List of Neo-Assyrian Cuneiform Signs

Transcription

1 List of Neo-Assyrian Cuneiform Signs A practical and critical guide to the Unicode blocks»cuneiform«and»cuneiform Numbers«of Unicode Standard Version 5.0 Version (codepoint in Nr. 588 fixed) Contents Introduction 1 AŠ 5 TAB (two AŠ) 14 EŠ 16 (three AŠ) 27 GE 23 (DIŠ-tenû) 31 U 37 DIŠ 41 References 48 Links 48 Introduction (by R. Borger) November 2 and 3, 2000 the Initiative for Cuneiform Encoding (ICE) was founded in Baltimore. The initiator was D. Snyder, Baltimore. The name was a misnomer. It should have been ICUE = Initiative for Cuneiform Unicode Encoding. The real initiative for cuneiform encoding had been taken 1987 by Paul Li. Rev. Li s pioneer font had been replaced by Borger s fonts Akkadian RB, Akkadian RB had been vectorized and released under the name Laser Akkadian by Linguist s Soſtware, Edmonds WA, 1999/2000. Also elsewhere cuneiform fonts had been written with various encodings. Sign lists with Unicode encoding were written and published in the Internet by M. Everson (N2297, November 20, 2000, based on Li s original font), by Snyder & S. Tinney (N2664, to which a revision N2664r was added), and by Everson & Tinney & K. Feuerherm (N2698). June 8, 2004, Everson & Feuerherm & Tinney offered their»final proposal to encode the cuneiform script«(n2786) to the Unicode Consortium. Meantime, Akkadian RB had enabled Borger to write his rather voluminous MesZL = Mesopotamisches Zeichenlexikon (Münster, March 2004), with relative ease. The sophisticated and very full Hardegsen font NeoAssyrian (F. Ellermeier, with highly competent technical support by M. Studt) enabled Ellermeier to write his Kurzglossar, likewise with relative ease. More details about the history of cuneiform electronic fonts are given in Borger s article Ugarit- Forschungen 35 (2003/04) (and in MesZL chapter I). 2006, aſter some more changes (not always corrections), the»final proposal«was canonized by the Unicode Consortium as part of The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0. It consists of the hexadecimal numbers e, , and The code charts of Unicode Standard 5.0 are a frame that can be filled with several special fonts. Hitherto the Tinney/Everson Font»Cuneiform Classic«, mainly based on the signs of the Ur III period in Southern Mesopotamia, is the sole»canonized«unicode font with cuneiform signs in existence. IC(U)E expected that several other fonts would be prepared by cuneiformists interested in font architecture and delivered in Baltimore. For that reason codepoint numbers have been assigned providently to Hittite/Hurrite signs, a few Neo-Assyrian signs, and even one Elamite sign. However, in order to introduce the important fonts for other periods and regions, hundreds of additional provident codepoints could and should have been inserted into the»final proposal«, before offering it for Unicode»canonization«. MesZL was accessible to IC(U)E when the final proposal was written, 1

