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey nurayg@sakarya.edu.tr Zinc oxide (ZnO), a large band gap (3.37 ev) semiconductor, has been recognized as a promising photocatalyst due to its environmental friendliness, low cost and high catalytic efficiency. When irradiation has energy greater than the band-gap energy of ZnO, the electrons in the valence band (VB) will be excited to the conduction band (CB), and thus form electron hole pairs. The photoinduced electrons and holes are able to promote the chemical reactions. In order to increase the photocatalytic activity of ZnO, an effective strategy is to combine it with noble metal nanoparticles, such as Ag. In this study, Ag/ZnO photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by a novel polyol supported coprecipitation method using tannic acid as a reducing agent and stabilizer. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental results of XRD, SEM and photocatalytic degradation are given in Fig. 1. The photocatalytic performances of ZnO and Ag/ZnO were evaluated using malachite green (MG) photodegradation under UV illumination (λ = 365 nm). The presence of metallic Ag nanoparticles and oxygen vacancy on the surface of ZnO promotes the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and thereby enhances the photocatalytic activity. 26

27 EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF TIME DIMENSION ON ESTIMATING SPATIALLY VARYING LINKAGE BETWEEN LAND USE/LAND COVER AND WATER QUALITY F. KARIMIPOUR, A. MADADI University of Tehran Department of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering The effects of human activities on surface water quality have been exhaustively investigated. Studies show that the relation between land use/land cover and surface water quality depends on location. However, temporal characteristics of the problem are poorly understood. This paper examines the hypothesis states that the impact of land use/land cover on surface water quality varies with space and time. i.e., it is a spatio-temporal linkage. Due to the non-stationarity intrinsic of the problem as well as the spatial auto-correlation exist between the values observed at the monitoring stations, the ordinary least square regressions produce unwanted bios in the results. Hence, the geographical weighted regression (GWR) is suggested to model the spatially varying characteristics of the problem. We also extend GWR to support time dimension in order to consider the temporal variations, as well. The results of implementing the proposed approach is represented and evaluated for a case study. PETROLEUM POLLUTION AS A PREDICAMENT TO SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES Shadi SALAHSHUR, Hadi BAZRKAR, Seyed Saeid ESLAMIAN Isfahan Univeristy of Technology Iran, Islamic Republic Of saeid@cc.iut.ac.ir Industrial energy demand is supplied from various sources, the most important and prevalent of which are petroleum resources. Although it is not possible to neglect the vast span of petroleum s role in keeping the wheels of industry turning and its pivotal role in leading a comfortable life for human beings, finding optimum and controlled methods in order to deal with environmental issues associated with the activities of petroleum industry has been a universal controversy for several decades. This paper aims to review the problem around the world in researchers views, as well as assessing a comprehensive review on the gathered data of the all available remedies which are experimented on the contaminated soil and water resources. Biological remediation, which has been evaluated in this study, is one of the solutions considered effective in removing soil and water contamination. Furthermore, Tehran oil refinery as one of the most important sources of pollution in the capital of Iran, a country with considerable amount of petroleum resources, draws researchers attentions. Thus, the paper has reviewed the studies done in the surrounded area of the refinery as well. This zone is critical as it is included of lands with various kinds of landuse. Moreover, contaminated soil and water resources of this area are utilized in agriculture and household consumptions and, directly or indirectly, all living organisms in the vicinity of this zone are threatened by its contamination. 27

28 IRRIGATION WATER RESOURCES FOUND IN KIRKLARELI REGION EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS Korkmaz BELLITURK, M. Cuneyt BAGDATLI, Serdar POLAT, Meryem METINOGLU, Adnan BAC, Gozde KANARYA, Ozlem KARABULUT NAMIK KEMAL UNIVERSITY, Tekirdağ Turkey As long as the water of life is an asset that should be. Protection of water resources and the resources of these assets may be reduced gradually to prevent contamination should be identified and with this topic 15 different places to represent the province of Kırklareli November 2011-April 2012 period water taken from to different. At this samples were determined levels of heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Zn, B, Ni, Al, Cr, Cd, As). Resulting values with TSE (Turkish Standard Institute), WHO (World Health Organization) EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), European Community and according to the classification criteria of quality of inland water resources evaluated. In this study, some of the average values found between the sample water (Ni 0,005-6,220 µg/l, Al 0-130,628 µg/l, Cr 0-8,710 µg/l, Cd 0-0,053 µg/l, As 2,232-7,795 µg/l). According to this in excess of the limit values has been found that much water supply. According to the analysis of heavy metals, Cd and As were found but did not exceed the limit values for heavy metals in this. It also coordinates the data obtained separately for the periods November 2011-April 2012 GIS (Geographic Information Systems) environment conditions change the course of transferring the maps have been introduced as a visual. 15 water samples taken from different distributions and water samples taken in injection molding provincial boundaries points to estimate the statistical result of the analysis carried out in the GIS. 28

29 ENERGY SESSION (Pergamun, Hall A) PREPARING A HYDROGEN-PRODUCING MICROFLORA FROM ANAEROBIC DIGESTED CATTLE MANURE FOR TWO-PHASE COMBINE H 2 AND CH 4 PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Sefik ARICI,Gunnur KOCAR Ege University Solar Energy Institute sefik.arici@ege.edu.tr The effects of pretreatment methods for cattle manure to enrich hydrogen producing microflora was investigated in this study in mesophilic conditions (35⁰C) with a glucose supplement as a substrate. Heat shock, acidic and alkali ph adjustment and waste cooking oil addition were applied to the inoculum sources in various conditions. The results showed that, all pre-treated cattle manure hydrogen yields are higher than that control which has no pretreatment has occurred. Acid pretreatment at ph-2 and heat shock at 80 ⁰C for 60 min has the most effective hydrogen production yield as 2.88 and 3.16 mol H2/g glucose, respectively. Waste cooking oil showed moderate hydrogen production (max mol H2/g glucose) in the early stages of dark fermentation then methane production was the main gas product during the fermentation. Heat shock pretreatment is one of the most effective method to kill hydrogen consumer and stimulate germination of hydrogen-producers which has compatible usage in pilot and industrial system because of nonchemical usage and has chance to utilize process biogas, solar energy or other renewables as an energy sources. Furthermore, heat shock treatment decreases alkalinity of cattle manure which lead to decrease consumption of chemicals for start-up ph adjustment and less chemical usages improves the fermented effluent quality for usage in agriculture such as organic fertilizer. 29

30 HYBRID COGENERATION ANALYSIS FOR A HIGH ELECTRICITY CONSUMER MANUFACTURER Meryem IPEK,Gulgun KAYAKUTLU Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey ipekmeryem@gmail.com Cogeneration (Combined Heat and Power) Technologies are of major interest of the energy investors since it improves the electricity and heat production efficiency. The Hybrid Cogeneration systems are the most recent technological development in the energy field. The aim of this technology is to respond to the efficiency weakness of one energy resource with the completing features of the other sources. Cogeneration systems generally use fossil fuels like natural gas, oil and alike. However, with increasing incentives for renewable energy sources, cogeneration from renewables or hybrid systems/hybrid cogeneration with renewables are focused. This paper aims to show that investment in hybrid cogeneration systems with renewable energy sources is feasible for a high electricity consumer manufacturing company. The analysis applied HOMER simulation system for one ceramics factory in Çanakkale, Turkey. The case study is run combining the wind, solar and natural gas as the energy resources to satisfy the factory needs for a whole year. A variety of hybrid combinations are constructed based on the regional data in order to minimize the cost that includes investment and operation & maintenance costs, The best hybrid combination for the case in Çanakkale, Turkey is found to be using the natural gas and wind energy combination. Since this is the first hybrid cogeneration study in Turkey, the achievements are evaluated on economic, environmental, social, technical and politic values. This study will give a new dimension for the cogeneration investors as well as policy generators. SIMULATION AND HEAT INTEGRATION OF AN ASSOCIATED GAS TREATMENT PLANT Elamin ELKANZI, Mohamed AL-ARADI University of Bahrain aelkanzi@uob.edu.bh Due to clean burning characteristics and the ability to meet stringent environmental requirements, the demand for natural gas has increased considerably over the past few years. However, it is a clean -burning methane -rich gas that is in demand as opposed to the typical untreated associated gas, which includes additional components such as heavier hydrocarbons and other impurities. The heavier hydrocarbons, propane, butane and naphtha, once separated from the associated gas, are referred to as Natural Gas Liquids (NGL). Impurities in the gas may include carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, nitrogen, and water that are removed for technical and/or environmental considerations. This paper addresses the simulation of an associated gas treatment plant. The process flow sheet is constructed based on a local gas treatment plant configuration. The key units are simulated using HYSYS to determine the characteristics of the various pieces of equipment and streams in the plant. Particular emphasis is given to the synthesis of a heat exchange network considered to reduce heating and cooling utilities. A case study on the local gas treatment plant is solved to examine the benefits of simulation and heat integration of the process. The technical, economic, and environmental impact of the process modifications are also discussed. 30

31 PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY RATING CALCULATIONS AND APPLICATION TO COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MC-SI PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES DEPLOYED OUTDOOR IN UK AND TURKEY Rustu EKE, Thomas Richard BETTS Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey Photovoltaic (PV) modules are sold with their values under Standard Test Conditions (STC). And energy yield (energy rating) predictions of these modules are generally calculated using these values. But sometimes differences between calculated and measured energy yield values exceed 25%. In this present study, energy rating method is described and applied on two commercially available multi crystalline Silicon (mc-si) PV modules. Outdoor performances of the PV modules are investigated in two different climates in different countries. CREST laboratories are selected to represent the maritime climate in a low altitude and high latitude region in UK and MUTEK laboratories are selected for investigating the outdoor performances in a high altitude and low latitude region in Turkey. Continuous outdoor I-V characterisation systems are used to obtain electrical parameters of the PV modules and these data are used to obtain photovoltaic energy rating calculations. NEW GENERATION PROTON-CONDUCTING ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANES BASED ON SILSESQUIOXANE DERIVATIVES Asuman Celik KUCUK,Jun MATSUI, Tokuji MIYASHITA Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey asuman.celik@marmara.edu.tr Phosphonic-acid-containing double-decker-shaped polyhedral silsesquioxanes (PHOS-DDSQ and PHOS-DDSQ) were synthesized and the proton conductivity of the PHOS-DDSQ cast film was studied under humid and non-humid conditions. To synthesize 2PHOS-DDSQ and PHOS-DDSQ, double-decker-shaped polyhedral silsesquioxanes (DDSQ) were initially reacted with di (ethylene glycol) (DEG) vinyl ether using hydrosilylation reaction to attach respectively two and four DEG units to one DDSQ (2DEG-DDSQ and 4DEG-DDSQ). Subsequently, a phosphate esterification of hydroxyl groups in 2DEG-DDSQ and 4DEG-DDSQ were carried out using POCl3. The obtained compounds (2PHOS-DDSQ and PHOS-DDSQ) were characterized using 1H, 31P NMR, FT-IR and MALDI-TOF MS spectrometry. It is found that PHOS-DDSQ is stable against to the water, whereas 2PHOS-DDSQ is not. For the PHOS-DDSQ, NMR, XPS, and MALDI-TOF MS spectra and titration measurements revealed that the phosphate esterification connected two DEG units to form a crown-ether-like structure. This structure prevents hydrolysis of the phosphate ester bond. PHOS-DDSQ showed high thermal stability, with decomposition temperature exceeding 220 o C because of its inorganic DDSQ core. A uniform film of PHOS-DDSQ can be fabricated by drop casting. The cast film showed high proton conductivity (0.12S.cm-1) under humid conditions, which is comparable to that of a Nafion membrane. Moreover, the cast film offered good proton conductivity under non-humid conditions ( S cm-1 at 170 o C) The conductivity and thermal stability indicate that PHOS-DDSQ is a good candidate for use as a proton-conductive membrane in hydrated type fuel cells as well as fuel cells operated at intermediate temperatures ( o C) under non-humid conditions. 31

32 AN INVESTIGATION ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION VERSUS CUTTING PARAMETERS OF A MARBLE CUTTING MACHINE Emre AKARSLAN, Fatih Onur HOCAOĞLU, Ismail UCUN Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey e.akarslan@gmail.com Energy consumption is an important issue in natural stone cutting process. The great amount of energy consumption in natural stone processing are consumed in cutting process. Energy consumption in cutting process is depend on several parameters such as feed rate, blade rotation speed, hardness of natural stone, type of blade to be used etc. In this study, the effect of feed rate to the energy consumption in natural stone cutting process is investigated. For this purpose, three different experiments are performed on same natural stone sample. During the experiments parameters except the feed rate are fixed. Feed rate is altered from 0,3m/min to 0,5m/min and the energy consumptions of cutting machine are observed during the experiments. The experiments are evaulated on a natural stone cutting machine which is belong to Afyon Kocatepe University. Experiment results show that, feed rate directly related to energy consumption. Higher feed rate causes the higher consumption during the process. However since the duration of the process decreases, an optimization between the duration and speed is necessary. GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR MODELING Ibrahim KOCABAS, Mahmut BULBUL Izmir Katip Çelebi University ibrahim.kocabas@ikc.edu.tr A naturally fractured geothermal reservoir may consist of a network of fractures separated by low permeability matrix blocks. An idealized representation of such systems consists of an infinite number of parallel fractures separated by constant width matrix slabs. A purely convective flow in fractures and a conductive heat flow from the matrix blocks in a geothermal reservoir have been solved analytically in the late seventies. However, the analytical solution for a slightly modified system of a convective dispersive transport along the fractures and conductive transport from matrix block were presented only in Laplace space up to the present and numerical inverters have been employed to compute the solutions. This work presents real space analytical solutions for the modified heat extraction model described above. The real space solutions have been developed using the powerful tool of iterated Laplace transform. The developed model has been used for 1) assessment of the efficiency of numerical Laplace transform algorithms and 2) investigation of the efficiency of heat extraction from geothermal reservoirs. We have found out that while Fourier series based methods perform better in sharp interface convective-dispersive transport cases. For a given injection rate and a distance between the injector producer pairs, the efficiency of heat extraction is influenced mostly by two important parameters, namely, surface area to volume ratio of fractures and surface area to volume ratio matrix blocks 32

33 REDUCTION OF MAGNETIC FIELDS FROM OVERHEAD HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINES USING PASSIVE LOOPS Ilhan KOSALAY,Sedat ONAY, Ruhi TAS TRT Genel Müdürlüğü The interest to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields produced by overhead power transmission lines has risen in the last years. This interest increases due to two factor. The first and important factor is magnetic field exposure and environmental effects. Second factor is interference of magnetic field with electronic equipments.this study presents ways to mitigate the magnetic field resulting from overhead transmission lines. Differences amongst mitigation methods are also explained briefly. Then passive loop technique for already existing lines is investigated. Theory and applications of the passive loop technique are examined in terms of cost, design and reduction ratio.the passive loop technique can be easily implemented to the near area of the houses and buildings. So, magnetic field level inside the building and houses can be reduced with low cost and design. EVALUATION ON SUPPLY SECURITY OF NATURAL GAS IN TURKEY Bilgehan ENGIN, A. Beril TUĞRUL Istanbul Technical University, Turkey bilgehanengin@gmail.com Whilst the global need for energy is enlarging, the price and continuity comes into prominence in energy sector for many countries. As an economical boosting country, Turkey must be solicitous about fulfilling the energy and supply security. Natural gas is one of the key energy resources for Turkey due to fact that 32% of annual primary energy supply and 45% of annual electricity production is obtained from natural gas with also common usage of residential and industrial zones. In this study, the supply security of natural gas was taken into consideration with strategic criteria of energy policy. Therefore, an important topic for the energy security of Turkey is to assure the natural gas supply security with approach the criteria of geopolitics, diversity and redundancy. Firstly, the SWOT analysis approached for Turkey in the view of supply security of natural gas. With this study, it has been concluded on geopolitics criteria, domestic production and research for resources must be stimulated as high as possible and participation to abroad resources must be implemented. A higher ratio of LNG transfer along with natural gas pipelines and an increased capacity of natural gas storage must be achieved for more diversity. Likewise, an increment of the number of abroad natural gas suppliers and LNG suppliers must be delivered for better redundant natural gas supply. 33

