POLICY AND PROCEDURE Original Date: 11/02 Review Date: Revision Date:3/04, 4/05, 6/05, 11/08, 8/13. LOS ALAMITOS MEDICAL CENTER Administration Manual

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1 Original Date: 11/02 Revision Date:3/04, 4/05, 6/05, 11/08, 8/13 Page 1 of 8 I. SCOPE: All Patient Care Areas II. PURPOSE: To describe and support the care of patients, as appropriate, regarding pain management, including the assessment and treatment throughout the continuum of care. III. POLICY: A. All patients will be assessed for the presence, absence and history of pain, and when identified will receive individualized treatment and support in the management of pain. B. Patients have the right to assessment of pain and timely management when identified. Pain is considered the 5 th vital sign. 1. Assessment related to pain will be done on admission 2. Reassessment will be made: A minimum of once per shift for patients who indicate that no pain is present After any o known pain-producing event o pain management intervention o change in the level of care At the time vital signs are taken or as needed 3. Assess the effectiveness of pain management interventions within 5-60 minutes depending upon the pain relief measure provided and route given. C. On admission, a pain history and an initial comprehensive pain assessment will include intensity, location, aggravating, and alleviating factors, and patient s stated pain goal. It may also include the impact on functional ability and pain management actions which have been helpful or not-helpful in the past D. Pain level for all patients except Neonatal or Premature Infants will be documented based on numerical pain scale (e.g.wong-baker, FLACC or PainAd scales. There are several pain scales available in the electronic medical record [EMR] (i.e. Cerner/ MedHost) including specific scales for patients on ventilators (e.g. RASS scale). E. Neonatal or Premature Infants pain level will be documented on a 0-7 pain scale (Neonatal/Infant Pain scale) or 0-21(Premature Infant Pain Profile).

2 Original Date: 11/02 Revision Date:3/04, 4/05, 6/05, 11/08, 8/13 Page 2 of 8 IV. PROCEDURE: F. Assessment will be based on patient report, physical or age-appropriate indicators if patient is unable to self-report. G. Patients will receive education and will participate as appropriate in the management of their pain. H. Pain management is a multidisciplinary process and includes the various health care providers involved with the patient and her/his family. A. On admission, complete and document comprehensive assessment for pain, including, but not limited to: 1. Pain History (in Cerner is part of the Adult Admission History) a. Current complaint or denial of pain b. Potential for pain during hospitalization c. Chronic pain - usual pain level (0-10) - acceptable pain intensity (0-10) - onset-numeric & duration - aggravating and alleviating factors - current pain treatment 2. Assessment (in Cerner is in I & O/INET Pain Assessment) a. Location-- noting if more than one site b. Pain score c. Observation of patient behaviors (e.g. crying, rigid) d. Acceptable pain relief goal e. Interventions (e.g. heat, medication) B. Reassess and document as indicated: 1. Reassess a minimum of once per shift for all patients and with all vital signs (exceptions for frequent VS or per unit specific guidelines). Nursing assistants shall report pain levels/complaints of pain to the nurse for assessment and intervention. The EMR currently used at LAMC includes a PRN Response Reassessment which fires as a task following prn medication administration. Completion of this tool aids in assessing the effectiveness of pain management interventions and will be completed within 5-60 minutes, depending upon the pain relief measure provided and route given. 2. Consider alternative approaches in response to reports of ineffective pain management including contacting the physician for additional orders 3. Reassess adequacy of pain management after each subsequent intervention

3 Original Date: 11/02 Revision Date:3/04, 4/05, 6/05, 11/08, 8/13 Page 3 of 8 C. Develop a pain management care plan 1. Consider patient preferences, cultural factors, methods and treatment alternatives 2. Consider patient age and cognitive function; assessments will be made using appropriate age specific and cognitive function assessment tools. 3. Provide and document pain management education to patient and family D. Document 1. Initial pain history is documented in the EMR as part of the Adult Admission History; or in Medhost. 2. Subsequent pain reassessments are documented in the EMR in the I&O/INET in Frequent Vital Signs Pain Assessment band or per unit specific documentation 3. Patient and family education is documented in the Interdisciplinary Patient/Family Education section of the EMR. 4. Document pain status on discharge from the facility in the Depart Pain Assessment section. 5. Prolonged downtime pain management shall be recorded on paper flowsheets.

