Ethernet Switch Evaluation For Streaming Media Multicast Applications

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1 Ethernet Switch Evaluation For Streaming Media Multicast Applications Introduction In addition to many criteria relating to standards compliance, packet forwarding performance, layer 3 and 4 route discovery performance, etc., Ethernet switches being used to handle Multicast, IGMP-based streaming media should be evaluated for Zap (Channel Change) time and quality of service performance. Zap time is the time from when an IGMP Join request is made, to when the requested stream begins arriving from a system or Device Under Test (DUT) (1). The Zap time can be dependent on a number of factors such as a switch design, configuration, tuning, and system loading. Many transport systems such as Gigabit and 1 Gigabit Ethernet are used in multi-service applications including voice, video, and data in order to fully utilize link bandwidth resulting in optimum Return on Investment (ROI). In addition, streaming media applications require a robust Quality of Service (QOS) algorithm implementation. Streaming voice and video performance has been shown to be very sensitive to delivery time jitter and packet loss (2). When combined with data traffic, which is bursty in nature, the streaming media traffic quality may be adversely affected, unless a QOS policy is implemented to ensure system traffic priorities. Thus, QoS methodology design and verification is a critical part of any evaluation of a switched system, which intends to use streaming media. Switch IGMP Performance Evaluation Zap time is composed of several parts: Set Top Box (STB) preload time, switch response time, the route setup time for a system of several switches, and, possibly the time for the stream source device to begin transmission. Each component must be individually evaluated in order to analyze a system's performance and budgeting tolerances for each component. The switch component Zap time contribution may need to be minimal to meet the overall system Zap time performance. Since Zap time is the total time from when a user requests a channel until he starts seeing the channel, the overall time consists of a number of contributors: switch response 1

2 time, new multicast route establishment time, possibly the server startup time, and the time to pre-fill the buffer in the STB before playing out. Hence, it may be wise to minimize the contribution by the switch in order to mitigate other contributors. To evaluate the switch's contribution, the switch Zap time is measured under minimal load to establish best case performance, followed by measurements with the switch under increasing IGMP load until failure or maximum load is achieved. The results can then be plotted to show the switch's Zap time vs. load. Since processing a channel change (IGMP Leave/Join) requires the interactions of a Device Under Test s (DUT) hardware and software in combination with other tasks, the switch architecture and implementation can have a significant effect on performance results. In addition, all measurement results should be accompanied with the quality metric of the streaming media performance of each delivered stream. Hence, when a desired stream is delivered, tracking Zap time, Zap success/failure with simultaneously MDI (3) measurements, will indicate whether acceptable packet jitter and loss rates are being met under specific switch load conditions. Switch QOS Performance Evaluation DUT should assure that the high priority traffic is delivered without impairments. In this example, the switch will forward all video streams with the highest priority and attendant least amount of queuing, voice next in priority, and any remaining bandwidth will be available for the best effort data traffic. Hence, other types of traffic; if arriving simultaneously, will be queued up and delayed more so than the video traffic. Since video has the highest priority, it requires the least amount of queuing and thus incurs the least delay. Generally, the highest priority traffic has the attendant least amount of queuing To verify that no low priority data traffic utilization levels can interfere with the high priority video. One needs to subject the switch or device under test to varying video traffic levels addressed to a given output port and, while holding a video utilization level, raise data traffic levels until 1% utilization is reached. While doing this, one needs to verify that the Video Steams performances are unaffected. All video streams must be verified for acceptable jitter and loss performance via MDI while in the presence of competing traffic types addressed to the same output port. Competing traffic types should be able to utilize the remaining DUT port bandwidth and should therefore be verified. When using a switch to forward both high priority time sensitive video and voice streams along with best effort data traffic delivery, a switch must be configured with a QOS policy. For example, all voice traffic with DiffServ or precedence of 5, video traffic might be configured for a priority 4, and all other types of non-delay sensitive delivery traffic with priority 3-. A successful QOS policy implementation in a 2

3 Test Procedures 1. IGMP Performance Evaluation a. The switch and Singulus G1-T stimulus/analysis units should be connected as per Figure 1. The screen shot shown below shows the raw data from a Singulus G1-T (Singulus G1- T #2 in Figure 1) from a sample IGMP analysis test period. Figure 1 3

4 b. Configure Singulus #1 to transmit 1 multicast video streams for groups # through #9 continuously with IQController control software. c. Configure Singulus #2 to continuously Join and Leave video groups #, 1, and 2, 2 at a time, for 12 seconds duration. d. Configure Singulus #3 to provide increasing rates of Join/Leave traffic for stream group #5 in steps. For each level step, read and record Singulus #2's IGMP Max Zap time, Failure Count, worst case stream MDI, and whether more than 2 streams are ever displayed in the stream census. e. Repeat step d) while configuring Singulus #3 to provide increasing rates of Join only traffic in steps. Record the same data as described in step d). f. Repeat step d) while configuring Singulus #3 to provide increasing rates of non-igmp broadcast traffic in steps. Record the same data as described in step d). g. Graph results in the format shown in the Example Results section below. Example Results A sample switch was tested using the abovedescribed IGMP test procedure. All of the following data was obtained using the configuration shown in Figure 1. The following series of graphs indicate factors which need to be considered in IGMP switch product selection and system configuration. Overall, this tested product may provide acceptable performance for certain system architectures. The following two graphs indicate the Zap time effect on the streams being measured by Singulus #2 while the switch was subjected to Join traffic for a stream group not in the stream group being measured by Singulus #2. The first graph (Graph 1) indicates that Zap time rises sharply to over 3 ms, probably an unusable level, with 1, packets/second () load. Zap failures, or switch failure to recognize a Join or Leave appear at approximately 14,. m s Join Traffic im pact on Zap Tim e Graph 1 Zap failures (> plotted as 1) 4