2 chapters I and II in preliminary printout even long before the book was published. Borger s work should have inspired and enabled IC(U)E to tackle this task. Cuneiform sign lists are traditionally based on the Neo-Assyrian signs and arranged according to the position of the basic elements of cuneiform writing. This traditional arrangement has been thoroughly revised by Borger in his MesZL. The Neo-Assyrian script is the best and most regular version of cuneiform writing. Of course, all cuneiformists must be well acquainted with this classical script, including Sumerologists. Regrettably, it is practically impossible to arrange other versions of cuneiform writing (including the Ur III signs) by the shape of their signs in a consistent and unequivocal way. In the Unicode Standard the characters are transliterated into, and arranged according to our Latin alphabet. The method chosen by IC(U)E is described as»a variant of simply ordering the characters according to their transliteration«:»alphabetical by primary sign name with complex signs based on the primary sign organized according to graphic principles; in some cases, these correspond to the native analyses«whatever that may mean in detail. Cuneiformists under given circumstances use a»conventional reading«for every sign, as described e.g. in chapter II of MesZL. The Unicode Standard introduces a new set of conventional readings, without offering any explanation. It also makes extensive use of the principle of»splittability«, again without explanations or cross references. In order to find out how in the Unicode Standard characters may have been decomposed, the user must consult Chapter II of MesZL and/or Y. GONG, Die Namen der Keilschriſtzeichen. In many cases the user must write characters missing in the IC(U)E font by combining two or three other signs (14 and 21 key strokes respectively!), and he must find out the codepoints of these shorter signs himself. Some signs are»splittable«in the third millennium, but not in all other periods; so they should by all means have got codepoints of their own. It is not to be expected that Assyriologists will ever replace their ways of transliterating cuneiform texts by the system of the Unicode Standard of 5.0. The codes of Unicode are complicated and susceptible to errors. The impracticable (or even bad)»conventional readings«and the rather thoughtless splitting of characters are obstacles for users, even if they are qualified Assyriologists. Users of the present Tinney/ Everson Unicode font will very quickly be confronted with its shortcomings. The linguist D. A. Bachmann (Zürich) tried to help users of the Unicode font with its cuneiform blocks by publishing a»list of cuneiform signs«in the Wikipedia (October 2006). He organized and numbered the cuneiform signs in agreement with MesZL. Aſter the first column of his list he mentions the traditional Deimel numbers, the numbers of the Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon, the Unicode codepoint numbers according to the»standard 5.0«, and the Unicode»conventional readings«. When this list became known to Mrs. Studt (Hardegsen), she contacted Borger about the pros and cons of Bachmann s list. Borger had in course of time succeeded in deciphering most of the secret lore of the Unicodists. He had discovered several errors, mainly in N2664 (see Ugarit-Forschungen ff.), but also in the later proposals. Supported by Borger s notes, Mrs. Studt wrote a thoroughly revised version of Bachmann s list. Her revised Bachmann list contains: Col. 1) The sign numbers of MesZL; Col. 2) The traditional numbers of Deimel etc., completed and adapted in Ellermeier and Studt, HA (see Col. 5); Col. 3) The numbers of Mittermayer, abzl = Altbabylonische Zeichenliste der sumerischliterarischen Texte, Fribourg and Göttingen 2006 (a very useful contribution to Sumerian paleography); 2

3 Col. 4) The numbers of Rüster and Neu, Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon; Col. 5) The Neo-Assyrian signs, from the Ellermeier and Studt font NeoAssyrian.ttf (see Ellermeier and Studt, Sumerisches Glossar, Band 3 Teil 6, Hardegsen 2003, Handbuch Assur, together with CD-ROM; with the aid of AutoText circa 9000 Sumerian and Akkadian transliterations can be converted into cuneiform signs, bitmaps as well as TrueTypes). A few signs were additionally digitized especially for this sign list; Col. 6) The sign names (conventional readings) according to MesZL, HA etc.; Col. 7) The Unicode codepoint numbers (here the entries»a & B«and»A & B & C«indicate the numerous characters that can only be written by combining two or three shorter signs); Col. 8) The Unicode sign names (conventional readings); Col. 9) Comments. According to the IC(U)E proposals, including N2786 (June 2004, the»final proposal«, where MesZL is quoted and used a few times) all existing non-unicode cuneiform fonts are failures. For the Hardegsen font the reader may simply have a look at column 5 of the revised Bachmann list, and he will immediately recognize that the Hardegsen Font is an excellent tool. As to my own»akkadian RB«, let me state that the users of MesZL (and Babylonisch-Assyrische Lesestücke 3, 2006) did not yet rebuke the aged author (*1929) for the bad quality of his fonts and for not having waited till a superior Neo-Assyrian font would have been standardized by IC(U)E and the Unicode Consortium. For the Helsinki font in its actual form see Ph. Talon, Enūma eliš (Helsinki 2005, with forthcoming review by Borger in Orientalia NS). The dogma»there is no Code but Unicode and Unicode is the Standard«is not valid for cuneiform studies! It is difficult to believe that Unicode 5.0 will ever be a starting point for a generally acceptable comprehensive set of cuneiform fonts for other periods and regions. Presently the only publication using the signs of a Unicode cuneiform font (based on proposal N2698, January 29, 2004; not yet on N2786, June 8, 2004) is Tinney s electronic»epsd«(july 31, 2004). Printouts are present in several libraries. The cuneiform signs in this»provisional draſt«are clear, but their use leaves much to be desired. Characters not found in N2698 are simply silently omitted. The enlarged version»psd draſt not for citation«(april, 2005) in the printout known to me has no cuneiform signs at all. To this enlarged version four electronically prepared indices have been added. The second index of the PSD draſt, comprising 66 pages, is arranged according to the IC(U)E conventional readings. Apparently the users were supposed to make themselves perfectly acquainted with all conventional readings used by IC(U)E, in order to profit by the blessings of the Unicode standard. The list of Bachmann & Studt may be helpful for students who would like to find references to Unicode codepoints and conventional readings on the basis of MesZL Chapter II. A printout of this list combined with a printout of and may pave the way to Tinney s»cuneiform Classic«. It should, however, be kept in mind that Tinney s font, which contains numerous signs reconstructed from later sources, is not a real paleographical tool on the level of Mittermayer, abzl and Fossey, Manuel II. Very recently Mrs. Studt discovered in the inexhaustible Internet an open type font by George Douros, called»akkadian.otf«(2007). The cuneiform signs of»akkadian.otf«are identical with the 3

