How To Understand A Network Attack
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1 Network Security Attack and Defense Techniques Anna Sperotto (with material from Ramin Sadre) Design and Analysis of Communication Networks (DACS) University of Twente The Netherlands
2 Attacks! Many different kind of attacks! Possible classifications (taxonomies):! Attack type (scan, denial of service,...)! Attack target (a service, a network, a user,...)! Attack goal (crash the target, steal information, modify information,...)!...
3 Attacks Attack sophistication vs. intruder technical knowledge. Simon Hansman, Ray Hunt, A taxonomy of network and computer attacks, Computers&Security Volume 24, Issue
4 Attacks 1e+06 vulnerabilities incidents CERT/CC Incidents vs vulnerabilities Sperotto, A., Schaffrath, G.,Sadre, R., Morariu, C., Pras, A., Stiller, B. "An Overview of IP Flow-based Intrusion Detection" In: IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 12 (3). year
5 Attacks Akamai Digital attack map (Google & Arbor Networks)
6 Scans
7 Port Scans! Scans are information gathering attacks:! Find vulnerable services/hosts! Discover network topology (used IP addresses, )! System fingerprinting!! Can be combined with a real attack, e.g., a buffer overflow (Ping Of Death, 1997)! Tool for scanning: nmap
8 TCP port scan: regular connection Attacker SYN Target ACK + Easy to implement Slow SYN/ACK RST accept connection deny connection ignore, block
9 TCP port scan: SYN scan Attacker SYN Target RST SYN/ACK RST accept connection deny connection + Fast Do-it-your-self ignore, block
10 UDP port scan! UDP is connectionless! Two approaches: 1. Wait for negative answer (ICMP message port unreachable ) 2. Wait for positive answer Example: send DNS query to port 53 and wait for DNS response
11 Types kazaa imaps Vertical scan block scan smb http smtp ftp 512 Horizontal scan
12 SSH attacker! SSH attack combines a scanning phase (contact all hosts in the network) and a brute force phase (try login/password combinations in a subset of the hosts)
13 How to hide! The target system knows your IP address! Slow scan! Distributed scan: multiple, coordinated scanners! Indirect scan: idle scan (1998),...!...
14 Idle scan Attacker SYN Spoofed IP address ask Target Zombie SYN/ACK! How to ask the zombie?! Fragment ID field in IP header
15 Idle scan Attacker SYN Spoofed IP address SYN/ACK RST ID=12345 RST ID=12347 SYN/ACK Target Zombie RST ID=12346
16 Internet Census 2012! Distributed scan (Carna botnet)! Map of the active Internet! ICMP/rDNS/open ports/tcp SYN/fingerprinting
17 Denial of Service Attacks
18 Denial-Of-Service (DoS)! Goal: overload or crash the server to make the service unavailable! Types! Brute-force:! Send a lot of data (overload network), a lot of queries (overload server CPU),! Semantic:! Exploit vulnerability (buffer overflow, )! Send heavy requests (triggering complex operations)
19 DoS against DNS server! Overload DNS server with queries! Problems:! Attacker may be too slow (CPU, network bandwidth,...)! Defense: blocking the attacker's IP address is easy
20 Distributed DoS (DDoS) Coordinated attack from multiple hosts Attacker 1 Attacker 2 DNS server Attacker 3
21 DDoS against IRC Server ~375 Million SYN packets in 800s Co-ordinated attack
22 DDoS against IRC Server 7e+006 6e+006 attacked host other hosts exported flow records/10s (attacked host) 5e+006 4e+006 3e+006 2e exported flow records/10s (other hosts) 1e time [s] Attacks can have side effects on your monitoring/defense infrastructure Here: data loss at mirror port and at collector
23 Booters
24 On Large Scale: Backscatter Analysis with a Network Telescope (Source: Inferring Internet Denial-of-Service Activity, Moore et al., 2001, 2006)
25 Backscatter Analysis for DoS attacks In Moore, 2006, a /8 network was monitored ~24.5 DoS attacks per hours Assuming uniformly distributed spoofed source addresses, this would correspond to 24.5 x 2^32 / 2^24 = 6272 attacks/h
26 Reflection and Amplification attacks
27 Reflection and Amplification attacks! Several protocols are misused! DNS! NTP! Chargen! SNMP! Hype!! Spamhaus attack 300 Gbps (2013)! NTP attack 400 Gbps (2014)
28 DDoS against IRC Server Reflection attack against IRC server Mostly NTP
29 Reflection and Amplification attacks Attacker Request with spoofed source IP address Server response Target! usually as distributed attack: multiple attackers, multiple Servers (DDos)
30 Reflection and Amplification attacks! Amplification factor: response size / request size! Example: Initial DNS definition: 60 bytes query " 512 bytes answer (8.5x)! EDNS (RFC 2671) allows larger answers! Combining different response types: answers larger than 4000 bytes possible (>60x)! DNSSEC ANY: >100x (outliers)
31 Reflection and Amplification attacks! Open Resolver Project: tracks open resolver in the Internet! Open resolver: DNS resolver that provides answer for clients outside its administrative domain April 2013 Sept
32 Reflection and Amplification attacks! Amplification factor: response size / request size! Example: Chargen! A server listens for UDP datagrams on UDP port 19. When a datagram is received, an answering datagram is sent containing a random number (between 0 and 512) of characters (the data in the received datagram is ignored). (RFC 864, year 1983) CDF Packet size [bytes] B8 B9! In practice:! Non RFC compliant implementation! Extra amplification
33 Reflection and Amplification attacks! Countermeasures and Mitigation:! BCP 38 (Ingress filtering): no spoofed packets allowed to exit a network! BCP 38 would solve spoofing-based attack once for all! Unfortunately, scarce incentives From: Spoofer Project -
34 Reflection and Amplification attacks! Countermeasures and Mitigation:! DNS specific:! Response Rate Limiting (authoritative name servers)! EDNS0 cookies (source address authentication)! Response Size Limiting! Chargen?