34 EFFECT OF PI BIRIDGE UNIT FOR TRIPHENYLAMINE-BENZOTHIADIAZOLE BASED DONOR ACCEPTOR DYE Mustafa CAN, Mesude Zeliha YIGIT, Hakan BILGILI, Serafettin DEMIC, Ceylan ZAFER Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey mustafacan80@yahoo.com Two new metal free sensitizers based on triphenylamine-benzothiadiazole were synthesized and used in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Electrochemical and optical properties of triphenylamine-benzothiadiazole dyes were studied by cyclic voltametry, UV-Vis absorbtion and fluorescence spectroscopy, respectively. The red shift was observed by attach of thiophene (MZ- 259) instead of phenylene (MZ255) bridge. The same effect was observed in the electrochemical properties. Finaly the photovoltaic performances were investigated under standard AM 1.5 illuminations with power of 100 mw/cm2 % by using an ionic liquid based electrolyte. The power conversion efficiencies were increased from 2.89% to 3.81% by using thiophene instead of phenylene unit. IMPROVEMENT EFFICIENCY OF GAS TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEMS Rabi KARAALI, Ilhan Tekin OZTURK Bayburt University, Turkey rabikar@mynet.com In this study, most of improving methods of gas turbine cogeneration systems are applied step by step on a simple cogeneration system, such as preheating air and fuel, steam injection and inlet air cooling. Those methods are studied for different stage, for comparing their effects on performance of the systems. It is seen that the preheating air and fuel methods have better performance than others. Also the steam injection method and preheating air and fuel methods are integrated and evaluated. 34

35 SUPERCRITICAL WATER GASIFICATION OF BIODIESEL BY-PRODUCT CRUDE GLYCEROL IN THE PRESENCE OF PHOSPHATE BASED CATALYSTS Nihal CENGIZ, Tülay Güngören MADENOĞLU, Mithat YÜKSEL, Mehmet SAĞLAM, Levent BALLICE Ege University nihaluremek@gmail.com Energy from biomass can be provided in various ways. Some of them are; burning the solid wastes, biogas production by anaerobic digesters, biofuels such as methanol, ethanol, biodiesel and derivatives and landfills for methane manufacture. Biodiesel is one of the promising biofuel that is converted from biomass by chemical conversion. Crude glycerol is produced in the biodiesel production process with a 10 wt. % of biodiesel. The objective of this study is to utilize by-product glycerol as a fuel gas or valuable chemical feedstock. In this study, the concentration of glycerol feedstock solution was 50 g/l, catalyst concentration was 5g/L. Crude glycerol was gasified in suband supercritical water medium by using a batch autoclave with an inner volume of 100 ml. The range of temperature studied was oC. Experiments were performed with pure glycerol and crude glycerol in the absence and presence of acidic and alkali catalysts. H3PO4, KH2PO4, K2HPO4 and K3PO4 were used as catalysts to obtain higher gasification efficiencies and hydrogen and/or methane yields. Reactor pressures ranged between bars. Product analyses were done by Gas Chromatography, Total Carbon Analyzer and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography devices. PHOTOVOLTAIC CHARACTERIZATION AND ELECTRICAL MODELING OF DYE- SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS USING NOVEL SYNTHESIZED ORGANIC DYES Mesude Zeliha YIGIT, Mustafa CAN, A. Nuri OZCIVAN, Elif Seyda CAKMAK, Hakan BILGILI, Sermet KOYUNCU, Serafettin DEMIÇ, Omer MERMER Izmir Katip Çelebi University ahmetnuri@yahoo.com Two novel organic photo-sensitizers based on triphenylamine-benzothiadiazole were synthesized and characterized for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells. Photo-current vs. voltage (I-V) characteristics of these solar cells were experimentally studied under standard AM 1.5 illumination. A simulation study for dye-sensitized solar cell was also studied in detail. The variation of parameters (short circuit current, open circuit voltage, fill factor, efficiency, series and shunt resistances, diode ideality factor, diode saturation current) based on equivalent circuit modeling with respect to different illumination intensities were investigated and compared with experimental data of dye-sensitized solar cell. The experimental data showed good agreement with theory. 35

36 POTENTIAL TO REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN ALGERIA Fatiha SAHNOUNE, M. BELHAMEL, M. ZELMAT Center for Renewable Energy Development, Route de l Observatoire, B.P. 62, Algiers f.sahnoune@cder.dz In Algeria, as in other countries, the issue of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change is the subject of great concern. As Climate change is a global problem and taking into consideration the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities", Algeria has initiated a broad program of voluntary reduction of GHG emissions and climate change adaptation. Thus although the contribution of Algeria on global warming is minimal (less than 0.5% of global GHG emissions), the country is, because its geographical position and climatic characteristics, very vulnerable. Even a small rise in temperature could lead to various socio-economic problems hindering the development of the country. The decrease of water resources, declining agricultural yields, encroaching desert and the energy consumption for air conditioning are only the initial impacts to which Algeria must find answers supportable economically and socially. Algeria's commitment to sustainable development is reflected in the implementation of an ambitious plan to develop solar energy and energy efficiency as well as several actions to reduce CO 2 emissions. The study examines to what extent, Algeria can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We present an analysis of the current situation, trends in CO 2 emissions, footprint of Algeria, national climate plan and especially what will be the impact on GHG emissions of the new strategy for promoting renewable energy adopted in 2011 and expects to produce 40% of electricity needs from solar energy. The results show that in 2012 the GHG emissions totaled 153 MT CO 2 eq and growing at a rate of over 3%. However, there is a high potential to reducing these CO 2 emissions, particularly in the areas of energy production, in building, transportation, as well as waste management and elimination of gas flaring. The Introduction of solar energy in electricity production and implementation of energy efficiency dans different secteurs allow to reduce by 2030 more than 300 MT CO 2 eq. Some areas for debate relating to a combination of policies and improved technologies that are able to reduce CO 2 emissions and mitigate the impacts caused by climate change in the medium term will be also discussed. EXERGY ANALYSIS OF AN ALTERNATIVE ZERO EMISSION COGENERATION CYCLE Rabi KARAALI, Ilhan Tekin OZTURK Bayburt University rabikar@mynet.com Today fossil fuels share 60 % of the world's total electricity production, which plays an important role on CO 2 emissions. CO 2 emissions which have the greatest negative effect on the global warming and greenhouse should be decreased or kept on the same rates. By taking in to consideration the most applicable and important zero CO 2 emission cycles, a novel cycle is introduced. In this study, thermodynamic properties such as pressure, enthalpy, temperature, entropy, mass flow rate in each stream are calculated by FORTRAN. The novel cycle are thermodynamically modeled and analyzed by using first and second law of thermodynamics and exergy analyses method. In addition, exergy losses of each component and the exergetic efficiencies are calculated with a computer program that prepared in FORTRAN by the authors. 36

37 MODELLING OF THERMOELECTRIC COOLING MODULE WITH GEOMETRICAL FACTORS USING NUMERICAL METHODS Naim DEREBAŞI, F. GULDIKEN, O. CAYLAK, H. KILIC, E. N. OZMUTLU Uludağ University, Department of Physics, Turkey naim@uludag.edu.tr A geometrical shape factor was investigated for optimum thermoelectric properties of a thermoelectric module. The cooling power, electrical energy consumption and coefficient of performance were analysed using simulation with different current values passing though thermoelectric elements for varying temperature differentiation between both sides. The dramatic increase in the cooling power density was obtained since it is inversely proportional to the length of thermoelectric legs. An artificial neural network model for each thermoelectric property was also developed using input-output relations. An analytical equation as depending on simulation and prediction results has been determined. The models including the shape factor have a good prediction capability and agreement with simulation results. The correlation of the models was found to be 99% and overall prediction error was in the range of and which is within acceptable limits. HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GEOTHERMAL FIELDS IN THE GEDIZ GRABEN, TURKEY Tugbanur OZEN, Ali BULBUL, Gultekin TARCAN Atatürk University tugbanur.ozen@atauni.edu.tr Gediz Graben which is one of the important grabens for geothermal activity is located in the Western Anatolia in Turkey. Geothermal regions in the Gediz Graben have been physically divided into three main groups from West to East; Turgutlu, Salihli and AlaŞehir geothermal fields. Reservoir temperatures in the study area are various between 85 and 215 ºC and discharges from 5 to 80 l/s. Thermal waters are used for mainly spa facilities, district and greenhouse heating. The basement rocks in the study area are Paleozoic Menderes Massif rocks that are made up of high to low grade metamorphics (gneiss, mica schists, phyllites, quartz schists, marbles) and locally intruded granodiorites. Carbonates (marbles and dolomitic marbles) of the Menderes Massif rocks are highly fractured and karstified, and act as a karstic aquifer for both cold ground waters. Schists and phyllites are relatively impermeable basement rocks. Neogene terrestrial sediments, which are mainly made up of alluvium fan deposits (pebbles, pebbly sandstones, claystone-mudstones, interbedded conglomerate, claystones, siltstones, conglomerates comprising sandstone intercalations and limestone), unconformably cover the basement rocks in different facies from northern to southern parts of the Gediz Graben and occur as impermeable barrier rocks. The Quaternary alluvium, which is made up of unconsolidated granular sediments, covers all the units. Alluvium is the most important and favorable unit for cold ground water production. According to IAH (1979) classification, Na-HCO 3 water type is dominant for the thermal waters and also Na-Mg-HCO 3, Ca-Na-HCO 3 water types occur in the study area and they waters have very high arsenic and boron concentration. Cold waters generally have Ca-HCO 3, Ca-Mg-HCO 3 water types because of dissolution of carbonates. 37

38 THE USE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN AEGEAN SEA, IN THE FUTURE Ozde BAKAK Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey ozde.badur@deu.edu.tr The geoscience surveys in West Anatolia and Aegean Sea have emerged a significant potential in terms of geothermal activity. The heat flow, seismicity, faulting, the calculation of thickness of earth's crust and marine surveys have shown the shallow Curie depth and the high heat flow values, so it is interpreted as thinning of the earth s crust, the presence of magmatic intrusion, and the presence of geothermal energy in coast of Aegean Sea. The presence of geothermal energy on the land, as well as the hot water submarine springs onsea bottom (especially Aegean Sea) have been discovered during the geothermal explorations made by researchers, also since 1986, and the foraminifera communities which associated with the presence of sea-floor hot water plumes. This hot water submarine springs are located on Gulf of Edremit, Gökçeada, Bozcaada, Maden and Alibey Islands, YIldIz Cape, Cesme-Sifne-YIldIzburnu-IlIca-Ciflikköy-PIrlanta AltInkum, KuşadasI, Dikili Bay, Gulf of CandarlI, and Gülbahce, Marmaris, Datca, Gulf of Güllük and Gökova. This study has been prepared by review from geoscience surveys, and Aegean Sea is an active region in terms of geothermal energy. It s thought that the submarine hot water springs should be as a direct use (district heating, greenhouse and thermal tourism, etc.) in future. A NEW NN BASED PROCEDURE FOR HOURLY SOLAR RADIATION FORECASTING Fatih SERTTAŞ, Fatih Onur HOCAOĞLU Emre AKARSLAN Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey serttasf@gmail.com Solar radiaition is an important parameter in solar energy application due to generation from photovoltaic (PV) is directly related to this parameter. Solar radiation varies nonlinearly due to atmospheric events such as cloudy weather, rain, humudity etc. Therefore estimation of solar radiation is an attractive issue in solar energy field. In this study, a neural network based procedure is developed to predict hourly solar radiation values. In this procedure not only the hourly measered solar radiations but also the hourly calculated extraterrestrial radiation data are employed. Since extraterrestrial values carry considerable information for the behaviour of the data within the day and year, considerable improvement on forecasting is achived. In model construction phase future calculations of extraterrestrial data are used besides past data. The procedure is tested on hourly measured yearly global solar radiation data obtained from Afyonkarahisar region. The results are presented and compared with previous studies. 38

39 EVALUATION OF HEAT RECOVERY POTENTIAL FROM FLUE GAS IN NATURAL GAS-FIRED BOILER Kemal COMAKLI, Meryem TERHAN, Ugur CAKIR, Omer COMAKLI Bayburt University Mechanical Engineering Dept. ucakir@bayburt.edu.tr In this research, the potential of using the heat energy that is recovered from the exhaust gases of the Ataturk University district heating system is investigated. To achieve this aim annual natural gas consumption of the system was determined and used to make the required energy calculations. Exaust heat energy was calculated according to the following assumptions; temperature of the exhaust gases is 1800C and air fuel ratio is As a result of the calculations, the amount of exhaust heat energy (waste heat) given into the atmosphere by the system was evaluated meanly as 3.75x10 7 MJ. Exhaust heat loss ratio was calculated as average 8.87%. Recovered heat energy that is gained from exhaust gases supports the fuel saving and increases boiler efficiency by using it for another heating system (local heating, hot water production). For this purpose, several scenarios were proposed and their applicability was investigated theoretically. Potential of recovered heat energy from the exhaust gases which is cooled to 50 C was calculated for each scenario by using the system s data. As a result of the calculations it has been concluded that amount of fuel saving can reach m 3 per year. ELECTRICITY YIELD OF GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT APPLICATIONS AT THE MUĞLA SITKI KOÇMAN UNIVERSITY, TURKEY Rustu EKE, Ali SENTURK Mugla University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Photovoltaic Material and Device Laboratory, Kotekli, Mugla, Turkey erustu@gmail.com Photovoltaic applications has started with the foundation of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Clean Energy Research and Development Center (MUTEK) in Muğla SItkı KoÇman University has the largest photovoltaic park in Turkey consisting of 110 kwp photovoltaic power systems in the university campus. In this paper we presented the electricity yield of grid connected photovoltaic power plant applications in the main campus of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey. There are four small scale photovoltaic power plants installed in the campus. They are installed on the top of Menteşe Library of Muğla SıItkı Koçman University, on the roof of Türkevi Student Cafeteria, on the façade and on the east and west towers of Staff's Block of the Building of Education Faculty and two double axes tracking systems. The systems are installed in 2001, 2003, 2008 and 2009 with rated powers of 10 kwp to 43 kwp. All power plants are monitored from the start up and the collected data are analyzed in several conference proceedings and papers individually. This paper summarizes the electricity yield and the performance of grid connected photovoltaic power plants by the way that indicator of system quality which is called performance ratio (PR) and efficiency for each photovoltaic power plants, after their installation and also their presentation itemized. 39

40 MIXED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER OF CNT-OIL NANO- FLUID FLOW IN AN INCLINED MICROFIN TUBE M.M. DERAKHSHAN, M.A. AKHAVAN-BEHABADI, P. HANAFIZADEH School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran akhavan@ut.ac.ir In the present study, an experimental study was performed to investigate characteristics of the mixed convection heat transfer of CNT (carbon nano tube) oil based nano-fluid inside an inclined copper microfin tube. The tube is submitted to a uniform wall heat flux over its outer surface. The plain and microfin tubes were used as the test section s geometries and were heated by an electrical coil heater to produce constant heat fluxes. Data were acquired for the laminar flow in the thermal entrance region. Pure heat transfer oil and nano-fluids with particle weight concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% were utilized as the working fluids. The effects of nano- particles concentration, power supply and inclination of tubes on the development of the thermal field were studied and discussed under laminar buoyancy assisted flow condition for Grashof numbers and Reynolds numbers and Richardson numbers between 103 and 104, 10 and 150, and 0.1 and 10, respectively. Results show that the experimental heat transfer coefficient increases slightly with an increase of particle weight concentration from 0 to 0.2%. Moreover, increasing Grashof number which shows augmentation of the effect of natural convection can improve the heat transfer process in tubes and increase heat transfer coefficient in horizontal tube more than tubes under the assisted flow condition. In addition, results show that using microfin tube instead of plain one, causes an enhancement of heat transfer in each particle concentrations but the effect of these particles is more pronounced in the plain tube than the microfin one. THE PRODUCTION OF THE THORIA BASED INERT MATRIX NUCLEAR FUEL BY POWDER METALURGY I.OZDEMIR, A. YAYLI, I. OZBEK Uludağ University, Turkey ilker.ozdemir@taek.gov.tr Thorium, is a candidate nuclear fuel in near future. There has been interest in utilising thorium as a nuclear fuel since it is more abundant in the Earth than uranium. All of the mined thorium is potentially useable in a reactor, compared with the natural uranium. Nuclear energy to be environmentalist and sustainable needs to resolve the concern that contains the proliferation risk of plutonium and minor actinides. The thorium fuel cycle and thoria based nuclear fuel types are the candidate that resolving this problem. Thoria (ThO2) based inert matrix fuel (IMF) is a candidate in last years that has a new concept to annihilate plutonium and minor actinides. At the same time inert matrix fuel is appropriate to direct disposal in repository. There are many studies on inert matrix fuel concept in recent years. In this study inert matrix fuel production was examined by powder metallurgical route. In addition to (50%) ThO2, (30%) Al2O3, (10%) MgO and (10%) CeO2 (to simulate of PuO2) were added and mixed. The oxides powders were blended, pressed and sintered at elevated temperatures (1473, 1573, 1673, 1773 and 1873 K). The densities of sintered pellets were measured by immersion method. Sintered pellets characteristics were determined by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction analysis and energy dispersive x-ray analysis and results discussed with ecological benefits and nuclear safety. 40