4 signs of Tinney s»cuneiform Classic«as represented in the charts of Unicode Standard 5.0. Douros added to the Supplementary Private Use Plane two new blocks: F2000 F208B = Names of the extra glyphs, and F2400 F2418 = Cuneiform numbers and punctuation. In Snyder s Proposal N2664 a large number of signs have been changed, corrected or omitted in the later proposals N2698 and N2786, and Tinney cum suis had good reasons to do so. The supplement of Douros is simply a collection of errors etc. committed in N2664! So the so-called extra glyphs must nearly completely be deleted. The list of the cuneiform numbers has some signs not found in the canonized version, but here all new entries should be checked carefully. See As shown by the Internet documents on cuneiformsigns.org of Lloyd B. Anderson (Ecological Linguistics, Washington DC; participant in the Baltimore ICE congress of November 2000), Dr. Anderson during the first months of 2004 made serious efforts and adduced strong arguments in order to convince the Unicode Technical Committee that the project was on the wrong track I had sent him the first two chapters of my MesZL on floppy disks. So he was able to use my new sign order and numbering, which he kindly called»a real improvement«, in his discussion with IC(U)E and Unicode a few months before MesZL was published. The UTC, however, neglected Anderson s valuable suggestions. So important practical guidelines of the project were decided by persons, who were no cuneiformists at all. If the UTC had taken Anderson s suggestions seriously, many entries of our new list would not have had to be written. Cuneiformists who must use the present imperfect»standard«tinney font may feel grateful for support given by specialists who, though not belonging to the select inner circle of Unicode and ICE, are well acquainted with the development of studies on cuneiform up to the present time. Users of Mrs. Studt s document will enjoy its practical layout - and even its aesthetical quality. Göttingen, June 2007, Rykle Borger This sign list bases upon the List of Cuneiform Signs from the free Encyclopedia Wikipedia and is published under the GNU Free Documentation License. In Wikipedia a list of authors (version history) is available. The first version by D. A. Bachmann was launched October The second version by M. Studt, supported by R. Borger, was launched May In Wikipedia, the sign list had to be published without introduction and without cuneiform signs. Hardegsen near Göttingen, June 2007, Margret Studt 4

5 AŠ AŠ ! AŠ U ASH % AŠ.AŠ U NUMERIC SIGN TWO ASH % ḪAL U+1212C HAL 4 002a 002 & EŠ 6 (AŠ.AŠ.AŠ) U NUMERIC SIGN THREE ASH BAL U BAL GÍR U GIR GÍR-gunû U GIR2 GUNU BÚR U BUR TAR U+122FB TAR AN U+1202D AN AŠ+SUR U & U+122E9 ASH & SUR ligature ' MUG U+1222E MUG ( ZADIM (MUG-gunû) U+1222F MUG GUNU ) BA U BA * ZU U+1236A ZU / SU U+122E2 SU 007v SUoverSU U+122E2 SU OVER SU ŠEN (SU A) U+122BF SHEN l ARAD U ARAD n ÁRAD U ARAD TIMES KUR reconstruction (ARAD KUR) p ITI (UD EŠ) U UD TIMES U PLUS U PLUS U ITI (UD-šeššig) U+1231A UD SHESHIG xv q ÍTI (ITI BAD) U+1231B UD SHESHIG TIMES BAD pq ŠUBUR U+122DA SHUBUR pq ŠAḪ Neo-Assyrian: use U+122DA (SHUBUR) KA U KA x : KA GÍR U KA TIMES GIR2 uncertain < TU 6 (KA LI) U KA TIMES LI "2" "3" 5

