INDEX. in this web service Cambridge University Press. References to Figures are in bold.
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1 References to Figures are in bold. AAH (atypical adenomatous hyperplasia) abscesses 33, 35 amebic 48 ACC (adenoid cystic carcinoma) 179, , 180, 181 acinar adenocarcinoma moderately differentiated 128 well-differentiated 127 Actinomyces spp , 38 adenocarcinoma 10, 11, 122 AAH acinar , 127, 128 BAC 10, 11 mucinous , 133 non-mucinous , 126 classification 123, 131, 138 clear cell , 131 diagnosis cytogenetics 122, 124, cytology differentials 95, 96, , 159, , immunocyto/histochemistry 10, 104, 124, 263, , 265, 273, 274, 275 radiology enteric form 190 grading metastatic immunocytochemistry 178, , necrotic 190, 190 with papillary architecture 191, 192 signet ring , 192 with micropapillary component , 136 mucin-producing 122, 131, 269 BAC , 133 mucinous (colloid) , 134 signet ring cell carcinoma , 135, , 192 solid adenocarcinoma with focal mucin , 132 pancreatic 141, 141, 269 papillary type type poorly differentiated 104, 159 pseudomesotheliomatous 137, , 139, 196 WDFA , 176 adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) 179, , 180, 181 adenosquamous carcinoma 139, adenovirus adequacy of specimens 6 7, 35 36, 63 adult respiratory distress syndrome see diffuse alveolar damage AEC (3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole) 262, 262 air-dried cells 106, 259 Alternaria spp , 49, 64 contamination with 65 alveolar filling type of squamous cell carcinoma 100 alveolar hemorrhagic syndrome 95 96, 95 alveolar proteinosis alveolar sacs, normal 21 amebiasis 48 49, 48 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (AEC) 262, 262 amiodarone 66, 67 amyloidoma 91 92, 91 anaplastic large cell lymphoma 14, 215, 217 angiosarcoma , anisokaryosis/anisonucleosis 238, 240 antibodies used in immunocytology 260, 261 antigen retrieval 261, 261 Antoni A and Antoni B areas 235 asbestos bodies 63, 64 Askin tumor (PNET) , 178, 185, , 247, Aspergillus spp. 35, 37, 54, calcium oxalate crystals 64 aspiration pneumonia 64, aspiration pneumonitis 68 asthma, Creola bodies 64, 65 atypia, definition 6 atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) atypical carcinoid tumors 12 13, , , 159, avidin/biotin detection systems 262 Azzopardi phenomenon 12, 154 B cells 27, 28 BAC see bronchioloalveolar carcinoma bacterial infections 34, 36 42, 61, 228 BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) 3 4, 7, 8, 32, 189 basaloid carcinoma , 110, 159 basaloid squamous cell carcinoma 104, 161, 265 benign lesions 14 15, 75, 76, 80 see also individual conditions bevacizumab (Avastin) 100 biopsy 9 see also individual procedures Birbeck granules 182 Blastomyces dermatitidis 51, 56 breast carcinoma, metastatic 192, 192, , 266, 267 bronchial anatomy 21 bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) 22 bronchial washing/brushing 3, 7 8 bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) 96 98, 97 bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) 10, 11 mucin-producing , 133 non-mucinous , 126 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 3 4, 7, 8, 32, 189 bronchogenic carcinoma 184 bronchogenic cysts 17, 70 71, 72, 202, 203, 228, 230 bronchoscopy 1 calcifications 65, 65, 76 calcium oxalate crystals 64, 64 calretinin 169, 274 Candida spp. 51, 53 54, 54 capillary wedge sampling 6 capsule deficient C. neoformans (CDCrN) carcinoid tumors 12 13, 13, , , 160, atypical , , 159, differential diagnosis 156, 159, 184, 206 metastatic vs. primary 271 carcinosarcoma 115, 175 Castleman s disease 29, 214, 214 CD antibodies 260 CD34 82, 171 CD , 269 CDX2 196, 271 cell blocks 3, 5 6, 259 BOOP metastatic disease 189 centroblasts 28 Charcot-Leyden crystals 63 64, 64 chemotherapy, effects of 65 66, 66, , 105 children see pediatric disease chondrosarcoma, mediastinal , 252 myxoid
