Media analysis: Tysabri case study
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1 Media analysis: Tysabri case study Lisa M. Schwartz, MD, MS Steven Woloshin, MD, MS Rebecca English, MPH, Program officer, IOM Ellen Kimmel, Medical librarian, IOM The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH
2 Media coverage of Tysabri To describe media coverage of selected milestones in the Tysabri saga --from approval through availability of improved PML risk prediction. Compare FDA press releases and news stories on presentation of drug benefits, harms and uncertainties (stemming from accelerated approval and the risk of PML).
3 Media coverage How much coverage? Major newspapers, National radio & TV transcripts Lexis-Nexis and Proquest searches for "Tysabri" or "natalizumab" for 2 months after 6 milestones 559 stories
4 News coverage of Tysabri saga Number of news stories (print, national tv/radio)* Tysabri approved Tysabri withdrawn after 2 PML cases Advisory Committee votes for remarketing (with restricted distribution) FDA approves remarketing (TOUCH program) First 2 PML cases after remarketing (patients on monotherapy) FDA announces virus test for better PML risk prections
5 Media coverage How much coverage? Major newspapers, National radio & TV transcripts Lexis-Nexis and Proquest searches for "Tysabri" or "natalizumab" for 2 months after 6 milestones (or FDA press release) 559 stories What did the media report? Top 20 circulation US newspapers 96 stories Too short (<100 words) Milestone NOT main focus Pure business or stock news 76 stories
6 Structured coding scheme Benefit: Magnitude, uncertainty Sources quoted or mentioned Harm: Others, PML, uncertainty Overall impression
7 "Top 20" US print news stories Number Newspaper section of stories News or Health Business Op-Ed Approval 5 80% 20% 0% Withdrawal after PML 30 47% 50% 3% Advisory committee votes for remarketing FDA approves remarketing 2 PML cases after remarketing Better PML risk prediction 24 63% 33% 4% 7 29% 57% 14% 4 0% 100% 0% 0
8 FDA press release about Tysabri approval "This innovative treatment for multiple sclerosis represents a new approach to treating MS -- exciting news for patients with this serious disease..while we eagerly await long-term results from ongoing clinical trials, we have reason to believe that Tysabri will significantly reduce relapses in MS
9 FDA press release about Tysabri approval Enthusiasm without any reminder about uncertainty inherent with all new drugs given limited track record "This innovative treatment for multiple sclerosis represents a new approach to treating MS -- exciting news for patients with this serious disease..while we eagerly await long-term results from ongoing clinical trials, we have reason to believe that Tysabri will significantly reduce relapses in MS
10 FDA press release Tysabri approval "This innovative treatment for multiple sclerosis represents a new approach to treating MS -- exciting news for patients with this serious disease..while we eagerly await long-term results from ongoing clinical trials, we have reason to believe that Tysabri will significantly reduce relapses in MS The approval of Tysabri is based on positive results seen in patients after one year of treatment. This product received accelerated approval because it appears to provide substantial benefit for patients with a serious disease. As part of that approval, the manufacturer has committed to continuing its trials of this product for another year
11 FDA press release about approval of Tysabri "This innovative treatment for multiple sclerosis represents a new approach to treating MS -- exciting news for patients with this serious disease..while we eagerly await long-term results from ongoing clinical trials, we have reason to believe that Tysabri will significantly No explanation that all previous MS drugs approved on 2 year results reduce relapses in MS The approval of Tysabri is based on positive results seen in patients after one year of treatment. This product received accelerated approval because it appears to provide substantial benefit for patients with a serious disease. As part of that approval, the manufacturer has committed to continuing its trials of this product for another year No acknowledgment that Tysabri s effect on disability progression unknown (and basis of post-marketing requirement)
12 FDA press release about Tysabri approval Tysabri was evaluated for safety and efficacy in two ongoing randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialsin patients with relapsing forms of MS. In the first clinical trial of the product's safety and efficacy, the drug reduced the frequency of relapses by 66 percent relative to placebo
13 FDA press release about Tysabri approval Tysabri was evaluated for safety and efficacy in two ongoing randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialsin patients with relapsing forms of MS. In the first clinical trial of the product's safety and efficacy, the drug reduced the frequency of relapses by 66 percent relative to placebo Relative changes without base rate exaggerate perceived benefit
14 Tysabri (natalizumab) monotherapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis Study Findings 942 people with relapsing multiple sclerosis who had at least 1 relapse in the past year were randomized to TYSABRI or PLACEBO for 2 years. Here's what happened at the end of 1 year: How did Tysabri help? One-year relapse rate (4.9 fewer relapse per 100 people) TYSABRI (300mg IV every 4 weeks) 2.5 relapses per 100 people PLACEBO 7.4 relapses per 100 people Percent of people with no relapses (23% more had no relapses) 76% 53% Change in disability Unknown
15 What did the newspapers say at approval? Accelerated approval=uncertainty Accelerated approval= promise Effect on disability unknown 0 Benefit described with... Miracle language Any numbers Relapses in Tysabri and placebo Relative change in relapses We see this as the first great new hope for those people with MS who have been on one of these [other MS drugs] and fallen through" -- New York Times Benefit compared to other drugs Harms compared to other drugs Number of news stories with attribute
16 Identify medical journal articles that generated news coverage Medical journal press release The news
17 Main result quantified in news story Press release DIDN T quantify main result Press release DID quantify main result 31% 61% Harms mentioned in news story Press release DIDN T mention harms Press release DID mention harms 24% 68% Any limitation mentioned in news story Press release DIDN T mention limitation Press release DID mention limitation 16% 48% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
18 FDA press release about Tysabri withdrawal During the review of Tysabri for marketing approval, FDA conducted an intensive analysis of possible adverse events that might be related to effects of the drug on the immune system. No cases of PML were seen in the clinical trials. However, for any approved therapy, new and unexpected adverse events may occur that were not seen in clinical trials.
19 FDA press release about Tysabri withdrawal During the review of Tysabri for marketing approval, FDA conducted an intensive analysis of possible adverse events that might be related to effects of the drug on the immune system. No cases of PML were seen in the clinical trials. However, for any approved therapy, new and unexpected adverse events may occur that were not seen in clinical trials. Great new warning! Probably more effective at approval than when the new, unexpected harm like PML - happens.
20 The PML story PML Facts Risk Risk Factors Withdrawal after PML?????? Cases PML News Coverage RIsk Risk factors 100% 57% TOUCH Advisory committee votes for remarketing Quantified?? 96% 38% 21% 67% FDA approves remarketing Quantified? 57% 29% 14% 71% 2 PML cases after remarketing Quantied?? 75% 50% 14% 71%
21 Limitations We have not formally assessed reliability of coding given short time frame for project. Detailed content analysis limited to major newspapers Best case scenario (i.e., likely to be highest quality coverage) Findings need to be interpreted with caution because some milestone events generated limited high-profile news coverage Extending analysis to all news coverage will increase sample size
22 Take-home messages Media lost interest when became story of reduced uncertainty More coverage of events like virus test for better risk prediction would help doctors and patients understand safer use of drug. Accelerated approval interpreted as "extra promise" not "extra uncertainty" Explicit acknowledgment and explanation of the reasons for conditional approval at the beginning could balance perceptions. Coverage reflects general problems with media Overly enthusiastic early on about benefit (anecdote miracle language, exaggerates statistics) and too quite about harm or uncertainty. FDA could help by being more proactive Better press releases could help journalists do a better job by quantifying benefits and harms with absolute numbers and highlighting uncertainties about all new drugs.
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