4/15/2013. bi/o carcin/ chem/o immun/o onc/o radi/o sarc/o. anabrachydysectoendoneo- -ectomy -genesis -oma -plasia -sarcoma

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1 Chapter Sixteen Oncology bi/o carcin/ chem/o immun/o onc/o radi/o sarc/o Combining Forms Prefixes and Suffixes Carcinogenesis anabrachydysectoendoneo- -ectomy -genesis -oma -plasia -sarcoma Causes of cancer Environmental Pathogens Genetics Normal Cell Growth vs. Oncogenesis Apoptosis Oncogenesis Apoptosis 1

2 Hyperplasia Cancer Metastasis Skin cancer Metastasis Comparison of Benign and Malignant Tumors Benign vs. malignant Mode of growth Cells under microscopic examination Spread Other properties Recurrence Pathogenesis Staging and Grading Staging Clinical vs. pathologic Grading Dedifferentiation/ anaplasia (plas/o) Colon cancer staging Anorexia Pathology: Signs and Symptoms Bruising Leukocytosis Fatigue Cachexia Thrombocytopenia Musculoskeletal Benign Osteoma Chondroma Rhabdomyoma Osteosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Ewing sarcoma 2

3 Integumentary Dermatofibroma Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma Kaposi sarcoma Gastrointestinal Leiomyoma Polyps Gastric adenoma Adenocarcinoma of esophagus, stomach, pancreas, colon, and/ or rectum Urinary Nephroma Hypernephroma Wilms tumor Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder Male reproductive Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) Adenocarcinoma of the prostate Seminoma Female reproductive Fibrocystic changes in the breast Fibroids/leiomyomas Ovarian cysts Infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma of the breast Stromal endometrial carcinoma Epithelial ovarian carcinoma Blood/lymphatic/immune Thymoma Leukemia Hodgkin lymphoma Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Malignant thymoma Multiple myeloma 3

4 Cardiovascular Benign Hemangioma Atrial myxoma Hemangiosarcoma Cardiac myxosarcoma Respiratory Mucous gland adenoma Papilloma Pulmonary hamartoma Non-small cell carcinoma Mesothelioma Small cell carcinoma Nervous Meningioma Neuroma Neurofibroma Astrocytoma Medulloblastoma Neuroblastoma Endocrine Pheochromocytoma Prolactinoma Thymoma Thyroid carcinoma Islet cell carcinoma Malignant thymoma Eyes and ears Acoustic neuroma Ceruminoma Cholesteatoma Retinoblastoma Intraocular melanoma Pediatrics Wilms tumor ALL Retinoblastoma Ewing sarcoma Geriatrics Lung Prostate Breast Colon Skin Age Matters 4

5 Diagnostic Procedures Diagnostic Procedures: Tumor Markers Patient history Tumor markers Biopsies Imaging Self-detection AFP CA 125 CA 15-3 CA 19-9 CA CEA hcg LDH NSE PAP PSA Diagnostic Imaging Radiography Mammograms Computed tomography (CT) scans Diagnostic Imaging Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Nuclear scans PET SPECT Liver biopsy Diagnostic Procedures: Self- Detection Caution C Change in bowel or bladder habits A A sore that does not heal U Unusual bleeding or discharge T Thickening or lump in the breast, testicle, or elsewhere I Indigestion or difficulty swallowing O Obvious change in the size, shape, color, or thickness of a wart, moles or mouth sore N Nagging cough or hoarseness Diagnostic Procedures: Self-Detection Skin cancer ABCDE Rule A for asymmetry B for border C for color D for diameter E for elevation 5

6 Therapeutic Interventions: Surgery Lumpectomy Simple mastectomy En bloc resection Radical mastectomy Lymph node dissection Lymph node mapping Sentinel nodes Margins Therapeutic Interventions: Radiotherapy Radiation Brachytherapy Brachytherapy Therapeutic Interventions: Systemic Therapy Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Bone marrow transplant (BMT) Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) techniques 6

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