2 chordoma, mediastinal , 253 choriocarcinoma 213 chromogranin 150, 150, 153, 269, 269 chromosomal translocations/deletions see cytogenetics ciliated bronchial cells 7, 22, 23 ciliocytophthoria 42 CK5/6 104, , CK7/CK20 profiles in adenocarcinoma 124, , 265, 266, 266 CK7+/CK CK7+/CK CK7 /CK CK7 /CK CK-34βE12 264, 265 Clara cells 126 clear cell adenocarcinoma , 131 clear cell carcinoma , 113 metastatic 184, , 191 clear cell sugar tumor (CCST) (PEComa) 14, 86 88, , 276 variations in nuclear atypia Coccidioides spp. 51, 57 58, coin lesions 81 colorectal cancer, metastatic 190, 190, 196, , 267, 268 congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) 69 70, 71 contaminated specimens 22, Creola bodies 64, 65 Cryptococcus spp. 51, 54 56, 55 CT (computed tomography) 227 Curschmann s spirals 63, 64 cystic lesions mediastinal 17, bronchogenic 17, 70 71, 72, 202, 203, 228, 230 esophageal gastroenteric parathyroid 17, , 204, 224, 276 pericardial 17, 203, thymic , 210 pulmonary CCAM 69 70, 71 echinococcal 33, 35, cytogenetics adenocarcinoma 122 mesothelioma 169 PNET , 247 sarcomatoid carcinoma small cell carcinoma 153 synovial sarcoma 173 cytokeratins 264, 265, 272 CK5/6 104, , CK-34βE12 264, 265 see also CK7/CK20 profiles in adenocarcinoma cytology, overview 2 9 cytomegalovirus (CMV) 42 43, 43 cytoplasmic globules 155, 157 D2-40 (podoplanin) 169 desmin 174, 275 desmoplastic mesothelioma 16, 171 desquamative interstitial pneumonia 182 diagnostic performance 7 9, , 194, 214, 261 Diff-Quik stain 106, diffuse alveolar damage 72 73, 75, 76 Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) drug-induced effects 65 66, 66, , 105 EBUS see endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration Echinococcus spp. 33, 35, 47 48, 47 EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) 122, 124, 277 elastin fibers 64 EMA (epithelial membrane antigen) 272, 273, 275 embryonal carcinoma , 213, 276 endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EBUS) 1, 4, 8, 229 endometriosis, thoracic 74 75, 75 Entamoeba histolytica 48 49, 48 eosinophilia, in parasite infections 45 eosinophilic granuloma see Langerhans cell histiocytosis eosinophilic pneumonia 182 epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 122, 124, 277 epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) 272, 273, 275 epithelioid angiosarcoma 220, 220, 221 epithelioid hemangioendothelioma epithelioid mesothelioma 16, 17, 168, 169 Epstein-Barr viral marker (EBER) 111 esophageal adenocarcinoma 267 esophageal cysts extramedullary hematopoiesis 73, 74 ferruginous bodies 63 fibrosarcoma 173 fine needle aspiration (FNA) 4 6 in adenocarcinoma 123, 124 adequacy 6, 7 complications 5, 124 diagnostic accuracy 8 9, 194, 214 mediastinal 229 for metastatic disease 189 fixation methods 3, 259 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) 6, 277 FNA see fine needle aspiration foamy alveolar casts (P. jiroveci) 50 follicular