41 THERMODYNAMIC PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY PEM WATER ELECTROLYSIS POWERED BY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Ceyhun YILMAZ, Mehmet KANOGLU University of Gaziantep, Turkey ceyhunyilmaz@gantep.edu.tr There is an increasing interest worldwide in using clean and renewable energy sources such as geothermal energy. Geothermal energy, one of the most promising among renewable energy sources, has proven to be reliable, clean and safe, and therefore its use for power production, and heating and cooling is increasing. Geothermal based hydrogen production, which basically uses geothermal energy source for hydrogen production has been seen as an environmentally conscious and sustainable operation for the countries having abundant geothermal energy sources. Hydrogen is considered to be a clean and renewable energy carrier. Ease of obtaining hydrogen from water and abundance of this element and its environment-friendly characteristics are features that will distinguish this element from other element of alternative energy. Electrolysis is used to produce hydrogen with electrochemical method. In this paper, we investigate a PEM water electrolysis process from the literature for hydrogen production analysis purposes. The first aim of the present study will be to perform and evaluate energy and exergy analyses of hydrogen production by a PEM water electrolysis process boosted by a geothermal power plant. The second aim will be to present a detailed thermodynamic formation process and to perform a comprehensive exergy analysis which is embodied in the specific exergy of each component for geothermal based hydrogen production via PEM water electrolysis. We also determine exergy destructions and their performance in more detail as avoidable and unavoidable exergy destructions. The results of the energy and exergy analyses can be used to develop and assess measures to improve the process step, and to reduce energetic and exergetic losses. THE PRODUCTION OF METHANE FROM THE MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AS A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY Mahmud GUNGOR, Fehiman CINER, Ali BUYUR, Aydemir AKYUREK Denizli Municipality, Turkey ali_buyur@hotmail.com Rapidly increasing environmental pollution and frequently emerging energy crisis in urbanization have accelerated the search for new energy resources. For this reason, energy deficit has to be covered with non-fossil renewable energy resources. Renewable energy from biomass is one of the most efficient and effective options among the various other alternative sources of energy currently available. In this study, biogas production and transformation to electrical energy in Denizli Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant were undertaken. 50% of -monthly average 470,000 kwh- energy demand of the plant was provided by biogas which is a renewable energy resource and daily consumption is 5,500 m 3. Investment that established in the plant will pay off within 40 months. On the other hand Denizli Municipality can gain carbon credits for avoidance of releasing it into the atmosphere 41

42 VOLUNTARY CARBON MARKET IN TURKEY Fehiman CINER, Aydemir AKYUREK Niğde University, Turkey fciner@nigde.edu.tr Nowadays, global warming is a major environmental concern. Climate change is dominating the environmental agendas, first especially in developed countries but by now around the world. Several initiatives have been undertaken to reduce the effect of increasing atmospheric greenhouse gasses (GHGs) concentrations. Emerging carbon emissions trade under the Kyoto protocol serves to market the carbon quotas among the countries, thus it helps to increase their level of Gross National Product. Emissions trade is being performed in the voluntary and compliance markets. Increasing interest in emission trade emerged carbon and energy exchanges markets in the world. Turkey is located in the voluntary markets; organizations buying carbon offset credits in order to achieve their voluntary emission reduction goals. Gold Standard (GS) and Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) are being mainly used to finance renewable energy projects in Turkey. The GS, there are 175 projects which are currently in the approval process or in the application such as wind energy, hydroelectric power plant and biogas energy production. In addition to these, in the VCS standard there are 51 projects which are mainly energy industries, in the approval process or in the application. Most environmental issues require long-term plans which include international cooperation, and climate change is in particular one such issue. The Kyoto Protocol marks the beginning of a new era to combat global climate change. Voluntary markets are very popular in and almost half of the total global Gold Standard projects and around 7 percent of VCS projects are implemented in Turkey. These projects are initial steps for future implementations of compliance markets in Turkey. DETECTION OF COASTLINE CHANGES USING REMOTE SENSING: CASE STUDY ON A PART OF TURKISH BLACKSEA COASTLINES Hatice CATAL, Ozsen CORUMLUOGLU Yıldız Technical University catal.hatice@hotmail.com Coast is a unique environment in which atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere contact each other. Coastline is one of the most important linear features on the earth s surface, which display a dynamic nature. Coastal zone, and its environmental management requires the information about coastlines and their changes. This paper examines the current methods for the detection of changes in Blacksea coastlines in Turkish territory caused by country developing activities using satellite images. The proposed procedure is based on a combination of histogram thresholding and band ratio techniques. 42

43 MODELING THERMAL DEGRADATION AND/OR HEAT EXTRACTION IN GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS DUE TO REINJECTION Savaş BÜTÜN, Ibrahim KOCABAS Izmir Katip Çelebi University Ibrahim.kocabas@ikc.edu.tr Reinjection of produced brines back into the geothermal reservoirs serves as a means of pressure maintenance and/or heat depleted water disposal. A premature breakthrough of the injected cold water at the production well poses an economical and environmental threat. A geothermal reservoir with a single fault zone located in an infinite rock matrix forms a widely used conceptual heat extraction system. If the fault zone width is not negligible compared to the longitudinal flow distance, the transverse heat transfer within the fault zone can no longer be represented by an infinite conductivity. In hot dry rock applications, however, mulitple parallel fractures are generated to exploit the heat of the rock more efficiently. Such systems requires us to consider a perpendicular finite conductive transport term in the governing equations. As the finite conductivity heat transfer will lead to slower heating of the reinjected waters than an infinite conductivity transfer, a faster thermal degradation of the geothermal reservoir is expected. An analytical solution to the single fracture system has been presented by Avdonin in 1959 for heating an oil reservoir as an enhanced oil recovery technique. The parallel fractures model however has not been explored until recently when Kocabas presented an analytical solution using an iterated Laplace transform method. The main contribution of this work is that we elaborated on the novel solutions developed by Kocabas and employed the developed solutions as design tools of the reinjection operations. Using these tools for given set of the design parameters of heat transport, one can propose several scenarios of the design variables namely the injection rate, injection/production pair distance and injection patterns. PHOTOVOLTAIC COVERED NEARLY 30% OF ELECTRICITY DEMAND OF THE FIRST BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM (BIPV) IN TURKEY Cihan DEMIRCAN, Rustu EKE Muğla University erustu@mu.edu.tr The first BIPV system of Turkey was installed on the facade and two towers of the Staff s Block of Educational Faculty building of Mugla SItkI Koçman University in February The PV system covers 405m2 (60 tilted surface and two vertical towers on east and west sides of the building) with single and triple junction amorphous thin film photovoltaic modules. The total installed power of the BIPV system is 40.3 kwp. Total cumulative produced electricity of the system from the start up is exceeding kwh. In this study, the electricity demand of the building is monitored with three network analyser and PV data is collected with a Sunlog data logger. It is found that in clear days in summer, PV covers approximately 30% of the Building s electricity and this ratio exceeds 45% at weekend. Daily power and electricity demands are also analysed. 43

44 EFFECT OF RAW MATERIAL TYPE AND REACTION CONDITIONS ON BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION O. UCAR, N. GECGIL, N. BILGE Kadıköy Anotolian High School Istanbul, Turkey ucar1996@gmail.com Bioethanol is a nonpetroleum liquid fuel that can substitute for petroleum products. Bioethanol energy is very important because of fighting against climate change, environmental pollution and dependency on petroleum liquid fuels. The use of ethanol in automotive applications has been proven technically and economically to be positive. They are mostly used as incorporating bioethanol into unleaded gasoline in the range of 2-10%, this range can also reach to 70-80%. They are generally used as sale of bioethanol/gasoline blends. In Turkey by the law order that was passed in January 2013 obliges fuel sellers to sell their fuels with an at least 2% blend of bioethanol. E2 doesn t have a special consumption tax. In this study, as raw materials black raisin, raisin, white flour, corn flour, whole wheat, potato slices are used for bioethanol production process. The effects of fermentation time and the amount of yeast and the usage procedure of yeast and the usage of pulped/unpulped raw material and salt on CO2 production during fermentation were investigated. The CO2 production, which is the indicator for bioethanol production (an increase of CO2 results to an increase of bioethanol) is increased in the order of potato slices, corn flour, white flour, whole wheat and black raisin, raisin. An increase of fermentation time and the amount of raw materials and the amount of yeast also results to an increase of bioethanol production. The usage of all of the yeast in one loading into solution instead of partially loading of all of the yeast results to higher bioethanol production. Un-pulped raisin results to higher bioethanol production than pulped raisin. Although at the beginning of the experiment the unsalted solution yields a higher ethanol production, after approximately 3 hours, the salted solution gains a outstanding higher rate of ethanol production. ENERGY AND ECONOMIC ANALYES OF WIND ENERGY FOR BAYBURT PROVINCE Rabi KARAALİ Bayburt University rabikar@mynet.com Energy production has always effects on environment more or less. As far as environment is concerned, the less polluting energy production methods are preferred. Wind energy is probably the most environmentally friendly energy production method. In this study, Bayburt province electric energy demand by using wind energy is analyzed. Energy and economic analyses are done and payback periods are calculated for different electric prices. 44

45 STUCKPIPE PREVENTION WHILE DRILLING WELLS TO LIMESTONE & SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS SOUTHERN IRAQ Tuna EREN, Mohammed Hussein AZEEZ, Batool Atta TAWFEEQ, Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department, Batman University Turkey Stuck pipe occurrences are observed to be a common trouble during the increased drilling operations in the Southern Iraq Oilfields. At the time of the preparation of this paper there were more than 12 rigs actively working in the Field. This paper is giving the information about the case studies encountered while drilling wells in an Oilfield in Southern Iraq. Examples of differential and mechanical stuck pipe occurrences are detailed; providing all necessary information to understand whether how the stuck pipes had occurred, and how the problem had been overcome if successful. Most of the stuckpipe occurrences are attributed to the sloughing and high permeability shale formations, overpressured drilling fluid hydrostatic and depleted reservoirs. As per industry literature it is widely known that recovering from a stuck pipe situation is time consuming, costly, with the high risk of losing the wellbore itself if not to re-drill it from the beginning. Damages occurring during the drilling course due to the stuckpipe occurrences may also create a poor quality well that is not up to the standard that it has been designed in the first place. In this study a number of stuck pipe occurrences are given and analyzed as per why the workstring got stuck. It is observed that the most important aspect in order to prevent the occurrence of stuck pipes is considering how situations as such could happen and make sure the step-wise drilling practices in effect are prepared appropriately that stuck occurrences are prevented and made possible to be dealt with. The golden rule is to make the planning and dealing with stuck pipe occurrences in the simplest way possible. 45

46 ENVIROMENT SESSION (Priene, hall C) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENTS OF A LOW EXERGY BUILDING HEATING SYSTEM A. HEPBASLI, M.T. BALTA Yasar University, Faculty of Engineering Department of Energy Systems Engineering Izmir, Turkey arif.hepbasli@yasar.edu.tr Heating, cooling and lighting appliances in buildings amount to more than one third of the world s primary energy demand. Therefore, they form one of the main components of the energy consumption in buildings. In this context, efficient energy and exergy utilization in space heating and cooling has been essential for developing the energy systems. In recent years, low exergy analysis approach has been dramatically applied to buildings to be able to understand the exergy flows from the primary energy production to the building envelope and to indicate the potential for further improvements in the energy and exergy utilization. The main objective of the present study is to assess the performance of a building heating system in terms of environmental and sustainability aspects. In the evaluation, the metrics utilized include exergetic efficiency, exergy flexibility ratio, sustainability index, exergy destruction ratio and environmental destruction coefficient. ATR-FTIR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN AEROSOLS: THE CONTRIBUTION OF A SAHARAN DUST TRANSPORT TO URBAN ATMOSPHERE IN ISTANBUL, TURKEY Ismail ANIL, Kurtuluş GÖLCÜK, Ferhat KARACA Fatih University, Turkey ianil@fatih.edu.tr Recent scientific findings and legislations have clearly highlighted the need for comprehensive approaches and methods to evaluate natural dust contributions to an urban atmosphere. The evaluation of chemical compositions of airborne aerosols is of these methods that may employ several advanced analytical techniques and processes. In this paper, an episodic appearance of Saharan dust incursion over a megacity (Istanbul, Turkey) was investigated using size segregated particulate matter (PM) samples in fine and coarse fractions collected between February 27th, 2009 and March 8th, The Saharan impact was investigated using satellite observations, backward air trajectory statistics, and chemical analyses of the collected samples. In the chemical analyses, ATR-FTIR spectroscopic method was used to determinethe functional groups, namely, alcohols, ammonium, aliphatic carbons, carbonyls, organonitrates, nitrate, silicate, silica, kaolinite, and calcium carbonate. Among all the measured functional groups, it was clearly seen that the intensities of IR peaks related to silicate, silica, kaolinite, and calcium carbonate were associated with the increased mass concentrations during the impact period. The observed IR peaks at 1030 cm-1 and 800 cm-1 for silicate ions in the samples can be used as an indicator of the large dust incursion into the atmosphere (e.g.saharan dust episodes observed in Istanbul). This study showed that the ATR-FTIR spectroscopic method is a fast and convenient method to identify these peaks and the IR method in general is useful for identifying a large dust incursion into the atmosphere. 46

47 A STATISTICAL APPROACH FOR ARSENIC ADSORPTION ONTO TURKEY CLINOPTILOLITE Esra Bilgin SIMSEK, Asli Ozge Avci TUNA, Ulker BEKER Yıldız Technical University, Turkey The present study investigated the optimization of arsenic adsorption onto natural clinoptilolite. Response surface methodology in combination with Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the parameters of the adsorption process. Solution ph, temperature and initial arsenic concentration were chosen as the main process variables and the amount of arsenic adsorbed was selected as the investigated response. The optimum conditions were found to be the solution ph of 4.6, temperature of 59.7 and initial concentration of 7.8. RECOVERY OF WASTE-WATER FROM THE BULGUR WASHING OPERATION Fatih BALCI, Mustafa BAYRAM University of Gaziantep, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering The washing of wheat before cooking to obtain clean and hygienic product is critical in bulgur processing. The water should be recovered for environmental care, processing cost, process-ability of bulgur in arid regions and sustainability of water sources. In this study, washing (20 C) was made using water (ratio=0.5 water: 1 wheat). The washing waste-water was treated with filtration, centrifugation, column (contains sand, activated carbon and resin), and UV. The properties of water (DO, BOD5, color values CIE L*, CIE a*, CIE b*, CIE YI, ph, turbidity, conductivity, total solid content (TSC), Brix and microorganism load) were measured to determine the effect of the recovering treatments. The treatments were significantly (p<0.05) effective on the reduction of the BOD5 values from to mg/l. The treatments improved the color of water. Decrease in TSC, Brix, conductivity and turbidity values illustrated the removal of wastes with the treatments. Overall water recovery yield was 38%. 47

48 EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS (CD, CU, CR, PB) ON GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM OF NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) Ali EROGLU,, Zehra DOGAN, Esin G. KANAK, Gulizar ATLI, Mustafa CANLI Cukurova University The aim of this study was to investigate the response of the glutathione metabolism in the liver of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus exposed to metals (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn) in different periods of time. Fish were exposed to metals (as 1 µg/ml) individually for 1, 7 and 14 days and subsequently antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, GPX; glutathione reductase, GR and glutathione S- transferase, GST) and glutathione levels (total glutathione, tgsh; reduced glutathione, GSH; oxidized glutathione, GSSG and GSH/GSSG ratios) in the liver were measured. During the experiments, no fish mortality occurred except Cu exposed fish. The antioxidant enzymes responded differently to metal exposures depending on metal types and exposure durations. Comparing the control group, GPX activity increased only after Cd exposure, while GST activity increased after 7 day for all metal exposures. However, GR activity did not alter in most cases. Total GSH, GSH and GSH/GSSG levels generally decreased especially after 7 days for all metal exposures. Data showed that metals significantly affected the antioxidant system of fish particularly at day 7. This study suggests that antioxidant system responses could be helpful in predicting metal toxicity in the aquatic environments and be useful as an early warning tool in natural monitoring studies. RECYCLING OF ROSE WASTES TO ACTIVATED CARBON AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THAT NEW ACTIVATED CARBON Mustafa KARABOYACI, Bahadır TAMA, Aziz ŞENCAN, Mehmet KILIÇ Suleyman Demirel University mustafakaraboyaci@sdu.edu.tr Nowadays environmental damage of heavy metals is increasing and that becomes a big problem for human and human health. Especially after the industrial revolution, increasing of production and consumption materials, adversely affect the environment. Among all the pollutions, heavy metal is an important part. Because they are toxic or poisonous even at low concentration Therefore, treatment of heavy metals from aqueous media have great importance of environment. The most widely used process is activated carbon adsorption for heavy metal adsorption from waste water. Activated carbon can be produce from carbon containing substances. Turkey is an important rose oil producer of the world and Isparta is the most important rose production region of Turkey. Every year over tons of rose processing wastes produced. In this study, activated carbon was obtained from rose crops of rose oil factories. There are some activation methods for increasing surface area of carbon. In this study, KClO3 was used for increasing carbons surface area. KClO3 never used before for activation. The thermal decomposition of KClO3 (potassium chlorate) generates KCl and O2 gas. Effects of O2 gas outlet on the pore size of activated carbon was studied. The surface characterization was examined with BET analysis and FTIR spectrum and Pb+2 adsorption capacity of obtaining activated carbon was determined with ICP OES analysis. 48