4 Original Date: 11/02 Revision Date:3/04, 4/05, 6/05, 11/08, 8/13 Page 4 of 8

5 Original Date: Revision Date: Page 5 of 8 Guidelines for Using the Pain Intensity Rating Scales. Scale Wong Baker/Numerical Pain Scale (Faces) Use for children age 3 years through geriatric populations. Description Developed by Donna Wong and Connie Baker at the Hillcrest Medical Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Scoring Instructions Children/Non-Verbal Adults Explain to the person that each face is for a person who feels happy because he has no pain (hurt) or sad because he has some or a lot of pain. Face 0 is very happy because he doesn t hurt at all. Face 1-2 hurts just a little bit. Face 3-4 hurts a little more. Face 5-6 hurts even more. Face 7-8 hurts a whole lot. Face 9-10 hurts as much as you can imagine, although you don t have to be crying to feel this bad. Ask the person to choose (point to) the face that best describes how he is feeling. Verbal Adults Explain to the person that the number 0 represents no pain and the number 10 represents the most pain they can imagine. Ask the person to identify the pain they are experiencing using a number between 0 and 10. Interpretation Children/Non-Verbal Adults Face 0 = No Pain, Face 1-2 = Mild Pain, Faces 3-4 and 5-6 = Moderate Pain, Faces 7-8 and 9-10 = Severe Pain. Verbal Adults 0-1 = No Pain, 1-2 = Mild Pain, 3-6 = Moderate Pain, 7-10 = Severe Pain. s:\qa\polproc\policy and procedure process and format.doc

6 Premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) Use for premature infants. Original Date: Revision Date: Page 6 of 8 This is a behavioral pain scale developed at the Universities of Toronto and McGill in Canada. It is used when infants undergo a potentially painful event. It has also been used as a routine measurement of pain. Scoring Instructions There are seven indicators (Gestational Age, Behavioral State, Heart Rate, Oxygen Saturation, Brow Bulge, Eye Squeeze, Nasolabial Furrow). Each indicator has four defined scoring options. Score the Gestational Age before observing the infant. Score the Behavioral State by observing the infant for 15 seconds before the Scale Premature Infant Pain Profile (continued) Description potentially painful event. Record the baseline Heart Rate and Oxygen Saturation. Observe the infant for 30 seconds immediately following the painful event. Score the physiologic and facial changes (Heart Rate, Oxygen Saturation, Brow Bulge, Eye Squeeze, Nasolabial Furrow) seen during this time. The score from each of the seven indicators is added together to obtain a total score from 0-21 (for the youngest gestational age infants, the total possible score is 21, while for older infants, the total possible score may be as low as 18). Interpretation The higher the score, the greater the pain behavior. For all age groups, total scores of 6 or less generally indicate minimal or no pain and scores greater than 12 reflect moderate to severe pain. s:\qa\polproc\policy and procedure process and format.doc

7 Neonatal/Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) Use for pre-term and full-term neonates. Original Date: Revision Date: Page 7 of 8 This is a behavior pain scale developed at the Children s Hospital of Eastern Ontario in Canada. It is used to monitor a neonate before, during, and after a painful procedure. It has also been used as a routine measurement of pain. Scoring Instructions There are six parameters (Facial Expression, Cry, Breathing Patterns, Arms, Legs, State of Arousal). Each parameter has 2-3 defined scoring options. One option is selected for each parameter based on observation of the neonate. The score from each of the six parameters is added together to obtain a total score from 0-7. Interpretation A falsely low score may be seen in a neonate who is too ill to respond or who is receiving a paralyzing agent. FLACC Scale Use for children age 3 months to 7 years or individuals unable to communicate their pain. This is a behavior pain scale developed by the University of Michigan Health System. Scoring Instructions There are five categories (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability). Each category has three defined scoring options. One option is selected for each category based on observation of the child. The score from each of the five categories is added together to obtain a total score from Interpretation Behavioral pain scores need to be considered within the context of the child s psychological status, anxiety and other environmental factors. s:\qa\polproc\policy and procedure process and format.doc

8 Original Date: Revision Date: Page 8 of 8 Include the following at the end of each policy: Author and Title: Elizabeth Piburn, RN, MSN References: Lippincott s Nursing Procedures, 5 th Edition. (2009). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Williams Facts about pain management. The Joint Commission. Lewis, S, DirksennS, Heitkemper, M, Bucher, L & Camera, I. (2011) Medical-surgical nursing, 8 th edition. St Loius: Elsevier. Final Approvals: Executive Committee Governing Board Dates to be obtained from monthly memo from Medical Staff Services For policy originator use: Required: Date sent to: Must chose one: Must send electronic copy via Renee Parlier For Administrative Manual Kristy Ballard For inclusion on S Drive Include document name / path / initials of typist s:\qa\polproc\policy and procedure process and format.doc

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