dendritic cell (FDC) tumors , 224 Fontana-Masson stain 56 fungal infections 49 61, 228 Fusarium spp. 59 ganglion cells 30, 31, 237, 238 ganglioneuroblastoma 244, ganglioneuroma , 237 gastric adenocarcinoma, metastatic 192, 267 gastroenteric cysts gastrointestinal stromal tumors 277 germ cell tumors (GCT), mediastinal 18, 210, 276 choriocarcinoma 213 embryonal carcinoma , 213, 276 seminoma 18, 18, , 211, 217, 276 teratoma 17, yolk sac 212, 212 germinal centers 27, 28 giant cell carcinoma , 117 glycogen 112 goblet cell mucinous carcinoma , 134 goblet cells 22 goiter 203, 203 granular cell tumors 85 86, 88, , 236 granulocytic sarcoma 18, 273 granuloma sarcoid 15 sarcoidosis 14 15, 15, 92 93, 92 tuberculous 15, 40 Wegener s granulomatosis 93, 93, 94 hamartoma 14, 80 81, Hampton hump 67 Hassall s corpuscles 27 heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) helminthic infections hemangioendothelioma hemangioma 219, 219 hemangiopericytoma-like (HPC-like) vessels 171, 172 hematopoiesis, extramedullary 73, 74 hematopoietic cell markers hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) 66 67, 66 hemosiderin-laden macrophages 66 67, 95 hepatocellular carcinoma, metastatic 193, 193, 264 herpes simplex virus (HSV) 43, 44 with co-existing small cell carcinoma 37, mimicking squamous cell carcinoma 105 histiocytosis LCH 15, 16, , 181, 182, 183, 186 sinus histiocytosis 29 SHML Histoplasma capsulatum 35, 51, 52 HMB45 14, 270, 272 Hodgkin lymphoma 14, 18, 183, , Reed-Sternberg cells , 215 HSV see herpes simplex virus human papilloma virus (HPV) 84 Hürthle cell tumors 203, 204 hydatid disease 33, 35, 47 48, 47 iatrogenic effects post-transplant 66 67, 66 radio/chemotherapy 65 66, 66, , 105 immunocompromised patients (ICPs) BAL in 8, 32 infections in 32, 36, 49, immunocyto/histochemistry (general) control slides 261, , 262, 263 poorly differentiated tumors 104, technical aspects utility 258 in situ squamous cell carcinoma , 101, 102 infarctions, pulmonary 67 infections 6, 32, 35 bacterial 34, 36 42, 61, 228 diagnosis 32, 33 36, 37 38, 42, 45, 49 fungal 49 61,
3 in ICPs 32, 36, 49, mediastinal 32, 33, 228 notifiable diseases 36 parasitic 33, 35, radiography 36 sample processing 3, 33 sampling methods 32 33, 37 viral 42 45, 61 62, 84 inflammatory pseudotumor 94 95, 94, 275 influenza KRAS oncogene 122, 277 Kulchitsky (K) cells 145 Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) 15, 16, , 181, 182, 183, 186 large B-cell lymphoma 215, , large cell carcinoma 10 11, 12, , 109 basaloid , 110, 159 lymphoepithelioma-like 111, 112, 209 neuroendocrine 11 12, , rhabdoid , 114 see also clear cell carcinoma LCH see Langerhans cell histiocytosis Legionella spp. 41 leiomyosarcoma mediastinal 248, 249, 250 metastatic 194, 275 pulmonary 171, , 174 lipid-laden macrophage index (LLMI) 68 lipoid pneumonia 68, 69 lipoma 218, 219 liposarcoma 221, 222 lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) see infections lung anatomy 21 classification of tumors 10 normal histology/cytology lymphangioma 219 lymphatic system lymph nodes 7, 27 28, 29 lymphoblastic lymphoma (ALL) 179, , 217, 218 lymphocytes lymph node 7, 28 mimicking small cell carcinoma 156 thymic 27, 206 lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma 111, 112 thymus 209 lymphohistiocytosis type lymphoma lung markers mediastinal 18, , 272 anaplastic large cell 14, 215, 217 large B-cell 