49 GAS SENSOR APPLICATION OF ORGANIC CALIXERENE MOLECULES FOR DETECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXIC GASSES Salih OKUR, Cebrail OZBEK, Mustafa YILMAZ, Mahmut KUS Izmir Katip Celebi University This study focuses on the characterization and optimization of calixarene modified carbon nanotube thin films for gas detection. Calixarene molecules were synthesized individually by considering their functional groups to attract the gas. Calixarene modified carbon nanotube based sensors were fabricated using drop-casting method on a quartz crystal microbalance gold electrode. Carbon monoxide, carbondioxide, oxygen and dry air were used as active gases for adsorption process, while high-purity nitrogen gas was used for desorption process. The selectivity and sensitivity of calixarene modified carbon nanotube are investigated in detail. Our experimental results show that functional calixarene modified carbon nanotube coated quartz crystal microbalance sensors are very sensitive and selective to gas of CO 2 at room temperature operation. PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYL TERT-BUTYL ETHER (MTBE) IN THE PRESENCE OF VISIBLE LIGHT Zaki S. SEDDİGİ 1 *, Saleh A. AHMED 1, Shahid P. ANSARİ 1, Naeema H. YARKANDİ 1, Ekram DANİSH, and Shakeel AHMED 3 1 Chemistry Department, College of Applied Sciences Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia 2 Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 3 Center for Refining & Petrochemicals, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia Methyl tert-butyl ether is a commonly used fuel oxygenate present in gasoline. It was introduced to eliminate the use of leaded gasoline and improve its octane quality as it aids complete combustion of fuel by supplying oxygen during the combustion process. In the last one decade, the use of MTBE tremendously increased worldwide. Due to obvious reasons of accidental spillage, it started to appear in the environment and threatening human health because of its non-biodegradable nature and carcinogenic potential respectively. In the present work, we have degraded MTBE with the help advance oxidation process by the use of zinc oxide as photocatalyst in the presence of visible light. The addition of 200 mg zinc oxide in 50 ppm of MTBE aqueous solution and radiating the said solution with visible light for a period of nine hours complete degradation was recorded, while in 100 ppm MTBE solution approximately 99% photocatalytic degradation of MTBE was observed. Our results are very promising under visible light irradiation which could be further explored for the degradation of several non-degradable environmental pollutants. 49

50 SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ON THE COASTS OF TURKEY Mesut DOGAN Istanbul University, Turkey Turkey is, for its position, a very important country economically, politically, culturally and strategically. While Turkey is surrounded by a quite long coastal line, Black Sea in the north, Aegean in the west and Mediterranean in the south, it has also a sort of inland sea, Marmara sea. Constituting a very long coastal line, these four seas have also very different spatial use, physical and biological characteristics. Furthermore, we also notice significant streams and lakes, which constitute coastal area. Showing different human and physical characteristics, the long coastal line of Turkey has created a variety of facilities in practice. As it is known, the purpose of the efforts of protection, development and improvement of the coastal areas is to make the people live in an environment of coastal areas, providing a safe and well-being conditions of life. The coastal areas have always been areas which are most crowded with intensive human activities. In our country, relationship of the inner regions and the coastal line has tended to be towards the coastal line. In the coastal areas, the tourism activities, urban and rural settlements, business services, agricultural activities, transportation activities, industrial production and overpopulation as a result of them have created great socio-environmental problems. In this context, still, the human beings themselves give damage to, protect and develop the environment. Today, the concept of environmental consciousness recognize living in a healthy environment one of the fundamental human right. DETERMINATION OF CIRCUMSTANCES OF DRYING SEWAGE SLUDGE WITH SOLAR ENERGY IN AYDIN REGION Ersel YILMAZ, Malgorzata WZOREK, Barbara DOMANSKA Opole University of Technology m.wzorek@po.opole.pl The problem associated with the storage and management of sludge resulting from the process of waste treatment concerns a majority of countries. The considerable amounts of generated sludge and the biological hazard associated with it; result in the difficulties of the economically viable utilization. The fundamental applicability of sewage sludge in the energy generation process is associated with the necessity of fulfillment of requirement of low moisture content. Sewage sludge constitutes the type of waste material for which the boundary value of mechanical dehydration is determined with the content of wastewater solids in the range of percent. The higher degree of dehydration, equal to 90 percent of sewage sludge may only be achieved through thermal drying. This paper presents the results of the research devoted to the determination of the conditions of solar drying of communal sewage sludge in open area in Mediterranean climate in Aydin region. The testing was undertaken in the summer season, in the mean air temperature 17.6oC, relative humidity 62.2 %, rainfall mm, windspeed 1.7 m/s, totally evaporation per year as long term data. Drying tests were performed for two types of sludge; residue from two different municipal mechanical-biological wastewater treatment plants, which were after the process of mechanical dehydration. In order to determine the optimum conditions for the process and undertake an analysis of kinetic drying of sewage sludge, a set of tests were performed under variable parameters, i.e. for various thickness of the dried sludge (5, 10, 15 and 20 cm) and with the application of various mixing intensity (without mixing, 3 and 9 times a day). The conducted tests let to the determination of the time interval necessary for the drying in the conditions of summer and also the parameters, which are optimal in terms of the time needed for the solar drying process in open area. 50

51 ADULTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF TWO LICHEN EXTRACTS ON SITOPHILUS GRANARIUS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) Bugrahan EMSEN, Ali ASLAN, Erol YILDIRIM Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Faculty of Science Department of Biology Karaman, Turkey bugrahanemsen@gmail.com Four different concentrations of extracts obtained from two lichen species Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue and Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb. were tested against adults of Sitophilus granarius (L.) on Petri dishes. After exposure, mortality of the adults was determined at 24, 48, and 96 h. The results show that extracts of L. vulpina and P. rufescens have an insecticidal effect on adults of S. granarius in comparison with controls. The insecticidal effect was influenced by the concentrations of the extracts and the exposure time. Higher concentrations and longer exposure time resulted in maximum toxicity on S. granarius. The mortality rates after 96 h of treatment with the maximum concentration (20 mg ml-1) of extracts of L. vulpina and P. rufescens was determined as 100% for S. granarius. However, there was no mortality in the controls of each species. Separately, 24, 48, and 96 hours LC50 values of L. vulpina and P. rufescens extracts were calculated by using Finney s Probit Analysis Method developed by EPA. 96 hours LC50 values with 95% confidence limits of L. vulpina and P. rufescens extracts for adults of S. granarius were ( ) and ( ) mg ml-1, respectively. DETERMINATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON CYANOPHYTA POPULATIONS BY A STATISTICAL APPROACH: SEYDISUYU STREAM BASIN (EŞKIŞEHIR, TURKEY) Tahir ATIC, Arzu CICEK, Cem TOKATLI, Esengul KOSE Gazi University tatici@gmail.com The aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental effects on the population density of blue - green algae in the Seydisuyu Stream Basin (Eskişehir) by using some statistical techniques. For this purpose, biotic and abiotic samples were collected seasonally from twelve stations selected on the Seydisuyu Stream Basin in Total of 9 physiochemical (temperature, conductivity, salinity, TDS, ph, ORP, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate) and 2 inorganic (arsenic and boron) water quality parameter were determined in water. Also total of 12 cyanophyta species were recorded for the basin by identifying 1918 species. Factor Analysis (FA), Pearson Corelation Index (PCI) and Boxplot Deviation Diagrams were used to obtain a sophisticated ecological assessment by using the multi environmental and biological results. According to results of PCI, significant positive relations were determined between environmental factors with population densities of blue - green algae species. According to results of FA, seven factors explained 91% of the total variance and all of these factors were associated with the population densities of cyanophyta species. According to Boxplots, minimum deviations were observed on the population densities of Chroococcus minor, Microcystis punctata and Nostoc commune; maximum deviations were observed on the population densities of Anabaena flos-aqua and Spirulina majör. 51

52 OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF AMPICILLIN ANTIBIOTIC USING BORON-DOPED DIAMOND ELECTRODE Selin TASYUREK, Bahadir K. KORBAHTI University of Mersin Antibiotics are organic substances of widespread use that frequently detected in natural surface water and groundwater. In the literature, several processes have been investigated in order to prevent this contamination. Electrochemical degradation is becoming an alternative wastewater treatment method because many industrial processes produce toxic wastewaters which are not easily biodegradable and requiring costly physical or physicochemical pretreatments. In this study, the optimization of electrochemical degradation of ampicillin antibiotic using boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) was investigated in a batch electrochemical reactor. The influence of operating parameters such as ampicillin concentration, current density, electrolyte concentration, and reaction temperature on COD removal, ampicillin removal, and mean energy consumption were analyzed in order to optimize the electrochemical degradation conditions under specified cost driven constraints using response surface methodology (RSM). The quadratic models for the responses were well satisfied the assumptions of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) according to normal probability, studentized residuals and outlier-t residual plots. The residual plots followed a normal distribution, and outlier-t values indicated that the approximation of the fitted model to the quadratic response surface was very good. INVESTIGATION OF RUBIDIUM DISPERSION IN SOIL BY THE VIEW OF ENVIRONMENT Ertugrul DEMIR, A. Beril TUGRUL Istanbul Technical University, Turkey ertudemir@itu.edu.tr Rubidium is considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. The relative abundance of rubidium has been reassessed in recent years and it is now suspected of being more plentiful than previously calculated. The metal is used in the manufacture of photocells and in the removal of residual gases from vacuum tubes. Rubidium salts are used in glasses and ceramics Potential uses are in ion engines for space vehicles, as working fluid in vapor turbines, and as getter in vacuum tubes. The wastes of the related devices can be caused the environmental pollution. Rubidium is quite a rare trace mineral that is not very abundant in the human body. But despite its rarity and low presence in the body, it has some functions to perform for the health. Studies indicate that cesium and rubidium are only slightly toxic on an acute toxicological basis and would pose an acute health hazard only when ingested in large quantities. Therefore, it should be control with regard to both toxicity and deficiencies in humans and livestock. Rubidium has also an indicator element for alkaline because it is like potassium, sodium and cesium. Plant will adsorb rubidium quite quickly. In this way rubidium enters the food chain. In this study, it is aimed to observe dispersion of RbCl in soil samples by using radiotracer technique. Soil columns were prepared in the laboratory conditions. To produce the radiotracer 81Rb, rubidium chlorite compound was irradiated at ITU TRIGA Mark II nuclear research reactor at Energy Institute of Istanbul Technical University. The irradiated rubidium chlorite samples were sprinkled to the surface of soil columns. Then soil was watered with representative amounts of water according to selected rain regimes in Turkey. Radioactivity measurements were carried out by using high efficiency gamma radio gauging system at the outside of the column for different soil depths in different times. As the results of the study, behavior of rubidium chlorite in soil was observed successfully. The experiments were evaluated for the different depth of soil and the behavior of the rubidium salt in the media. 52

53 MEASUREMENT OF GAMMA RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS AND ASSESSMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY HAZARDS OF BEACH SAND SAMPLES IN MERSIN, TURKEY FOLLOWING THE FUKUSHIMA DAI-ICHI NUCLEAR ACCIDENT Süleyman Fatih ÖZMEN, İsmail BOZTOSUN, Alp CESUR In this study, the level of the natural and artificial radioactivity in beach sand samples collected from surrounding of Mersin, Turkey was measured. Activity concentrations of the 238U-series (226Ra, 214Pb, and 214Bi), 232Th-serie (228Ac, 208Tl), 40K and fission product 137Cs radionuclides were determined by gamma-ray spectrometry using HPGe detector with a relative efficiency of 40%. The results obtained for 238U-series (226Ra, 214Pb, and 214Bi), 232Th-serie (228Ac, 208Tl), 40K and fission product 137Cs are discussed. In order to evaluate the radiological hazard of radioactivity in samples, the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the absorbed dose rate (D), the annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) and the external (Hex) and internal hazard index (Hin) were calculated and presented in comparison with the data collected from different areas in the world and Turkey. Since the Turkish government signed an agreement with Russia to build a nuclear power plant at Akkuyu, Mersin Province, Turkey, in May It will be the first nuclear power plant in Turkey. In this respect, the data presented in this study would be very useful to determine the future effects of the nuclear power plant on the environment. USAGE OF APRICOT STONE BASED MAGNETIC ACTIVATED CARBON AS A POTENTIAL ADSORBENT Aslı Özge Avcı TUNA, Esra Bilgin SIMSEK, Ülker BEKER Yıldız Technical University, Turkey asliozge85@gmail.com The pollution by heavy metals has received wide spread attention in the recent years, due to the toxicological importance in the ecosystem, agriculture and human health. The use of low-cost materials as adsorbents of dissolved metal ions has been shown to provide economic solutions to this global problem. Chromium is one of the toxic heavy metals present in effluents produced from the aerospace, electroplating, leather, mining, dyeing and fertilizer industries. Thus, a number of low cost and readily available raw materials have been investigated as potential adsorbents for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous media. The aims of present study were (i) synthesis of activated carbon (AC) from apricot stone, (ii) synthesis of magnetic activated carbon (MAC) by precipitation of FeCl2 salt on AC, (iii) investigation the effect of initial adsorbate concentration on the adsorption of Cr(VI) onto MAC. Cr(VI) adsorption onto MAC was carried out at three levels of initial Cr(VI) concentrations (10, 30 and 50 mg L-1) at ph 3.0 and 298 K. The results showed that the Cr(VI) uptake capacity increases with the increase in initial Cr(VI) concentration, as generally expected due to equilibrium process. The adsorption capacity of MAC at 10, 30 and 50 mg L-1 initial Cr(VI) concentration was evaluated as 46.25, and mg g-1, respectively. That is because of higher availability of Cr(VI) in the solution for the adsorption. In conclusion, our adsorbent (MAC) can be used as an effective and environmentally friendly adsorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous media. On the other hand, magnetic characteristic of MAC provides an easy and rapid separation of the adsorbent from aqueous solution by a simple magnetic process. 53

54 ASSESSMENT OF METAL POLLUTION ASSOCIATED WITH AN ALTERATION AREA: OLD GUMUSHANE, NE BLACK SEA Alaaddin VURAL Gumushane University vural@gumushane.edu.tr Kirkpavli (Old Gumushane) alteration area is situated at the North of the same named lead, zinc, copper and gold mineralization in the region, the southern part of the Black Sea Tectonic Unit in northern Turkey. This study aims at elucidating the potential environmental risks associated with this alteration area by quantifying pollution in soil. For this purpose, in 28 soil samples collected Kirkpavli alteration area were analyzed for some major element concentrations. Concentrations of metals in the alteration area soils reached 3725,20 mg/kg for Pb, 341,40 for Cu, 880 mg/kg for Zn, 12,36 mg/kg for Cd, 77,30 mg/kg for Co, 1172 mg/kg for Mn, 51,90 mg/kg for Ni, 118,90 mg/kg for V and 1171 mg/kg for As. Soil contamination was assessed on the basis of geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor. The calculated results of Igeo and EF of metals reveal the order of Igeo and EF are As>Pb >Cd> Zn > Cu >Co> Mn. The geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor for some of these metals were indicative of extremely high contamination (Igeo>5) and extremely high enrichment (EF>40), respectively. High Igeo and EF values for As, Pb, and Cd respectively in the soil samples indicates that soil pollution has a historic background, which is typically associated with alteration area. A contamination site like this poses significant environmental hazards for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Considering its location, Kirkpavli is important sources of pollution and may results in ecotoxicological effects on terrestrial, groundwater and aquatic ecosystem in the region. ADSORPTION OF PB++ USING CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED CARBON FROM PALM TREE LEAVES Nathir AL-RAWASHDEH, Ahmed SOLIMAN, Hanan ELWY, Thies THIEMANN United Arab Emirates University nathir@uaeu.ac.ae The adsorption of Pb++ ions on chemically activated carbon extracted from leaves of palm tree was investigated. The extracted activated carbon was characterized by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The effect of ph, immersion time, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature were investigated. The observed adsorption data show that the adsorption kinetic of Pb ++ ions on chemically activated carbon follow a pseudo second-order, and the adsorption data for such system follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS, for the adsorption process were calculated from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant. 54