5 Graph 2 shows the measured Zap time for loads below 1, showing a slower but steady rise for loads to 8,. m s Join Traffic im pact on Zap Tim e Graph 2 Graph 4 indicates the Zap time effect on the streams being measured by Singulus #2 while the switch was subjected to Join/Leave traffic for a stream group not in the stream group being measured by Singulus #2. Join/Leave traffic is simply a continuous stream of IGMP Join packets followed by an IGMP Leave packet for the same group. The graph indicates that Zap time is unaffected by this traffic and remains constant at about 9 ms. Zap failures, or switch failure to recognize a Join or Leave, however, appeared at any load of 1 or greater of this type though remain low (less than 1 for a 3 second test duration) for all measured rates. Leave Traffic impact on 14 Graph 3 indicates the Zap time effect on the streams being measured by Singulus #2 while the switch was subjected to Leave traffic for a stream group not in the stream group being measured by Singulus #2. The graph 3 indicates that Zap time rises sharply to over 12 ms, probably an unusable level, with 3, packets/second () load. Zap failures, or switch failure to recognize a Join or Leave appear at approximately 3,. ms Graph 4 Join-Leave pair Im pact on Zap Tim e 12 1 ms Zap Failures (> plotted as 1) Graph 3 5

6 Graph 5 indicates the Zap time effect on the streams being measured by Singulus #2 while the switch was subjected to MAC broadcast, non-igmp traffic. The graph indicates that Zap time rises sharply to over 4 ms, probably an unusable level, with 3, packets/second () load. Zap failures, or switch failure to recognize a Join or Leave do not appear at these levels. 2. QoS Performance Evaluation ms Bcast, non-igmp Impact on Graph 5 Zap Failures (> plotted as 1) This section describes the approach to verify that a QOS policy implemented in a switch properly prioritizes traffic classes without unduly starving best-effort traffic classes. Note that the exact configuration will depend on the types of traffic that must be supported, the type of QOS policy implemented, switch port gross bandwidths, etc. The described approach provides a representative series of tests to verify a simple QOS policy that prioritizes video streaming traffic over best effort data traffic. The switch under test is connected as shown in Figure 2 as shown below. Figure 2 6

7 a. Configure the switch under test with the QOS policy to be tested. b. Configure Singulus #1 as an MPEG stream source with the maximum number of streams to be verified. c. Verify, using Singulus #3, that all video streams generated in step b) are being delivered with good MDIs. d. Increase data traffic stimulus from Singulus #2 until its traffic level exceeds the bandwidth of the link connected to Singulus #3 minus the total video bandwidth from step b). This creates an oversubscribed link. The QOS policy giving priority to the video streams should prevent corruption of the video streams while forcing loss and/or delay of the best-effort traffic. e. Verify, using Singulus #3, that all video streams generated in step b) are being delivered with good MDIs. This is critical as only some streams may be affected in an oversubscribed situation. f. Verify, using Singulus #3, that the net utilization at Singulus #3, exceeds the video traffic utilization from Singulus #1 and is 1% or equal to the total video bandwidth from step b) plus the total network utilization contributed by the data traffic set in step d). This verifies that both video traffic and best effort traffic are being delivered by the QOS policy. Conclusion Two testing considerations have been presented and should be considered when evaluating switches intended for use with streaming media applications: channel change times and QOS. For multicast IGMP-based configurations, channel change response times can affect the user s quality of experience (QoE) and should be tested under expected normal conditions and under possible fault conditions. An approach outlining a set of tests has been presented along with a test procedure and sample results. The sample results for the tested switch indicate that response times are affected by both normal IGMP loading as well as broadcast traffic loads, hence validating the need for testing to ensure that deployed equipment will meet application performance requirements and specifications Since QOS policy and its implementation are critical in successfully deploying a multiservice network, the switching infrastructure's configuration should also be tested. A general approach was outlined to stress the switch and verify the basic functions of QOS that have been selected. Because video streams often are a major component of the multi-service network traffic load and because these streams are sensitive to packet jitter and loss, MDI is recommended as a convenient measure of the quality of these transported streams. Verifying that each transported stream maintains an acceptable MDI under normal and fault conditions of loading from all services will provide a good indication of the correct configuration and function of a selected QOS. References: 1. DSL Forum Technical Report TR-56 (Formerly WT-75v5), Network Migration, February "Quality of Video-over-IP, Measuring the Quality of Streaming MPEG-2 Transport Streams over IP ; Marc Todd, VideoOverIPStreamQuality.pdf 3. "Media Delivery Index (MDI) Overview", IneoQuest Technologies, Inc. ver_ip/mdi_overview.htm 7

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