215, , lymphoblastic 179, , 217, 218 see also Hodgkin lymphoma metastatic mimicking other tumors 156, 179 macrophages alveolar 22 in BAL samples 7 hemosiderin-laden 66 67, 95 lipid-laden 68 lymph node 28 in sputum samples 6 7 see also histiocytosis magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 227 malignant mesothelioma (MM) see mesothelioma malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) 18 19, 171, 173, anaplastic type 242 spindle cell type 241 measles virus 44 MEC (mucoepidermoid carcinoma) , 181, 185 mediastinitis 33, 36 acute (bacterial) 32, 36 37, 53, 228 chronic 35, 228 mediastinum anatomy 25 26, 28 29, 227 cytology 202, 228 lesions occurring in 202, 205, 227, 232 radiology 227 see also individual conditions megakaryocytes 73 melanoma 183, 184, 195, 196, 196 immunocytochemistry , 272 spindle cell 194, 243, , 255 melanotic schwannoma , 243 meningioma 89 91, 91, 276 Merkel cell carcinoma 271 mesenchymal tumors 273, mesothelioma 15 16, , 169 differential diagnosis 137, , , 171, 173, 174 immunocyto/histochemistry 16, 169, 273, , 274 see also asbestos bodies mesothelium exfoliated cells 25 hyperplasia pericardial 30, 31 pleural 24, 169 immunomarkers 24, 137 normal 22 25, 24 metastatic disease 13, adenocarcinoma immunocytochemistry 178, , necrotic 190, 190 with papillary architecture 191, 192 signet ring , 192 breast carcinoma 192, , 266, 267 clear cell carcinoma 184, , 191 colorectal cancer 190, 190, , 267, 268 cytology head and neck squamous cell carcinoma 161, 265 hepatocellular carcinoma 193, 193, 264 immunocyto/histochemistry 178, , 263, , 271, 274 leiomyosarcoma 173, 194, 275 lymphoma mediastinal 232 melanoma see melanoma oncocytic carcinoma 193, 193 prostate carcinoma 268, 268 radiology 189 renal cell carcinoma 13, 112, 184, , 191, 268 small round blue cell tumors , 195, 198 spindle cell/sarcoma , 194, 198, 199 thyroid carcinoma 191, 192 urothelial carcinoma , 200, methods and procedures fixation 3, 259 immunocytochemistry sample collection and preparation 2 6, 9 adenocarcinoma 123 infectious diseases mediastinal lesions 228 staining 2, 3, 34, 260, MM see mesothelioma morules 177 MPNST see malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) , 227 mucin-producing tumors see adenocarcinoma; mucin-producing mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) , 181, 185 myasthenia gravis 27 mycetoma 35 mycobacteria 40, 41, 61 mycotic pulmonary artery aneurysm 33, 35 myofibroblasts 94, 95 myxoid liposarcoma 221, 222 Napsin A 104, 124, 265 necrotic adenocarcinoma 190, 190 nerves, mediastinal 28 31, 30 neurogenic tumors 232, 277 see also individual types neuroblastoma 179, 245, neuroendocrine tumors 145 classification , 153 differential diagnosis , 159, 161, 178, 206 immunocytochemistry 263, large cell 11 12, , metastatic vs. primary 271 mixed and combined forms 160 poorly differentiated well-differentiated 160 see also carcinoid tumors, small cell carcinoma neurofibroma 231, neurogenic tissue see nerves see also mediastinal Nocardia spp , 39 non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) not otherwise specified 10 11, notifiable diseases 36 nucleus, assessment of size 106, oat cell carcinoma 153 see also small cell carcinoma on-site evaluation 9, 106, oncocytic carcinoma 193, 193 oncocytic cells