55 ABSORPTION OF ACID GAS VIA GAS-LIQUID MEMBRANE CONTACTORS AND POTASSIUM GLYCINATE AS SOLVENT Nayef GHASEM, Mohammed AL-MARZOUQI, Nihmiya Abdul RAHIM UAE University In membrane contactor used for gas absorption, gas flows on one side of a hydrophobic microporous membrane while a liquid absorbent flows on the other side. Gas-liquid interface is formed at the pore openings adjacent to the liquid phae. Gas diffuses from the gas side across the membrane and reaches the gas liquid interface where aid gas is absorbed and then reacted in the presence of solvent such as aqueous sodium hydroxide or amine solutions. Nowadays, primary, Monoethanolamine (MEA) and secondary, Diethanolamine (DEA) are most commonly used solvents. In the present work potassium glycinate is used as an alternative liquid absorbent. An experimental study was performed, in addition to a dimensional mathematical model was developed for the transport of carbon dioxide and methane through and potassium glycinate as solvent in hollow fiber membrane contactor. Results revealed that potassium glycinate is a promising liquid absorbent. Mass transfer rate was increased with the potassium glycinate concentration and aqueous potassium glycinate solution performs better separation than MEA and DEA THE EFFECT OF OZONATION IN TEXTILE WASTEWATER Dilek OZGUN, Serden BASAK, Ozer CINAR Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Turkey serdenbasak@cnrgroup.info The textile industry effluent include besides of color containing substances; also toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds, which are resistance to removal by biological wastewater treatment processes. Therefore, advanced treatment processes could be needed for textile effluent to meet the discharge limits. One of the often using advanced treatment process is ozonation. The aim of this study is the decolorization of real textile effluent with ozonation and its inhibition effect after biological treatment. For evaluating of ozonation efficiency; DOC, inhibition effect, alkalinity, ph, ORP and color were measured. The change of colors is measured by the absorbances at 436 nm, 525 nm and 620 nm wave lengths. In conclusion, with 10 minutes ozone contact time, color and DOC are removed 80% and 85%, respectively. The inhibition tests indicate that the effluents should be considered toxic. 55

56 THE DETERMINATION OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND THE ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS EFFICIENT GROUPS FOR THE AGRICULTURAL SOILS OF BAFRA PLAIN Funda Irmak YILMAZ Ordu University, Turkey In this research, 40 soil samples were taken from Bafra Plain, which is one of the two important plains for Black Sea Region, in September 2006, in order to specify the current conditions of the microbiological and biochemical soil characteristics in such a way that they would represent the territory in general. In these soil samples, the counting of some organism groups (general bacteria, azotobacter, aerobic cellulose decomposing bacteria, actinomycet and fungi), some enzyme analyzes (acid phosphates, alkaline phosphates, β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, urease, and protease enzyme activities), CO 2 -production, microbial biomass-c, N-mineralization, humic matter, some physical and chemical analyzes (soil texture, % total-n, % CaCO 3, organic matter, ph, % total salt) were determined and amounts of available nutrient (of P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) were also analyzed. According to the results, number of general bacteria was between 9.0x x106 gr-1 dry soil, number of azotobacter was between 0.7x x102 gr-1 dry soil, aerobic cellulose decomposing bacteria number was x104 gr-1 dry soil, actinomycet was between x105 gr-1 dry soil, and number of fungi was found between 1.4x x105 gr-1 dry soil. From enzyme activities; acid phosphates was determined between NP/ gr. dry soil/h, alkaline phosphates between g p-np/gr. dry soil/h, β-glucosidase between urease enzyme between g N/gr. dry soil/2h and protease between 0- Tyrosin/gr. dry soil/2h. It was also found that humic matter value was humic mat. mg/100 gr. dry soil, amounts of CO 2 -production were mg CO 2 /100 gr. dry soil, amounts of microbial biomass-c were between mg biomass-c/100 gr. dry soil, and N- mineralization was between the values of the statistical analyzes; organic matter was significantly correlated with all microbiological parameters except to protease, numbers of general bacteria, azotobacter and actinomycet. In terms of decreasing the negative effect of decomposition rate of the organic matter, the sustainability of the organic matter will be possible through the incorporating into the soil of plant wastes. 56

57 AIR POLLUTION BY AROMATIC COMPOUNDS IN ALGIERS Rabah KERBACHI, Yacine KERCHICH Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, National Polytechnic School of Algiers, BP 182, El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria Due to their adverse effect on human health, their reactivity in the atmosphere and indirect participation to climate change, aromatic VOCs such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and the three isomers of xylene (BTEX) are currently of a major concern. Ambient air concentrations of BTEX were determined at different sites in Algiers city in order to study their spatial and temporal distributions. On the basis of population density and traffic flow, six sampling sites were selected (2 urban background, 3 on roadside and 1 semirural site). The samples were collected monthly during the period April - November 2010 and in July 2011 using passive samplers Radiello. BTEX samples were analyzed by chemical desorption with pure CS2 followed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection and mass spectrometry detection. The results reveal that in urban area, air pollution by BTEX compounds is very important. Atmospheric benzene levels are very high at roadside (about 25.2 µg/m3). Urban background concentration averaged 7.3 µg/m3. Both levels of carcinogenic benzene exceed the European guideline of 5µg/m3. The lowest levels are measured at semirural site (3.1 µg/m-3). Among BTEX, Toluene was found to be the most abundant species varying from 26-51% of the total BTEX followed by Benzene (12-25%). Significant positive correlation coefficients were found between the concentrations of BTEX compounds suggesting that traffic is the main source of BTEX in Algiers. Due to different atmospheric reactivity, BTEX, especially xylenes, present seasonal variation. Low levels are measured in summer. In Algiers, the air pollution is related to the high rate of car ownership (320 vehicles per 1000 people). This car fleet is fairly old (average age is 11 years) and often poorly maintained. Furthermore, the major part of this fleet is not equipped with catalytic converters. RESIDUE DYNAMICS OF THE NON-SELECTIVE HERBICIDE GLYPHOSATE IN AGRICULTURAL SOIL Abdul Jabbar AL-RAJAB Jazab University alrajab@hotmail.com Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) is a non-selective herbicide widely used in agriculture and industrial zones. Following its application, residues of glyphosate can threaten soil or aquatic organisms in adjacent water. In this study, we followed the degradation, stabilization, remobilization, and leaching of 14C-glyphosate in agricultural soil in laboratory incubations and in lysimeters under field conditions. Extraction efficacy of glyphosate from soil has been estimated using different solvents. Glyphosate degradation was relatively rapid with a half-life of 19 days in the silt clay loam soil incubated at 20 oc. Glyphosate s metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), represented more than 85% of residues after 80 days of laboratory incubation. Leaching of glyphosate in the investigated soils lysimeters under outdoor conditions was very slow, less than 0.3% of the initial amount applied has been detected in the leachates after 100 days of experimentation. Glyphosate rapidly formed non-extractable residues after treatment. Recovery rate of extraction of glyphosate from soil was acceptable (59-76%) using ammonium oxalate 0.1M as solvent. In summary, glyphosate was removed from soil very rapidly, and its leaching seems to be very slow regardless the type of the soil. However, the release of non-extractable residues probably increases the risk of contamination of groundwater with its metabolite AMPA at long term. 57

58 AGING AND PORE FLUID CHEMISTRY EFFECT ON COMPRESSIBILITY, SWELLING AND PERMEABILITY BEHAVIOR OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS Emel CAKAR, Hasan Firat PULAT, Yeliz YUKSELEN-AKSOY Celal Bayar University, Turkey There may be some physical changes on the engineering characteristics of landfill liners (composed of natural clayey soils, geomembranes or composite material) with the effect of contaminated leakage water, tempreature or pressure. The aging has some effects on the crystalinity, compressibility-swelling behavior, shear strength behavior, permeability characteristics of soils. These parameters directly affect the service life of landfill liners. If permeability changes, leakage from landfill liners may cause contamination at the underneath layers. This contamination may threats human and animal life. There are a lot of studies that focus on the aging effect on the geotextiles. There are no extensive studies about the landfill liners which composed of natural clayey soil mixtures. The changes at the performance of these landfill liners should observed with respect of economical and environmental isssues. In this study, natural kaolin and bentonite soil samples were used. The compressibility, swelling, and permeability characarteristics were observed in the presence of NaCl and CaCl 2 solutions. In order to determine the aging effect, samples were kept for a long time (6 months) in the presence of NaCl and CaCl 2 solutions. Then compressibility, swelling and permeability tests were applied on the aged samples. The results have shown that the coefficient of compressibility decreased in the presence of NaCl for bentonite and kaolin as aging progress. There was an increase at coefficient of compressibility in the presence of CaCl 2. The aging decraesed the swelling index of kaolin in the presence of NaCl and CaCl 2. However, for bentonite reverse effect has been observed. The results of this study is important for the long-term performance of landfill liners. 58

59 EFFECTS OF ACID MINE LAKES ON WATER RESOURCES IN BIGA PENINSULA, TURKEY Deniz Sanliyuksel YUCEL, Alper BABA Izmir Institute of Technology alperbaba@iyte.edu.tr The acid mine drainage is one of the most significant environmental challenges and a major source of water pollution worldwide. Biga Peninsula in northwest Turkey is rich in water resources, sedimentary and hydrothermal mineral deposits. Many small and medium sized mining companies have operated lignite mines within the last four decades. Some of the activities of these enterprises have ceased over time, whereas other mines are still operational. Ceased mining operations have been abandoned without any post closure methods or rehabilitation. The abandoned open pit mines now contain artificial lakes fed by both surface runoff and underground leakage. These acid mine lakes (AMLs) have low ph values and high levels of metals (Al, Fe, Mn etc.). Most of these AMLs are located at the upstream areas of the Kocacay Stream, which passes through Etili village, Can and Biga counties, and eventually discharges into the Sea of Marmara to the north. Several residential areas along this stream system, including Keciagili, Etili, and Can, obtain drinking water from wells within the flood plain. Thus, the water quality in Kocacay Stream and its tributaries have great importance for providing safe drinking water to the local residents. One of the AMLs was discharged to Kocacay Stream in 2008, resulting in serious environmental problems. It is also worthwhile to mention that in Can Basin, some fish deaths have been observed because of the seepage and discharge of the AML waters into surface waters. The ph values of creeks near AMLs were range 2.85 to The maximum Al, Fe and Mn levels were also found to be high , and mg/l, respectively. The results show that the concentration of most elements, such as Al and Fe in particular, exceed national and international water quality standards. It is very important to monitor regularly the effect of acid mine lakes on water resources in this region. Rehabilitation of AMLs is necessary to minimize this pollution. 59

60 EFFECT OF CA, MG, FE AND MN CATIONS ON ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM GROUNDWATER BY ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS USING IRON BALL ANODES M.KOBYA, E. Sik DEMIRBAS, A.Y. GOREN, M.S. ONCEL Gebze Institute of Technology Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a widespread occurrence affecting vast regions in the world. The WHO and USEPA lowered the maximum concentration limit (MCL) for arsenic in drinking water from 50 to 10 μg/l to protect consumers served by public water systems from longterm effects of chronic exposure to arsenic. High arsenic concentrations exceeding the MCL have been documented in groundwater in Turkey. Several provinces such as Kutahya, Balikesir, Sivas have been known to have aquifers with relatively high concentrations of arsenic in excess of μg/l. To confront the arsenic problem, several techniques, including precipitation or coprecipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane filtration have been applied. However, these techniques suffer from one or more serious drawbacks such as inefficient removal of arsenic (especially As(III)), toxic sludge generation, requirement of a pretreatment step and high cost. Electrocoagulation (EC) process for removal of arsenic from drinking water resources is used widely due to high removal efficiency that are capable of removing arsenic to trace levels, simple in operation, cost-effective, reduced amount of sludge and no need to handle chemicals. Plate and rod types of Al or Fe anode electrodes are generally used in conventional EC reactors in which accommodates limited number of electrodes with low surface areas. Changing and maintenance of electrodes in the reactors are also time consuming and not practical. In this study, an air fed EC reactor is designed which has specifications of compactness, easy to use, accommodating of more anode electrodes with higher surface areas and providing better removal efficiency. Therefore, this study focuses cations effects (Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn) on arsenic removal from groundwater by the new EC reactor to evaluate and optimize the operating parameters. A new EC reactor with air injection unit using iron ball anodes is used for arsenic removal from groundwater. The EC reactor consists of a round base unit having a number of round holes in 2 mm diameter drilled with equidistant and a direct air is supplied underneath with a compressor. A Plexiglas in cylindrical shaped (90 mm in diam) is fixed to the base unit and another cylindrical shape of titanium cathode (250 mm x 69 mm x 1mm) with 5 mm in diam holes drilled in equidistant all over the length is placed inside the Plexiglas cylinder. Second Plexiglas (250 mm x 50 mm x 2 mm) with 2 mm in diam drilled holes over the length is placed inside the cathode cylinder and filled with anode iron balls having size of 5-10 mm. The reactor is highly specific with respect to the anode and cathode electrode materials which play an immense role to the effectiveness of the system. Characterizations of groundwater are ph=7.4, total As=200 (As(III):100 +As(V):100 ), Ca2+=152 mg//l, Mg2+=15 mg/l, Si=10 mg/l, chloride=127 mg/l, sulphate=94 mg/l, nitrate=24 mg/l, TDS=528 mg/l, alkalinity=260 mg/l CaCO3 and conductivity= ms/cm, respectively. Dissolved calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, and arsenic concentration are measured in the samples by ICP Optical Emission Spectrometer (Perkin Elmer Optima 7000 DV model) after EC process. The Box Behnken experimental design method (Design Expert trial version) is used for the statistical design of experiments and data analysis. Five important operating variables; initial calcium concentration (CCa: mg/l), magnesium concentration (CMg: mg/l), iron (II) concentration (CFe: mg/l), manganese concentration (CMn: mg/l) and operating time (tec: 2-8 min) are optimized. Arsenic removal in the EC process are determined as responses; effluent arsenic concentration (Cf, µg/l), arsenic removal efficiency (Re, %), energy consumption (ENC, kwh/m3), electrode consumption (ELC, kg/m3 and operating cost (OC, $/m3). 60

61 The ANOVA results for all responses ensure a satisfactory adjustment of the quadratic model to the experimental data (( R2 = 0.92; Adj-R2 = 0.86 and Prob>F = ).). This analyzed results show that the model terms are significant. The developed model equation for removal of As is given below: Re(%)= (CCa) (CMg) (CFe) (CMn) tec (CCa CMg) ( CCa CFe) ( CCa CMn) (CCa tec) (CMg CFe) (CMg CMn) ( CMg tec) (CFe CMn) ( CFe tec) ( CMn tec) (CCa) (CMg) (CFe) (CMn) tec2 The results show that As removal efficiency is increased with increase in tec and CFe as well as very little increased with CCa, CMg and CMn. When operating variables are in range and the target sets to 9.9 µg/l of effluent concentration (Cf), operating cost (minimum) (OC) and the maximum removal efficiency of As (Re, %) from the optimization in the EC process are found to be CCa = mg/l, CMg = 55 mg/l, CFe = 4.5 mg/l, CMn = 4.5 mg/l, tec = 3 min; responses: Re = 95.05%, Cf = 9.9, ENC = kwh/m3, ELC = kg/m3 and OC = $/m3. Acknowledgment: The authors wish to thank TUBITAK (Project number: 111Y103) for financial support. 61

62 URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT ON REGIONAL ECOSYSTEM AND CLIMATE Ozsen CORUMLUOGLU, Ibrahim ASRI Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey Researchers studying urban landscapes have found that the intensity of the "heat island" created by a city depends on the ecosystem it replaced and on the regional climate. Urban areas developed in arid and semi-arid regions show far less heating compared with the surrounding countryside than cities built amid forested and temperate climates. The placement and structure of cities -- and what was there before -- really does matter. The amount of the heat differential between the city and the surrounding environment depends on how much of the ground is covered by trees and vegetation. Understanding urban heating will be important for building new cities and retrofitting existing ones. Scientists first discovered the heat island effect in the 1800s when they observed cities growing warmer than surrounding rural areas, particularly in summer. Urban surfaces of asphalt, concrete, and other materials -- also referred to as "impervious surfaces" -- absorb more solar radiation by day. At night, much of that heat is given up to the urban air, creating a warm bubble over a city that can be as much as 1 to 3 C higher than temperatures in surrounding rural areas. The impervious surfaces of cities also lead to faster runoff from land, reducing the natural cooling effects of water on the landscape. More importantly, the lack of trees and other vegetation means less evapotranspiration -- the process by which trees "exhale" water. Trees also provide shade, a secondary cooling effect in urban landscapes. Using instruments from remote sensing satellites, as well as Landsat, land cover and land-use maps can be created for distinguishing urban surfaces from vegetation. Then computer models can be used to assess the impact of urbanized land on energy, water, and carbon balances at Earth's surface. When examining cities in arid and semi-arid regions - such as North Africa and the American Southwest - it is found that they are only slightly warmer than surrounding areas in summer and sometimes cooler than surrounding areas in winter. Globally, the differences were not large, with summertime UHI of C for desert cities compared to +3.8 C for cities in forested regions. In a quirk of surface heating, the suburban areas around desert cities are actually cooler than both the city center and the outer rural areas because the irrigation of lawns and small farms leads to more moisture in the air from plants that would not naturally grow in the region. If a city is build in an area that is naturally forested it makes a much deeper alteration of the ecosystem. In semi-arid areas with less vegetation it makes less of a change in the energy balance of the landscape. 62

