- cinemas - schools - publishing. By Horváth Anita and Tóth Gergely - Religion - School/ education

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1 An important characteristic of the totalitarian system is the pluralism of expression in cultural life. In Hungary it was achieved in 1949 when they started to take control over: - cinemas - schools - publishing Main enemies of the system were: By Horváth Anita and Tóth Gergely - Religion - School/ education Besides bringing the whole school system under state control, the state wanted to reduce the influence of the religion by putting religious instruction to an optional subject. The system suppressed the religious ideologies so the next step was implanting the state ideologies of Marxism-Leninism with the use of control over the published books and the media. In an agreement in 1950 the Catholic prelates declared that they recognise and support the political system. To gain influence in the religion: - József Grısz was imprisoned - The presidium abolished most monastic orders the state established a Denominational Foundation to finance the expense of the church. The new syllabuses had instructions for changing the ideas of religious world-wide and democratic into the idea of Marxism- Leninism. The secondary education was reformed by the syllabus for training agrarian professionals. The high school became just a step for further studies. The number of students grew in extrem hights but the number of schools, teachers and didn t followed. In 1950 the state started the reform of the universities. Most of the professional literatures were translated from russian textbooks. Many professors were expelled and they were replaced with communist intellectuals. They established the department of Marxism-Leninism where the lessons were binding. The influence of the authority of the universities has weakened and were taken by those who headed the party commities. The number of students at the universities and in schools grew into extrem numbers but the level of their knowledge has fallen. Many adults started their studies again to gain influence in their jobs/community For the education of the children in the after school life there were two types of organisations: Disz and Hungarian/further HPA/ Pioneers Association: HPA was for children between the age of And included 80% of the children at this age group. DISz was for children of age higher than 14. DISZ and HPA were also meant to implant the dogmas of Marxism-Leninism and to train good and brave socialists

2 Anita s part :P Education, culture and intellectual life were determined by politics Marxist exclusivity Drastic fall in standards Révai József The chief impresario of the socialist cultural revolution Declared war on all bourgeois fashions Socialist realism was the only acceptable stylistic direction The ideological shifting of publishers lists and book shop stocks started On the blacklists: Joyce, Proust, Brecht, Grimm s fairy tales, Karl May, Dante, Dickens, Dumas. and a lot of Hungarian writers and poets such as. Madách Imre Ady Endre József Attila Füst Milán Weöres Sándor Ottlik Géza

3 The chief elements of socialist realism Determined by Révai Problems of the working class, peasantry and intelligentsia Positive hero in the foreground Optimistic ending novel of production Mesterházi Lajos: Karacs Lajos sztahanovista betonszerelőélete és munkamódszere Poetry: primitive verses in folk-song style or solemn odes Zelk Zoltán, Benjámin László It was not easy to meet the ideological expectations => less works published Kossuth Prize The amount of literature published in translation grew Cheap library series Non-fiction publishing, weather specialist, popular or propagandist were more and more popular Marxist classics The Shorty History of the Communist Party of the USSR Mostly Russian writings most popular:maxim Gorkij Music The folksong-based national style represented by Kodály was official The Hungarian State Folk Ensemble Bartók was not tolerated Forbidden genres: old Levente and soldier s songs, jazz, swing, rock and roll Fine arts The European school was suppressed in Idyllic monumental frescoes of factory workers, peasants and victorious sportsmen by Domanovszky Endre, Hincz Gyula and Bartha László they represented the new official standard Accepted songs: mass songs, rallying songs, folk songs, songs of production

4 Film Two main trends: Passages form the revolutions and Wars of Independence of Hungary s own past (Rákóczi hadnagya) Stalin s statue on Felvonulás tér Musical comedies (Mágnás Miska) Despite of the popularity of mass media, the press still had its first position More and more cinemas Cinema = mass entertainment First rate actors News before the films Less papers but more copies Four nationally distributed dailies Szabad Nép, Népszava, Magyar Nemzet, Népsport Regional daily papers Libraries and cultural centres People s houses or community centres Sports More and more popular among young people in the cities and in the countriside as well Most popular sport: football Other popular sports: athletics, volleyball, table tennis, gymnastics, handball and water sports Stadiums were built (ex.: Népstadion, 1953.) The Golden Team

5 Compulsory P.E. lessons in schools, sport as a leisure activity=> Hungary could keep its place among the leading nations in sport competitions Hungarian Olympic Champions Kárpáti Rudolf Kovács Pál Olympic games in London 10 gold medals Olympic games in Helsinki 16 gold medals Gerevich Aladár Papp László