4 oncogenes 122, 124, , 277 ovarian carcinoma 192, 267 p63 104, , 264, 265 Pancoast tumor 100 pancreatic adenocarcinoma 141, 141, 269 pancytokeratin 108, 111, 265 Papanicolaou (Pap) stain 34 papillary adenocarcinoma type type papillary thyroid carcinoma 129, 203 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 51, paraganglioma , parainfluenza paraneoplastic syndromes 145, 146, 150, 153, 239 paranuclear blue bodies 155, 157 parasitic infections 33, 35, parathyroid cysts 17, , 204, 224, 276 pathergic necrosis 93, 94 PCP (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia) 50 52, 50 PEComa (perivascular epithelioid cell tumor) see clear cell sugar tumor pediatric disease aspiration pneumonia 68 CCAM 69 70, 71 ganglioneuroblastoma 244, germ cell tumors 17, , 212 inflammatory pseudotumor 94 95, 94, 275 neuroblastoma 179, 245, PNET , 178, 185, , 247, rhabdomyosarcoma 179, 195, 218, 277 small round blue cell tumors (unspecified) 195, 195 percutaneous transthoracic fine needle aspiration see fine needle aspiration pericardial cysts 17, 203, pericardial hyperplasia 30, 31 peripheral neuroectodermal tumor see PNET PET (positron emission tomography) 80, 154, 227 pick and smear method (sputum) 2 plasmacytoma 15 pleomorphic adenoma 179, 180 pleomorphic carcinoma , , 118 pleomorphic liposarcoma 221 pleura effusions 23 hyperplasia 24, 169 immunomarkers of mesothelium 24, 137 mesothelioma see mesothelioma normal mesothelium 22 25, 24 SFT 15 PNET (peripheral/primitive neuroectodermal tumor) , 178, 185, , 247, Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii) 37, 50 52, 50 pneumocytes 21, 22 type 2 in alveolar hemorrhagic syndrome 95 type 2 in BAC 126 type 2 hyperplasia 23, 97 pneumonia aspiration 64, bacterial BOOP 96 98, 97 differential diagnosis 96, 97, 182 fungal lipoid 68, 69 sample collection methods 8, 37 viral 42 45, positron emission tomography (PET) 80, 154, 227 primitive neuroectodermal tumor see PNET procedures see methods and procedures prostate carcinoma, metastatic 196, 268, 268 protozoan parasites 48 49, 48 psammoma bodies 65, 65, 90 Pseudoallescheria boydii 59 pseudomesotheliomatous adenocarcinoma 137, , 139 pulmonary artery anatomy 21 pulmonary artery sampling 6 pulmonary blastoma 175, pulmonary sequestration pulmonary vein anatomy 21 quality control adequacy of specimens 6 7, 35 36, 63 control slides 261, , 262, 263 diagnostic performance 7 9, , 194, 214, 261 radiology adenocarcinoma infections 36 mediastinum 227 metastatic lesions 189 small cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma 100 radionuclide imaging 227 radiotherapy, effects of 65, 66, , 105 Rapid On-Site Examination (ROSE) 9, 106, Reed-Sternberg cells , 215 thymoma mimicking 216 renal cell carcinoma, metastatic 13, 112, 184, , 191, 268 reserve cell hyperplasia 96, 96 respiratory syncytial virus rhabdoid tumors 274 large cell carcinoma , 114 rhabdomyosarcoma 179, 195, 218, 277 Rhisopus spp. 58 Rhodococcus equi Romanowsky-type (ROM) stains 34 Rosai-Dorfman disease (SHML) rosettes carcinoid tumors 147, 148 PNET 178 sclerosing pneumocytoma 85 round pneumonia 35 roundworms S , 272, 277 salivary gland-type tumors , 185 salt and pepper chromatin 149, 149, 155 sarcoidosis 14 15, 15, 92 93, 92 sarcoma 173, , , 199 see also individual types sarcomatoid carcinoma 12, , 173 carcinosarcoma 115, 175 differential diagnosis 170, 173, 174, 175 giant cell , 117 pleomorphic , , 118 pulmonary blastoma 175, spindle cell , , 119, 193, 265 sarcomatoid mesothelioma 16, 168, 169, 173, 174 Schwann cells