63 A SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHM FOR GREEN VEHICLE ROUTING INTEGRATED WITH ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND CO2 EMISSION OPTIMIZATION MODEL İlker KÜÇÜKOĞLU, Seval ENE, Aslı AKSOY, Nursel ÖZTÜRK Uludag University Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Industrial Engineering Department, Bursa, Turkey asliaksoy@uludag.edu.tr In recent years, since environmental issues regarding strategic and operational decisions of companies, green logistics has a critical and gaining value for researchers and companies. Government regulations and customer demands are making environmental responsibility as increasingly important factor in overall supply chain operations. Among these operations transportation has the most hazardous effects on the environment, such as CO2 emissions, energy consumption, noise and toxic effects on the ecosystem. This study aims to construct vehicle routes by minimizing route distance and energy consumption. The green vehicle routing problem is formulated using mixed integer programming and solved using simulated annealing (SA) meta-heuristic algorithm. An energy consumption and CO2 emission calculation model is constructed considering vehicle technical specifications, vehicle load and transportation distance in green supply chain environment. A graphical user interface (GUI) is established for the model. In the GUI, the user can change the parameters of the model according to the technical specifications of the vehicles. The proposed model is evaluated with various examples. Achieved results show that the proposed model provides reductions in route distance, energy consumption and CO 2. EFFECT OF HIGH SALINE GEOTHERMAL FLUID ON SURFACE WATER AND SOIL QUALITY. CASE STUDY: TUZLA (ÇANAKKALE) TURKEY Gamze KATIRCIOGLU, Mustafa DEMIR Alper BABA Izmir Institute of Technology gamzekatircioglu@iyte.edu.tr Geothermal energy can be define as a heat from core of Earth and utilized for generating electric power, district heating and greenhouse. Use of geothermal energy has low environmental impact, particularly when compared with fossil fuels. But geothermal fluid has some negative effects for environment. It can be seen effect of geothermal fluid on water and soil in different part of world. The objective of this study to evaluate the effect of geothermal fluid on surface water and soil in Tuzla geothermal field (TGF) where is located on Biga Peninsula, in northwestern of Anatolia. TGF is 5 km far from Aegean Sea and 80 km south of Çanakkale. Geothermal fluid of TGF has high salinity and high temperature. Water samples were taken from February 2012 to April 2013 to determine physical and chemical (major anion- cations and heavy metals) properties of surface water quality. In addition to soil samples were analyzed for physical and chemical properties. All data were evaluated with ArcGIS 10.1 and Aquachem 4.0 software. The results show that the levels of some element such as Lityum (4-7 ppm ), Barium (1-4 ppm), Manganese (1-5 ppm), Boron ( ppm) and Strontium ( ppm) in surface water, exceeded national and international limits. Soil samples contain highly Silisium (> mg/kg) and Aluminum (> 9000 mg/kg). Particularly, the uncontrolled discharge of geothermal fluid that is rich in toxic elements into soil and surface water resources of the area influences other potential uses of resources. 63

64 HUMIDITY ADSORPTION PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS NATURAL MINERALS Abdullah BAYRAM, Salih OKUR Izmir Katip Celebi University In this study, some minerals such as zeolite, bentonite, pumice, and sepiolite were used for investigation of their humidity adsorbtion properties. Characterization of these minerals was carried out by different methods like X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM and EDS). In addition, their humidity adsorbing properties were analyzed. The results revealed that the minerals can be used as humidity adsorbing materials. CONDUCTING POLYMERS AS SENSING MATERIALS FOR DETECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TOXIC GASSES Salih OKUR, Abdullah BAYRAM, Hamida DERWISH Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey In this study, some minerals such as zeolite, bentonite, pumice, and sepiolite were used for investigation of their NH3 and ethylene gas sensing properties. Mineralogical characterization of these minerals was carried out by different methods like X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM and EDS). In addition, their gas sensing properties were analyzed by using different gases such as ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), NH 3, CO 2. The results revealed that the minerals can be used as gas adsorbing materials. MODELLING OF NOISE POLLUTION AND ESTIMATED HUMAN EXPOSURE AROUND İZMIR ADNAN MENDERES AIRPORT Samet Feyyaz HAMAMCI, Deniz SARI, Nesimi OZKURT TUBITAK MRC Environment and Cleaner Production Institute feyyaz.hamamci@tubitak.gov.tr Air transport rapidly developing for meeting the requirements of increasing population. In this paper, the noise levels for day, evening and night times were calculated with SoundPLAN 7.2 around İzmir Adnan Menderes Airport according to the European Noise Directive. ECAC Doc. 29-Interim method was used for the computation of the aircraft traffic noise. Air traffic data in 2012, the airport information and geographical data which contains elevation, residential building, auxiliary building, hospital and school layers were the main inputs of the model. The results were compared with the long term noise measurement values for the model validation. The model showed a successful performance in the regions which were closer to the airport. According to the results, area at the north side of the airport where the center of İzmir is more affected than areas at the other sides. It is found that 0.3 % of the land area of İzmir City exceeds the threshold of 55 db(a) during daytime. The results showed that about 2% of the resident population was exposed to 55 db(a) or higher noises during daytime in İzmir. It is important to airport operators to manage the airport capacity depending on flight schedules to control noise exposure level around the airport. 64

65 A COMPARISON OF NANO-BASED PROCESSES FOR METAL FINISHING INDUSTRY WASTEWATER TREATMENT Seyma CAY, Sureyya Meric PAGANO Namik Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey Nanoscale metal materials refer to metals with nanoscale particle size and structures, typically in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Recent research has shown that many of these materials properties depend on particle size in the nanoscale regime. Their huge specific surface area allows nanoparticles to be considered as surface-produced on the macroscale, thus affecting their bulk properties. As a relatively new field of study for materials development, nanotechnology has been making a rapid progress by moving out from laboratory scale into practical applications, thus making its presence important and essential in the research landscape. Because of their high porosity, small size, and active surface, nanoadsorbents not only are capable of sequestering contaminants with varying molecular size, hydrophobicity, and speciation behavior, but also enable manufacturing process to consume raw materials efficiently without releasing its toxic payload.one of those rapid growing application areas of nanomaterials, nanoadsorbents not only work rapidly, but also have considerable metal-binding capacities. They can also be chemically regenerated after being exhausted. The other important process is the heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation using catalysts such as TiO 2 and ZnO as well as and UV light which has demonstrated promising results for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants and produces more biologically degradable and less toxic. This process mostly depends on the in situ generation of hydroxyl radicals under ambient conditions, which are capable of converting a wide spectrum of toxic organic compounds, including the nonbiodegradable ones, into relatively innocuous end products such as CO 2 and H 2 O. This study evaluates abovementioned two nanotechnology based processes for the treatment and reuse purposes of a Metal finishing industry wastewater. In the industry various domestic electrical instruments are produced and there are four main processes s wastewater streams which are currently being treated by coagulation flocculation processes after mixing them proportionally based on their pollution loads. ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles were used as adsorbent and catalysts at different treatment conditions on raw and coagulated wastewater which was treated by simulating operational conditions in the industrial wastewater treatment plant. Optimum operating parameters were defined comparatively. Accordingly ZnO based photocatalytic treatment applied on raw wastewater samples resulted in the optimum one to obtain the highest COD removal. The pro and cons of each process option such as chemical costs, sludge produced, further filtration step, recovery and reuse of the nanomaterials are still under evaluation by increasing treated volumes to define reuse standards for this industry. 65

66 DETERMINATION OF LEAD (II) SORPTION CAPACITY OF HAZELNUT SHELL AND ACTIVETED CARBON OBTAINED FROM HAZELNUT SHELL ACTIVATED WITH ZnCl Aziz ŞENCAN, Mehmet KILIÇ, Mustafa KARABOYACI Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey Water pollution is one of the most important environmental pollution that affects human health. The need for clean drinking water is increasing day by day in consequence of population growth and increasing number of industrial firms. One of the reasons which cause water pollution is heavy metal ions result from production process. In this study in order to remove heavy metals from aqueous media, activated carbon adsorbtion is used. Activated carbon is a unique absorbent with high surface area and pore structure which has the capacity of high adsorption performance in gas and solution phase. Nowadays, production of activated carbon from lignocellulosic agricultural waste products which has high carbon content is one of the common areas of researches. In this study, the possibility of recycling the hazelnut shells to the activated carbon which occurs at the end of the hazelnut processing is researched. For this purpose, hazelnut shells are activated thermally by pyrolysis in 250 and 700 ºC and activated carbon is obtained through treating them chemical activation by using ZnCl2. The effects of treatment is determined by BET surface area analysis and FTIR spectrum. In order to determine the adsorpsion capacity of produced activated carbons, Pb(II) adsorpsion capacity from aqueous solution is researched. ICP OES is used to determine heavy metal adsorption capacity from aqueous media. PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS BY MODIFIED TIO2 NANOPHOTOCATALYSTS UNDER VISIBLE IRRADIATION Sahar Hamzezade NAKHJAVANI, Omid TAVAKOLI, Ayyoob ARPANAEI University of Tehran S_nakhjavani@ut.ac.ir Nowadays due to the improvement of human s lifestyle and development of the industries, water supply demand has widely increased. Since earth's water resources are limited finding new water resources are necessary. Recently, wastewater treatment and water reuse have been gaining a great attention of late. Application of nanophotocatalysts is a novel approach in wastewater treatment and TiO 2 is one of the most common nanophotocatalysts. The purpose of this work is to prepare and optimize the structure of a magnetically recoverable TiO 2 nanophotocatalyst and improve its efficiency and performance. Firstly, the core/shell/shell of Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 /TiO 2 containing nitrogen element is prepared. The synthesized particles were tested for the wastewater treatment and their reusability was evaluated. Due to presence of nitrogen, such a nanophotocatlyst presents activities under the visible irradiation. The comparison of photocatalytic activity of TiO 2, TiO 2 /Nitrogen, TiO 2 /SiO 2 /Fe 3 O 4 and TiO 2 /SiO 2 /Fe 3 O 4 /Nitrogen is the other purpose of this study. In the next step of this research, the above structures are prepared while the outer layer which is the TiO 2 photocatalyst cover, forms in the hierarchical shape in order to increase the active surface of the nanophotocatalyst particles. Finally, the prepared samples will be employed to eliminate phenol from wastewater. SEM is used to evaluate the morphology and size of the nanoparticles. FT-IR and EDS analysis indicate the presence of nitrogen in the structure of particles. The primary results show suitable degradation of both nitrogen doped particles and separation of magnetic particles with a strong external magnetic field. 66

67 AN OVERVIEW OF POLLUTION OF WATER RESOURCES Mehmet KARATAS, Muhammet DOGAN Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Turkey On the earth water continuously moves by changing form (hydrological cycle). People who need water after using from this cycle, leave the same cycle. During this process, physical, chemical and biological properties of water change due to substances mixed into the water and water pollution occurs. Pollution of water resources are divided into natural and human-induced (anthropogenic). However, factors that cause pollution are mainly caused by people. Volcanoes, excessive algal growth, winds, earthquakes, and decay of plants can be considered among the natural water pollutants. The human-induced factors that cause water pollution can be classified under four main groups as industrialization, urbanization, population growth, agricultural pesticides, and chemical fertilizers. Among these, the most important pollutant is factor industrialization. Chemical wastes discarded from industrial plants contaminate the groundwater with rainwater. They also can move oceans and seas through rivers and other streams. Aim of this study: to evaluate the factors causing pollution of water resources and the results of this pollution, and to invite people to be more sensitive to environmental issues. IMPROVEMENT OF RATING CURVE BY USING ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM Volkan YILMAZ, Omer Kaan BAYKAN, Meral BUYUKYILDIZ Selcuk University A rating table or curve is shown the relationship between stage and discharge at a cross section of a stream at a hydrometric station. Estimation of a rating curve or stage-discharge relation is of great significance for optimal reliable design, planning and management of the projects on water resources and hydrological applications. Sluice gates with theoretical water stage-discharge relations are common, but these structures are generally expensive and can be difficult to build at some areas. The statistical methods that are prevalently used for river stage-discharge relation are regression and curve fitting. In this study is aimed at the application of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) based algorithm for modeling river stage-discharge relationship. A daily data set of three stations located on Big Black River was used for analysis in this study. The daily stage-discharge data for 2012 water year were chosen for modeling. The root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and the determination coefficient (R 2 ) statistics was used as criteria for comparisons in applications. The results imply that the ABC is a favorable approach to derive the relation between river stage and discharge. It was also proved that the solving speed of the method was higher since less number of iterations caused to have greater R 2 values. 67

68 A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM DESIGN AND APPLICATION FOR FISH FARMS Gökay BAYRAK Fırat University Faculty of Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department Turkey Solar energy is clean, renewable and plentiful in the nature and the energy needs and costs have increased in recent years. These conditions have made solar energy more important. On the other hand, due to rapidly developing photovoltaic (PV) technology, PV based applications have been developed recently. Off-grid PV systems have been used in many applications just like remote dwellings, electric cars, remote sensing and protection of pipelines. Also there are some applications in power stations, in buildings, in transport, in rural electrification and solar roadways. In this application study, an off grid PV system designed for fish cages stand on Keban Dam Lake in Elazig/Turkey. An off grid PV system designed to supply the systems required electrical energy and a pump used for taking cold water from the depth of the dam lake to cool the cage. A pump used for taking cold water from the depth of the dam lake to cool the cage. Temperature sensors were used for measuring the cage s water temperature and according to the cage temperature a motor driver is used to adjust the speed of pump. A PLC controller and an HMI system for monitoring designed for the system. All the energy requirement of the system is supplied from designed PV system. Thanks to developed system, the temperature of fish cage is stabilized to 17 C so from May to September, fish can be growth sustainably during the year. PREPARATION OF POLYANILINE IN THE PRESENCE OF CARBOXYLIC ACID CONTAINING CELLULOSE AND USING IT FOR REMOVAL OF DYES Gulcin Torunoglu TURAN, Esma AHLATCIOGLU, Bahire Filiz SENKAL Istanbul Technical University Turkey torunoglug@itu.edu.tr Dyes usually have a synthetic origin and complex aromatic molecular structures which make them more stable and more difficult to biodegrade1. Polyaniline (PANI) is one of the most versatile conducting polymers 2 with many unique advantages, like ease to prepare, good environmental stability, enhanced conductivity, suitable for making composites 3,4. In this study, poly (acrylonitrile) (PAN) has been grafted onto cotton cellulose by redox polymerization method. Then, PAN grafted cellulose was hydrolysed with interacted with NaOH and acetic acid respectively. The carboxylic acid groups on the surface brushes were neutralized with aniline, and the adsorbed aniline was polymerized by oxidizing with ammonium persulfate to give self-doped polyaniline. The sorption capacity of the reactive red was found 0.66 g/ g sorbent. 68

69 WATER TURBIDITY MAPPING USING MODIS SPECTRAL BANDS M.R. SARADJIAN, M.M. HODJATY and S. JAMSHIDI Remote sensing Division, Surveying Engineering Dept., College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Turbidity in coastal and estuarine waters is an indicator for the environmental condition as increased turbidity can change an ecosystem significantly. Water turbidity is an optical property that expresses the degree to which light is scattered and absorbed by water molecules and particles. Variation in turbidity level can be measured by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) sensor onboard Terra Satellite of Earth Observing System (EOS). In this article, reflectance in each band has been calculated using digital numbers in visible and near infrared bands of Caspian Sea MODIS image. The process included geometric correction, radiometric noise reduction, atmospheric correction, land masking, cloud masking and the transformation of raw data to reflectance. In order to calibrate the MODIS image for turbidity, insitu data have been also collected for the case study area that is adjacent to Kiyashahr in Gilan Province of Iran covering 50 Km length of coastal waters, along the southern coast of Caspian Sea which includes Sefidrud River estuary. The water in this area contains high spatio-temporal variation in turbidity and sediment load which is resulted by turbidity of Sefidrud water in most months of the year. In-situ turbidity data were measured in various depths by a portable turbidimeter that had been joined with conductivity temperature depth (CTD) sensor. Also, the coordinates (latitude and longitude) of sampling point were derived by a portable GPS device. Iranian National Center for Oceanography cooperated in supplying these data. The sensitivity analysis was performed by correlation coefficient calculation between remotelysensed reflectance and the in-situ measurements of turbidity quantities. The analysis presented a linear relationship between reflectance in sensitive bands and the measured turbidity quantities. The accuracy assessment and model validation was performed using additional in-situ measurements as check data. The evaluation of the most accurate model has been performed using criterions of coefficient of determination (R2) and normalized root mean square (RMS) error. The model has been constructed by the multiple linear regression analysis for turbidity using band 10 with R2 (adjusted) =0.9 and RMS=4% which imply quite high accuracy. 69