35 DNS
36 Simple DNS Query host query: response: (A record) DNS server (UDP port 53)
37 Recursive DNS Query host response: DNS server X response: DNS server ns1.utwente.nl (authoritative)
38 DNS tunneling! You sit at the airport! WLAN provided, but any access to a Web server, FTP, P2P, is chargeable! Is there a way to avoid the fee?! Would it be an attack?! You are bypassing the billing/security policy of your ISP! Data exfiltration for cyber-espionage! Listed in 2012 as one of the most dangerous new attack (C&C over DNS tunnels for information theft)
39 DNS tunneling: upstream host helloworld.mydomain.nl? DNS server of ISP Client-side component helloworld.mydomain.nl? DNS server mydomain.nl Server-side component
40 DNS tunneling: upstream! Query can contain up to 252 characters! Character set restricted: not case-sensitive,...! ~5 bit/character (encoding)
41 DNS tunneling: downstream helloworld.mydomain.nl? host DNS server X response: hi! response: hi! helloworld.mydomain.nl? DNS server mydomain.nl
42 DNS tunneling: downstream Main limitation:! Response < 512 bytes to prevent fragmentation Server responds with TXT-record:! Character set restricted: 7 bit ASCII! ~6 bit/character (encoding)! As for amplification, EDNS (RFC 2671) allows larger answers Using MX-records and A-records is possible, too, but more complicated (data may be reordered)
43 Example of DNS Tunneling (Iodine) IP > : Flags [S] IP > : [1au] NULL? 0eaba82M-J2hbM->M-nYM-VwjM-GM-MRbM-^M-^PM-\M- UM-HcvM-DtimMeM-`M-KyM-aM-VM-IM-yM-yM-BM-jdilmnuM-iM-bM-ktaM-^XyUwtf.M- BM-^M-o8M-]M-=M-xM-=M-FouZzM-JwaeM-NaM-u IP > : Flags [S.] IP > : /0/1 NULL (140)M-N.test.domain.nl. (130) IP > : Flags [.] IP > : [1au] NULL? 0ibbb82M-J2hbM->M-nYM-VgjM-GM-MBbM-^M-^PM-\M-TM- XcvM-DtimMeM-`M-KyM-aM-VM-IM-yM-yM-CDYM-eM-X3qWgM-JM-SM-qSM-?M- >M-bYyCU.xpM-_M-VM-`M-HEM-LJM->M-nf6upM-{M- >.test.domain.nl. (126) IP > : /0/1 NULL (144) IP > : Flags [P.], (request web page) IP > : [1au] NULL? 0mbbc82M-J2hbM->M-nYM-VhdM-yEM-rdM-?M->M-q5MM- tcvm-dtimm-em-`m-kym-am-vm-im-ym-ym-cdym-em-x3qwmm-jm- SM-CM-CM-DdbM->M-bM-p4.CM-=wM-icOM-x4oM-YM-kM-gM- \5FM-SM-uM-yM-CM-PM->GM-]M-hiM-?M-wQM-KFM-HM.0M-wM- zm-_um-zm-mwm-rm-c6m-?m-ppwm-trpm-rm-fwyum-\qm- FGtM-NBM-sgM-<huuTNl6NQ1FM-KvSkWM-H9ESaIM-AX.M-OHM- OM-bYM-wM-PM-C3MM-MM-dM-HAM-\3rM-bM-LMM-QfM-^ALM- UM-g18UhM-]CQaM-K6M-lM-mlM-IM-`M-naIDM-NM-cM- >.test.domain.nl. (274)
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