schwannoma 19, , 233, 234 ancient schwannoma 19, 235 melanotic schwannoma , 243 sclerosing pneumocytoma (hemangioma) 83, 84 87, 276 seminoma 18, 18, , 211, 217, 276 sensitivity of diagnostic procedures 7 9, , 214 SFT see solitary fibrous tumor signet ring cell carcinoma , 135, , 192 sinus histiocytosis 29 sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML) slide preparation methods 2 3, 34, , controls 261, , 262, 263 small cell carcinoma 11, 12, , , , with co-existing infection 37, Diff-Quik stain 124 differential diagnosis 96, 110, , 179 immunocytochemistry 11, 13, 104, 153, 263, , small cell tumor markers small round blue cell tumors , 195, 198 see also neuroblastoma; PNET; rhabdomyosarcoma smoking 63, 122 smooth muscle markers 275, solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) 15, 16, 81 82, 82 83, , 170, 184, 222, 277 differential diagnosis 171, 184 metastatic to lung 253, 254 spindle cell carcinoid , 184 spindle cell carcinoma , 116, , 119 spindle cell melanoma 194, 243, , 255 spindle cell sarcoma 193, 194, , 199, 253 Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon 38 Sporothrix schenckii 51, sputum samples 1, 2 3, 6 7, 37, 189 squamous cell carcinoma 10, 100 basaloid 104, 161, 265 differential diagnosis , 159 immunocyto/histochemistry 104, , , 264 in situ , 101, 102 metastatic (head and neck) 161, 265 moderately differentiated 107 poorly differentiated , 103, 108, 159 well-differentiated , 106 endo-ectocytoplasm 103 Herxheimer spirals 103 intercellular bridges 10, 102 keratinized cells 10, 102, 103 pearl formation 102 squamous metaplasia 22 squamous papilloma 84 85,
5 SS see synovial sarcoma staghorn (HPC-like) vessels 171, 172 staining methods 2, 3, 34, 260, Strongyloides stercoralis 45 46, 46 sulfur granules 38 superior vena cava syndrome synaptophysin 150, 150, 153, 268, 269 synovial sarcoma (SS) , 172, , 277 biphasic 223 differential diagnosis 171, 173 monophasic 223 T-cells 28, 206 T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma 217, 218 tapeworms 33, 35, 47 48, 47 TB see tuberculosis TBNA (transbronchial needle aspiration) 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 229 teratoma 17, terminology 6 thoracic endometriosis 74 75, 75 thymus gland atypical carcinoid tumors 17 18, 160, 209 carcinoma 17, 208, 209 cysts , 210 immunocytochemistry 273, 274 neuroendocrine tumors 17 18, 160, 209 normal 26 27, 26 thymoma 17, 18, 205, 225, 273 mimicking Reed-Sternberg cells 216 type A , 206 type AB 208 type B1 205, , 207 type B2/B3 205, 206, , 207, 208 thyroid gland , 276 carcinoma 129, 191, 192, 203 goiter 203, 203 transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) 1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 229 transplantation, pulmonary complications 66 67, 66 TTF-1 (thyroid transcription factor-1) , 124, , 263, 271 tuberculosis (TB) granulomas 15, 40 mycobacteria 40, 41, 61 squamous cell carcinoma-like cells 105 urothelial carcinoma, metastatic 197, 200, vascular endothelial markers 275, 277 ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) 8 vimentin 273 viral infections 42 45, 61 62, 84 Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells 44 Wegener s granulomatosis 93, 93, 94 well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma (WDFA) , 176 yolk sac tumors 212, 212 Zellbalen 238, 239, , 240 Zygomycetes 54, 58,
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