70 THE EFFECT OF ARSENIC ON SOME ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITIES AND LIPID PEROXIDATION IN VARIOUS TISSUES OF MIRROR CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO CARPIO) Sayit ALTIKAT, Kazim UYSAL, Halil Isa KURU, Mustafa KAVASOGLU, Gul Nihan OZTURK Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry Department, 43100, Kütahya, Turkey. The effect of arsenic bioaccumulation in liver, kidney, intestinal, muscle and skin of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) was investigated on lipid peroxidation and certain antioxidant enzyme activities. In this study 3 aquarium groups were formed from mirror carp: control group, 0.5 mg/l and 1 mg/l arsenic concentrations. The fish were dissected after 1 month. Arsenic bioaccumulation, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities were determined in the tissues. It was determined that arsenic was accumulated in liver, kidney, intestinal, skin and muscle tissues. As the final product of lipid peroxidation, MDA levels were observed to have increased in all tissues with the exception of muscle. On the other hand, CAT and SOD enzyme activities in the fish tissues were decreased as compared to the control group. In the muscle tissue, differences were observed in the enzyme activities depending on arsenic concentration. Considering the increases in enzyme inhibition and MDA levels, liver was observed to be the main tissue affected in response to the arsenic toxicity. 70

71 POSTERS SESSIONS (Priene, hall c) MICROBIOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND SANITARY INSPECTION SURVEY OF TEFENNI (BURDUR/ TURKEY) GROUNDWATERS Simge VAROL, Ayşen DAVRAZ Suleyman Demirel University Nowadays, bacteriological contamination of water sources using as drinking water and health problems frequently observed especially rural areas. Researches related to these subjects increases due to forming widespread effect for human health. The aim of the study was to examine microbiological risk of public water system of Tefenni (Burdur) region which are located in southwest of Turkey. Groundwater sources have been used drinking water in the study area. Firstly, geological setting of the region was investigated utilizing the previous researches for determining aquifer units. The most important aquifers are karstic and granular units. In the study area, springs which are recharged from karstic aquifers discharges from contact zone in between limestone and impermeable ophiolitic units. This springs have been used for drinking and domestic purposes in the Tefenni county and villages. Granular aquifer is composed of alluvium, slope debris and cone of accumulation.this aquifer have been used drinking water in only Seydiler and Karamusa villages. The groundwater has Ca-Mg-HCO 3 facies in the study area. In the research area, 312 total water samples collected from spring, well and public water system of Tefenni county and villages as partner Public Health of Burdur. The microbiological quality was assessed using Total coliform bacteria which was collected from spring, wells and distribution system of Tefenni county and villages during the period January 2009 and December Total coliform bacteria are a collection of relatively harmless microorganisms that live in large numbers in soils, plants and in intestines of warm-blooded (humans) and cold-blooded animals. Total coliform has been a general indicator of potential contamination with pathogenic organisms and has been used to determine whether water is drinkable.the important pollutants of the study area are cattle breeding, use of animal manure for agricultural activities and unsanitary water catchment and water tank. Microbiological analyses indicate that failure rate (positive samples) was 43% for sampling period. There was greater consistency among failures of total coliform indicator standards during spring and winter than during autumn and summer. The statistical analysis for rainfall and total coliform counts was carried out using SPSS statistical software package. This observation was explained partially by a significant positive correlation with the rainfall amount (rpearson=0.70, P= 0.01). In addition, sanitary inspection forms of water sources giving WHO (1997) were modified taking into consideration the research area properties and final map prepared using ArcGIS 9.3. software package with score data for microbiological risk assessment. Compared with final score and microbial pollutant maps of the study area, it has been shown that water resources having high risk score were directly proportional with pollutants related to land use. 71

72 TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OPTIONS IN HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMATIC: AMENDMENT PROPOSAL TO LISTS Ilhan TALINLI Istanbul Technical University In HWM framework, generators need a scientific systematic or a regulatory guideline to decide the appropriate options for their wastes. However no regulation indicates an appropriate method for a defined waste. This study attempted to propose appropriate treatment and disposal options in HWM systematic by using a multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology. Appropriate treatment and disposal options for each hazardous waste have been designated in steps of HWM algorithm. Waste characteristics such as physical form, hazard criteria and composition and treatment and disposal facilities are main factors of study approach for determination of appropriate Treatment (Tr) and Treatment&Disposal (Tr&Di). In eight algorithms, Tr and Tr&Di options correspondence to eight designated waste in different forms are proposed to decision makers. Forms of existing HW lists are amended or arrangements of new lists are suggested by additional columns containing the options. DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS AFFECTING OXYGEN TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN A JET-LOOP BIOREACTOR Mustafa KORKMAZ, Burhanettin FARIZOGLU, Suleyman UZUNER, Baybar Ali FIL Balikesir University korkmazm@balikesir.edu.tr Volumetric oxygen transfer constant (KLa) is one of the most significant design parameters in Jet- Loop bioreactors as it controls the hydraulic retention time. Therefore, in this study, the effects of jet nozzle diameter and gas flow rate on KLa were investigated to operate the reactor at high performance. The results showed that KLa value of the reactor increased with increasing energy consumption, transferred oxygen volume and nozzle diameter. The effect of transferred gas volume can be explained with the fact that interaction surface field between air and water increased with increasing gas volume. When power was increased with liquid jet, air bubbles entering the system broken into more pieces and thereby air bubbles distributed homogeneously in the reactor and oxygen transfer increased. Similarly, KLa value of the reactor increased with increasing nozzle diameter. When nozzle diameter was decreased and power was increased, oxygen bubbles combined and effective interface between water and oxygen bubbles decreased and this decreased oxygen transfer constant. On the other hand, oxygen capture in the reactor decreased with small nozzle diameters due to increasing oxygen gas bubble diameters. Maximum oxygen transfer constant was obtained as about 240 (L/saat) at 16 (L/dak) oxygen flow and 2.56 (Kw/m3) energy consumption. 72

73 EFFECT OF PH, TEMPERATURE AND CONCENTRATION ON BORON REMOVAL FROM SOLUTIONS BY PUROLITE S 108 RESIN IN A FIXED BED COLUMN REACTOR Mustafa KORKMAZ, Yeliz YAŞAR, Cengiz ÖZMETIN, Elif ÖZMETIN Balikesir University korkmazm@balikesir.edu.tr In this study, boron removal from solutions by Purolite S 108 resin (Cl- form) in a fixed bed column reactor was investigated. Experiments were carried out in continuous mode as a function of ph ( ), temperature (15-60 ºC) and concentration ( ppm). Boron determination in the solutions was done by titration method in which mannitol being used. The breakthrough time increased with high ph level and low boron concentration. Temperature increase showed concave effect on breakthrough time. Increasing solution ph increased the number of borate anion-b(oh)4- and also resin converted the free base form due to exchange of structural chloride anions with hydroxyl radicals-oh- and therefore capacity of the resin increased. While boron removal occurred by ion exchange reaction with chloride form of the resin, complexlation reaction of boron with the resin became dominate at high solution phs. Low temperatures increased the polyborate anion number and this increased the boron adsorption by the resin. On the other hand, high temperatures caused the swelling of the resin structure and hence boron adsorption by the resin increased. Low boron concentrations retarded the resin exhaustion because concentration gradient on unit resin particle was low and thereby breakthrough time increased. THE ECONOMIC COST OF PRODUCING FRESH WATER FROM OIL DRIVEN DESALINATION PLANTS IN KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA O. Phillips AGBOOLA, Ibrahim S. AL-MUTAZ King Saud University, Saudi pagboola@ksu.edu.sa The realization of the combine consequences of population increases, civilization and climate change on freshwater resources are fueling the rapid growth of desalination technology. A continuous decline in freshwater sources will mean a chronic short supply of potable water in most part of the world. One viable option to mitigate freshwater scarcity is seawater desalination. There is increasing interest in desalination as technique for harvesting freshwater from vast and infinitely water source from the sea. Energy is no doubt the largest expenditures associated with the unit cost of freshwater from desalination processes. Saudi Arabia is by far the largest desalinated water producer in the world with more than 30 desalination plants and producing 3.5 million meter cubic per day( with around 500MW of electricity). About 90% of the plants run on oil & natural gas with daily consumption of about 1.5 million barrels of crude oil. It is estimated that a cubic meter of water in Saudi costs between US$0.60 and US$1, depending on the type and price of fuel. This work examine the economic cost of producing Saudi water demand on oil driven desalination systems. In addition, the integration of renewable energy in the desalination plants as potential substitute for the daily 1.5 million barrels of crude oil is discussed. 73

74 THE DECOLORATION METHODS OF TEXTILE WASTEWATER Kevser CIRIK, Serden BASAK, Arzu KILIC, Dilek OZGUN, Dilek AKMAN Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Turkey Due to the increase in population, development and variety of industries, the water pollution control has become of increasing importance in recent years. The textile industry is one of the main sources of water pollution, because of the increasing demand for textile products. The largest class of dyes are azo dyes, due to more economical synthesis. Hence, the release of dyes together with their breakdown products into the environment constitutes serious problems; the release of colored effluents into the environment is undesirable. Interestingly, although most dyes have a low toxicity, their components and breakdown products can be more toxic. To handle the toxicity problem, much attention has been focused on the effective treatment of dyes discharged from the dying and textile industries. This review addresses treatment technologies used for color removal in the textile wastewaters and color measurement methods. PHYTOREMEDIATION OF WASTEWATER BY IN VITRO GROWN CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM L. Mehmet KARATAS, Muhammet DOGAN, Muhammad AASIM Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University mshazim@gmail.com Rapid increase of urbanisation, industrialization, excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers results in heavy metal contaminations in water environments. Heavy metals are acculated in plant tissues and become toxic. Removal of heavy metals by plants (phytoremediation) is more effective, low cost, and environmently safe method compared to traditional methods. Aquatic plants are able to absorb and deposit heavy metals in their bodies. C. demersum is one of the major aquatic plant uses for phytoremediation. This study presents the absorption of some heavy metals from wastewater using in vitro regenerated plantlets usning various explants (shoot meristem, 1st and 2nd nodal segments) cultured on different concentrations of BA. In vitro regenerated plantlets were acclimatised in wastewaters in aquariums and after 15 and 30 days, spectrophotometric analysis revealed the sharp decline in the Fe, Cu and Al concentrations of wastewater. Whereas, reasonable amount of nitrate and nitrite of water was also reduced. The results suggested that in vitro grown C. demursum plantlets can be effectively used for phytoremediation in open environments. 74

75 AN EFFECTIVE SYSTEM FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT: AQUATIC PLANTS, Mehmet KARATAS, Muhammet DOGAN Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University Urbanisation, industrialization, excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and increase in population resulted in increased wastes that has been spill out to water bodies, resulted in contamination of water and environment. Aquatic plants are one of the major source of removing heavy metals (phytoremediation) in water bodies and gaining popularity due to its easy and safer use, low cost and environmentally safe. These aquatic plants absorbs some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg ve Zn etc.) and detoxify them in their bodies. They also absorb some micro elements and can also be used as bioindicator for water pollution. These aquatic plants can be analysed as i. Floating Aquatic Macrophyte Systems ii. Emergent Macrophyte Treatment Systems ve iii. Submergent Macrophyte Treatment Systems. This study overviews the importance of aquatic plants for cleaning water bodies from pollution. AN OVERVIEW OF POLLUTION OF WATER RESOURCES Mehmet KARATAS, Muhammet DOGAN Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University On the earth water continuously moves by changing form (hydrological cycle). People who need water after using from this cycle, leave the same cycle. During this process, physical, chemical and biological properties of water change due to substances mixed into the water and water pollution occurs. Pollution of water resources are divided into natural and human-induced (anthropogenic). However, factors that cause pollution are mainly caused by people. Volcanoes, excessive algal growth, winds, earthquakes, and decay of plants can be considered among the natural water pollutants. The human-induced factors that cause water pollution can be classified under four main groups as industrialization, urbanization, population growth, agricultural pesticides, and chemical fertilizers. Among these, the most important pollutant is factor industrialization. Chemical wastes discarded from industrial plants contaminate the groundwater with rainwater. They also can move oceans and seas through rivers and other streams. Aim of this study: to evaluate the factors causing pollution of water resources and the results of this pollution, and to invite people to be more sensitive to environmental issues. 75

76 SOME SAVING MODELS FOR SUSTAINABLE USE OF WATER RESOURCES Mehmet KARATAS, Muhammet DOGAN Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Turkey Water is not only in recent times, since very ancient times have been regarded as one of the most valuable natural resources. It is of vital importance for continuation of life and all kinds of biological and physiological activities. Although a large part of the world's is surrounded by water resources, potable water content is very low. The existing water resources is gradually decreasing due to excessive population growth, irregular urbanization, development of industry and technology, the rapid increase in water consumption rates, and the information of adequate environmental awareness. In addition, climate changes arising from global warming, scanty rainfall, and excessive evaporation is one of the most important water problems. As a result, the emergence of severe water shortages and significant ecological consequences are inevitable in the following years. Furthermore, struggles and conflicts on economic, politic, and environmental issues will gradually increase associated with the increasing of water demand and reach serious proportions. Due to these reasons, a sustainable water resource management mechanism has become mandatory. In this context, water-saving models should be improved to meet the increasing water demand and should be provided recycling of the water. This study gives information about some of the watersaving models for efficient use of water resources. THE EFFECTS OF ECOLOGICAL VARIABLES ON CYANOPHYTA POPULATIONS IN SEYDISUYU BASIN (TURKEY): MULTISTATISTICAL APPROACH Tahir ATICI, Arzu CICEK, Cem TOKATLI, Esengul KOSE Gazi University tatici@gmail.com Seydisuyu Stream is located in the EskiŞehir province of Turkey and known that under affect of many organic and inorganic pollutants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the natural and anthropogenic affects on the population density of blue-green algae of the region by using some of environmental characteristics and statistical techniques. For this purpose, abiotic and biotic samples were collected seasonally from 12 stations on the Seydisuyu Stream Basin in Total of 11 water quality parameter (temperature, conductivity, salinity, TDS, ph, ORP, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, arsenic and boron) were determined and 12 cyanophyta species were recorded for the basin by identifying 1918 taxa. Factor Analysis (FA), Cluster Analysis (CA) and Pearson Corelation Index (PCI) were used to evaluate the data properly. According to results of PCI, statistically significant relations were determined between conductivity, salinity, TDS, phosphate and boron parameters with population densities of Anabaena flos-aqua, Aphanizomenon sp, Chroococcus disperus, Chroococcus minor, Chroococcus varius, Microcystis punctata and Oscillatoria granulata. According to results of FA, four factors explained 72.18% of the total variance and one of these factors were associated with the blue-green algal population densities. According to results of CA, the similarity-distance coefficient of the whole basin calculated by using environmental characteristics (0.84) was significantly higher than the similarity-distance coefficient calculated by using floristic characteristics of the basin (0.67). 76

77 REMOTELY SENSING OF KULA BASALTS BY PCA OF LANDSAT BAND RATIOS Özşen ÇORUMLUOĞLU, İbrahim ASRI Izmir Katip Çelebi University ocorumlu@hotmail.com The Aegean region of Anatolia represents a high geodiversity due to its various geological setting and to relief and landscape features in the region. A large number of geomorphological and geological sites draw scientific, educational and touristic attentions in high potential. Any precaution, inventory and work done for major geomorphological and geological sites having a monumental character will help in raising public awareness to the values of the geological heritage. Assessing, protecting, and promoting of the geosites such as Kula must be initiated. Kula Region (Manisa, Turkey), which was called by the famous historian Strabon as Burned Country, with its 80 volcanic cones, lava flows, basalt plateaus and basalt columns, thermal and mineral water resources, fairy chimney formations in canyons carved by the Gediz River, shelter cities hidden in volcanic lava, footprint fossils belonging to first humans and geological uniqueness, has a great impotance in terms of geotourism potential as it is being a natural heritage in the Aegean region of Anatolia. The sites of geomorphological interest along these itineraries provide opportunities to introduce visitors to several natural processes and have become tourist attractions. Kula region as it is unique for its geological, archaeological and cultural natural resource values in terms of quality and quantity is considered as one of the most important natural heritages in Anatolia to be applied for membership of the Global Geopark Network. Taking a part in the global network which is an international tool for sharing knowledge and experience is crucial for Kula geosites with regard to protecting geological heritage items for future generations. In such activities, first job to be done is the determination of the site bounduries and in which extent its coverage, where the site is located, its relationship with the surrounding locations and etc. So, it means the mapping of the region. The most important issue to be decided at the beginning of the mapping process is the mapping technique that is chosen and used for the determination of natural geosites spatially in an accurate, rapid, reliable and cost effective way. Remote sensing is an advanged and qualified technology fullfiling the today s requirements with regard to spatially related data. In this study, some remote sensing image processing techniques such as band combination, band rationing and principal component analyses were therefore carried out to determine the cultural and natural geosites (herein Kula basalts) and to delineate their boundaries evidently and efficiently. Here in this study several image processing techniques were practiced for the determination of basalts in the region by remote sensing approach. Finally Principal Component Analyse (PCA) of bant rationing gave the best solution and determined the basalts in the region succesfully. Since LANDSAT images were used in the study, PCAs of first 5/4, 5/1 and 3/7 ratio group and second 3/1, 4/5 and 3/2 ratio group were done. As a conclution and outcome of this process, it was found that RGB composite of PC1 and PC3 of the first ratio group and PC2 of the second group gave the best results for the basalts analysed. After unsupervised classification of this final PCA s RGB composite, it is obtained that the basalts cover an area of hectar totally at their location in Kula. 77

78 ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL MODELING OF TRACER FLOW IN OIL RESERVOIRS CONTAINING HIGH PERMEABILITY STREAKS I.KOCABAS,F. MAIER Izmir Katip Celebi University Ibrahim.kocabas@ikc.edu.tr Tracer testing is a powerful tool for reservoir description and evaluation at every stage of the productive life of a reservoir. Specially at the final stage of developing a reservoir block, determining the existence of high permeability streaks and the distribution of oil saturation may benefit greatly from tracer testing. In addition, tracer tests can help identify the existence and scale of preferential flow paths and how their dispersion characteristics would influence the performance of a chemical/miscible displacement process. In this work, we present an analytical and numerical model for the transport of tracer in oil reservoirs containing a high permeability streak. The new analytical model is aimed to (1) aid in the interpretation of tracer tests in reservoirs with high permeability streaks, (2) provide a better insight into the mechanisms of tracer/eor fluids transport in oil reservoirs, (3) understand the role of input parameters, and (3) provide a useful benchmark for numerical simulators. The model is validated by a numerical simulator COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3 which employs finite element technique. For the time dependent study emply the Subsurface Flow Module of COMSOL Multiphysics. The biggest advantage of COMSOL Multiphysics is its ability to easily couple the fluid flow and solute transport equations.the new analytical model is distinguished with its ability to account for finite longitudinal and transversal tracer dispersions in the high permeability streak and the tracer loss into the bounding low permeability layers. Thus, being possibly the most comprehensive exact analytical unsteady two dimensional tracer transport model, it exhibits the roles of both boundary conditions and fluid mechanics controls simultaneously. The previous analytical models are basically two coupled one dimensional models and assume either boundary conditions or fluid mechanics controls dominate. Intuitively, one would expect that the coupled one dimensional analytical solutions may be appropriate for the systems with a large aspect ratio defined as the ratio of the length of high permeability zone to its half-width. In this work, however, we demonstrate that the parameter which controls the applicability of one dimensional models is the square root of ratio of the two characteristic times of longitudinal and transverse dispersion. The same results are found using the numerical model where we have compared the solutions for the cases of coupling two one dimensional solutions and coupling two dimensional transport in the high permeability streak and one dimensional transport in the low permeability matrix. Thus, while we have validated the analytical solution with a finite element simulator, the analytical solution in turn provided an advanced benchmark free of numerical dispersion and unphysical oscillations in two-dimensional domains for numerical models. The nonlinear regression programs coded in MATLAB are employed to interpret the tracer return profiles, and hence, to be able to estimate the models parameters along with related confidence intervals. 78

79 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES RELATING TO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN TURKEY Hüseyin SERENCAM Bayburt University h.serencam@hotmail.com The human induced climate change is the most serious and difficult environmental issue to manage that has emerged in the recent decades. The complexity of this problem lies in the fact that if the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations continue in an uncontrolled manner. Greenhouse gas emisions of Turkey has increased from 187 Mtoe to 401,9 Mtoe CO2 equivalent during the period and revealed an increase by 115%. The highest share among Greenhouse Gases belongs to CO2 with 80% percentage (Table 1). Accessible energy for all it is necessary to make basic and affordable energy services available using a wide spectrum of energy resources and innovative conversion technologies as well as keeping GHG emissions, adverse effects on human health, and other local and regional environmental impacts as low as possible. It is clear that collaboration of government, the global energy industry and society as a whole at an unprecedented scale is necessary to be able to accomplish this goal. In order to achieve optimum integration of energy sustainability with more efficient energy systems the most appropriate methods should be used. Wide range of energy sources and carriers that provide energy services as a sustainable manner need to offer long-term security of supply, be affordable and have minimal impact on the environment. ARGININE-BASED SENSOR FOR FLUOROMETRIC QUANTIFICATION OF ZINC IONS IN WATER Soleiman HISAINDEE, Khadega AL-MAQDI, Mohammad KHASAWNEH UAEU soleiman.hisaindee@uaeu.ac.ae Pollution of water bodies is of increasing concern to the public at large. Zinc is an essential trace element which is critical in many biological systems. However large concentration of the element is deleterious to the environment. We have synthesized an arginine derivative of salicylaldehyde (SAL-ARG) which can be used as a zinc ion sensor. SAL-ARG was found to have a high selectivity for zinc ions with simultaneous enhancement of fluorescence in aqueous buffer solution. The stoichiometry of the Zn2+-SAL-ARG complex was determined to be 1:1. The fluorescence of the complex is not affected by common anions and Zn2+ binds preferentially to SAL-ARG in the presence of alkali, alkaline earth and heavy metal cations (Hg2+, Cd2+, Cr3+ and Ni2+). The limit of detection was found to be 7ug Zn2+/L. Furthermore, the fluorescence of the Zn2+/SAL-ARG was enhanced ~ three folds in 3:1 ethanol-water as compared to water. 79

80 THERMOECONOMIC ANALYSES OF ABSORPTION CYCLES DRIVEN BY WASTE HEAT Rabi KARAALI Uğur ÇAKIR Bayburt University ucakir@bayburt.edu.tr Absorption cycles can be driven by waste thermal energy from industrial processes, geothermal and solar energy. Working fluids of absorption cycles are harmless, they do not cause ozone depletion thus they can be said to be environment friendly. In this study, thermodynamic properties such as temperature, pressure, enthalpy, entropy, mass flow rate in each stream are calculated by special software. Absorption cycles are thermodynamically modeled and analyzed by using first and second law of thermodynamics and exergy analyses method. Exergy losses of each component, the coefficient of performance (COP) and the exergetic efficiency are calculated. In addition, thermoeconomic analysis is carried out by using equipment cost equations updated by the authors with CEPCI index. For all analyses, a computer program is used that prepared in FORTRAN by the authors. 80

81 EVALUATION AND RECYCLING OF SCRAP TIRES Mustafa OZER, Fırat BURAT, Barış KALEBEK, Fatma ARSLAN Istanbul Technical University, Turkey "The world's population, and consequently the rise of production cause a steady increase in amount of industrial wastes. Therefore, both environmental and economic terms, it is a crucial element in the evaluation of these wastes. In worldwide, the amount of scrap tires in each year reaches about 13.5 million tones and this waste is a potential for major industries. The annual amount of scrap tires is 5,17 million tons in the USA, 3,27 million tons in Europe, 1 million tons in Japan and tons in Turkey. These scrap tires especially creates storage and health problems. Additionally, uncontrollable fires may also occur in large stacks of scrap tires and it creates air pollution and significant economic losses. Considering the negative effects the environmental impact of the disposal of these wastes must be eliminated and find solutions to provide economic benefits. The USA has the most considerable scrap tires potential in the world and 84% of disposed tires are recycled in each year. Most of the recycled tires were used to make fuel for industries such as pulp and paper mills, cement kilns, and electric utilities. Ground rubber, which is used for sports surfacing, asphalt, playgrounds, and other molded products, is the second largest use of recycled tires. In Turkey, the recycling and the evaluation of scrap tires which were not considered in past has gained importance today. This re-use of waste-related applications is increasing every day, but not sufficient. Structural characteristics and potential of waste tires in the world and Turkey, the recycling methods and alternative area of usage are the contents of this paper. Methyl tert-butyl ether is a commonly used fuel oxygenate present in gasoline. It was introduced to eliminate the use of leaded gasoline and improve its octane quality as it aids complete combustion of fuel by supplying oxygen during the combustion process. In the last one decade, the use of MTBE tremendously increased worldwide. Due to obvious reasons of accidental spillage, it started to appear in the environment and threatening human health because of its non-biodegradable nature and carcinogenic potential respectively. In the present work, we have degraded MTBE with the help advance oxidation process by the use of zinc oxide as photocatalyst in the presence of visible light. The addition of 200 mg zinc oxide in 50 ppm of MTBE aqueous solution and radiating the said solution with visible light for a period of nine hours complete degradation was recorded, while in 100 ppm MTBE solution approximately 99% photocatalytic degradation of MTBE was observed. Our results are very promising under visible light irradiation which could be further explored for the degradation of several non-degradable environmental pollutants. HERBAL SOLUTION AGAINST MAIZE WEEVIL Bugrahan EMSEN Erol YILDIRIM, Saban KORDALI bugrahanemsen@gmail.com Essential oils obtained from five different plant species (Achillea biserrata M. Bieb., Achillea coarctata Poir., Achillea gypsicola Hub-Mor., Artemisia santonicum L. and Hypericum perforatum L.) were tested against adults of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. The results clarified that essential oils of collected plants had highest insecticidal effects on S. zeamais adults, compared with the control. Mortality rate of S. zeamais adults increased significantly (p < 0.01), as the dosage level and/or exposure time increased. Treatments with the essential oils showed high levels of mortalities of S. zeamais adults, when they were applied at the higher tested concentrations (10 & 20 µl) at all post treatment periods or at a moderate concentration (5 µl) with long exposure period (48th or 96th h). Mortality percentages of S. zeamais adults, after 96th h of exposure at the maximum dose (20 µl essential oil) of A. biserrata, A. coarctata, A. gypsicola, A. santonicum and H. perforatum attained 100%. No mortality was recorded in the control. Essential oils of A. biserrata, A. coarctata, A. gypsicola, A. santonicum and H. perforatum possess the most effective fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais adults with LD50 values of 1.506, 2.431, 0.121, and µl, respectively. 81

82 RADIOACTIVITY CONCENTRATIONS AND DOSE ASSESSMENT FOR SOIL SAMPLES OF KARADAĞ MOUNTAIN Osman AĞAR, Mehmet Emin KORKMAZ, İsmail BOZTOSUN Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Turkey osmanagar@windowslive.com The natural radiactivity levels in soil samples of Karadağ Mountain in Central Anatolia Region have been determined. Analysis on the collected samples were carried out to determine environmental radioactivity using gamma spectrometry operated on Canberra vertical purity 3" x 3" NaI(Tl) detector. The activity concentrations obtained for 238U-series (226Ra, 214Pb, 214Bi), 232Th-serie (228Ac), 40K and fission product 137Cs are given in the unit of Bg/kg. The measured activity concentrations were compared with reported data in the literature from some of the other location in the world. To determinate the radiological hazard of the natural and artificial radioactivity in soil samples, the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), the absorbed dose rate (D), the annual effective dose and the external hazard index (Hex) for the soil samples of the study area have been calculated. DETERMINATION OF SOME METAL LEVELS IN DIFFERENT TISSUES OF CAPOETA UMBLA (HECKEL, 1843) ROM ÇAT AND SÜRGÜ DAM LAKES, TURKEY F Mahmut DAĞLI Inonu University, Turkey mahmut.dagli@inonu.edu.tr, In this study, it was aimed to determine the levels of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), lityum (Li), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), alüminyum (Al), cadmium (Cd), bor (B), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K) in muscle, liver and kidney tissues of Capoeta umbla (Heckel, 1843) caught in Çat Dam Lake (Adıyaman, Çelikhan) and Sürgü Dam Lake (Sürgü, Malatya). A microwave digestion system was used to prepare the samples for analysis. Element concentrations was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). As highest mineral and heavy metal levels in all tissues of the fish caught in the two dam lakes were found K and Ca, Fe and Zn, respectively. 82

83 RADIATION INDUCED GRAFTING AND POLYMERIZATION FOR THE PREPARATION ATRAZINE IMPRINTED POLYMERS Meshude Akbulut SÖYLEMEZ, Olgun GÜVEN Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Turkey Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are used in a wide range of applications such as chromatography, sensing systems, solid-phase extraction (SPE) as recognition materials for various template molecules like pesticides, herbicides, amino acids, proteins and drugs due to properties like specific selectivity, easy preparation, high chemical and physical stability. Triazine group compounds are well known and widely used herbicides to improve the yield and quality of the products in agriculture. Besides their benefits, these compounds and their derivatives are major source of contaminations in ground water, soil and some organisms. The widely used member of this family is atrazine due to its price and better efficiency. The long term uses of atrazine causes an accumulation in water and soil which results in potential health problems such as cancer, weight loss, birth defects and disorder in hormone functionality [1]. In order to control and minimize the effects of this compound on human health and environment development of an easy and reliable analysis method has been a very important issue. In this study atrazine imprinted polymers were prepared by using different methods such as precipitation polymerization, in-situ polymerization and grafting onto PE/PP non-woven fabrics via gamma irradiation. Methacrylic acid was selected as functional monomer [2] and functional monomer/template molecule ratio was kept as 2/1 [3]. These imprinted polymers were characterized by using different methods. In the AFM (atomic force microscopy) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analyses, it was observed that the presence of template molecule imparts homogenity to the topology of imprinted membranes. In the positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) analysis it was found that presence of atrazine causes a decrease in the size distribution of free volume holes while an increase in the size of holes in the matrix. Binding characteristics were investigated as a function of various factors such as concentration of template molecule, ph and time. Finally specific binding experiments were carried out for atrazine imprinted polymers using molecules with similiar chemical structures, namely simazine and metribuzine. While the lowest selectivity coefficients were determined for imprinted micro spheres, it was seen that atrazine imprinted polymers grafted onto PE/PP non-woven fabrics presented the highest selectivity for atrazine with selectivity coefficients of 2.11 and 2.28 times higher compared to those for simazine and metribuzine, respectively. AMONIA AND ETHYLENE ADSORPTION KINETICS OF SOME POROUS NATURAL EARTH MINERALS Salih OKUR, Abdullah BAYRAM Izmir Katip Çelebi University okursalih2@gmail.com In this study, some minerals such as zeolite, bentonite, pumice, and sepiolite were used for investigation of their NH3 and ethylene gas sensing properties. Mineralogical characterization of these minerals was carried out by different methods like X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM and EDS). In addition, their gas sensing properties were analyzed by using different gases such as ethylene (C2H4), NH3, CO2. The results revealed that the minerals can be used as gas adsorbing materials. 83

84 ETHYLENEDIAMINE (EDA) MODIFIED POLY(GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE) (PGMA) GRAFTED PE/PP NONWOVEN FABRICS FOR THE REMOVAL OF CR(VI) IONS FROM AQUEOUS MEDIA Cengiz KAVAKLI, Murat BARSBAY, Pınar Akkaş KAVAKLI, Olgun GÜVEN Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey mbarsbay@hacettepe.edu.tr Nonwoven fabrics are defined as web-like materials made from long fibers, bonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat or solvent treatment. They are porous materials with great potential for use in separation and purification of a large range of materials like metal ions and toxic anions. Radiation-induced graft polymerization is a facile and efficient way to introduce many kinds of new functionalities to various base materials without jeopardizing the inherent characteristics [1, 2]. It is an excellent method for the creation of high-functional materials. (a) (b) (b) PE/PP Nonwoven fabric Scheme 1. (a) SEM image showing the great surface area of PE/PP nonwoven fabrics, (b) illustration of PGMA grafted and EDA modified PE/PP fabrics. The primary objective of this study is to remove Cr(VI) ions from aqueous media. For this purpose, radiation-induced grafting of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was first achieved using electron beam irradiation. The PGMA grafted fabrics with 150% graft ratio (w/w) were later modified with ethylenediamine (EDA) in isopropyl alcohol (%70 w/v) at 70 o C. The EDA modified fabrics were then used for the removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous media. Effects of ph and Cr(VI) ion concentration on adsorption have been investigated. The PGMA grafted, EDA modified and Cr(VI) adsorbed samples were characterized with ATR-FTIR, XPS and SEM methods. References Akkaş Kavaklı P., Güven O., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 93, M. Barsbay, O. Güven, Polymer, 2013, in print, DOI: /j.polymer