6 AŠ 27 15xx ; KA TU variant of n72 URU TU a = KA RU U+1217D KA TIMES RU > UŠ 11 (KA BAD) U+1215C KA TIMES BAD an 134? KA MAŠ/BAR U+1215E KA TIMES BAR v A NUNDUM U+1217B KA TIMES NUN (KA NUN) x B SU 6 (KA SA) U+1217E KA TIMES SA C PÙ (KA KÁR) U KA TIMES GAN2 TENU D KA AD.KUG U+1215A KA TIMES AD PLUS KU x 313 F KA NE U+1217A KA TIMES NE xn1 137 " KA ÚR Hitt G KA KIB U+1216A KA TIMES GISH CROSSING GISH n 140 $ KA GAG U+1216F KA TIMES KAK xn2 # KA UŠ U+1218B KA TIMES USH n2 138 % KA PA Hitt n3 139 & KA GIŠ Hitt H KA ŠID U KA TIMES SHID x I KA Ú U KA TIMES U J KAxGA U KA TIMES GA a/ E KA SAR U+1217F KA TIMES SAR n g KA ÁŠ U+1215B KA TIMES ASH b 317 K KA DÚB/BALAG U+1215D KA TIMES BALAG c L KA ŠA U KA TIMES SHA M ŠÙDU (KA ŠU) U KA TIMES SHU N KA ŠE U KA TIMES SHE O KA UD U KA TIMES UD n h KA PI U+1217C KA TIMES PI x P KA ERIM U KA TIMES ERIN2 variant of n129 AG ERIM Q BÚN (KA IM) U+1216E KA TIMES IM n ' KA ḪAR 6

7 AŠ n1 141 i KA U U KA TIMES U Hitt R KA MI U KA TIMES MI xx T KA "EŠ" variant of n32 KA SA n2 j KA IGI U+1216D KA TIMES IGI variant of n79 URU IGI x S KA KI U KA TIMES KI U EME (KA ME) U KA TIMES ME 032n1 KA ME.GI U KA TIMES ME PLUS GI 032n2 Ø KA ME.DU U KA TIMES ME PLUS DU 032n3 Ù KA ME.TE U KA TIMES ME PLUS TE V KA ŠÈ U KA TIMES ESH n ( KA GUR 7 U+1216C KA TIMES GUR X NAG (KA A) U KA TIMES A Y GU 7 (KA NÍG) U KA TIMES GAR a Z KA KADRA U KA TIMES GAR PLUS (NÍG.ŠÀ.A) SHA3 PLUS A an 150 * KA ÀŠ Hitt n ) KA SIG U KA TIMES SIG W KA GU U+1216B KA TIMES GU n 142 k KA LUM [ URU (IRI) U URU \ URU TU U+1234B URU TIMES TU variant of n ] UKKIN U+1233A URU TIMES BAR (URU MAŠ/BAR) xxx/ 187 ^ URU KÁR U+1233E URU TIMES GAN2 043v TENU (229) ` BANŠUR U+1234E URU TIMES URUDA (URU URUDU) a ŠÀKIR (URU GA) U+1233C URU TIMES GA c ÚRU (URU UD) U+1234D URU TIMES UD e URU UL U+1234C URU TIMES U PLUS GUD d ASARI (URU IGI) U URU TIMES IGI 7

8 AŠ 80 49x 189 j GIŠGAL (URU MIN) U URU TIMES MIN 81 46xxx g URU A U URU TIMES A h URU ḪA U URU TIMES HA i ÈRIM (URU NÍG) U+1233F URU TIMES GAR f URU GU (GUR 5 ) U URU TIMES GU x LI U+121F7 LI w TU U TU w KU 4 U+121AD KU w GUR 8 (TE-gunû) U+122FD TE GUNU t LA U+121B7 LA u APIN (ENGAR) U APIN v MAḪ U MAH (1) z PAB or PAP U+1227D PAP 060a { UTUKI U UTUKI belongs to n585; ("KÚR.IR.GÍDIM") cf. MSL (2) z% PÚŠ (PAB.ḪAL) U+1227D & U+1212C PAP & HAL zz BÙLUG U+1227D & U+1227D PAP & PAP zà PAB.IŠ (PA 6 ) U+1227D & U PAP & ISH zz PAB.E (PA 5 ) U+1227D & U+1208A PAP & E 308n2 Ú E PAB U+1208B E TIMES PAP reconstruction x 268 zp GÀM (PAB.NÁ) U+1219B KAM MU U+1222C MU ƒ SÌLA U+122E1 SILA ˆ ŠEŠLAM U+122C2 SHESHLAM ZIoverZI U ZI OVER ZI c 149 Ÿ NÚMUN U & U+121B8 ZI OVER ZI & LAGAB (ZIoverZI.LAGAB) b 150 ß ZIoverZI.ŠÈ U & U+120A0 ZI OVER ZI & ESH a 151 < ZIoverZI.A U & U ZI OVER ZI & A ˆõõ GIL (GIoverGI U GI CROSSING GI parall. or crossed) d KÍD (TAG 4 ) U+122FA TAK d NUNcrossingNUN U+1226B NUN CROSSING NUN a KÁD U KAD2 8

9 AŠ c (227) KÀD U KAD Œ NA U+1223E NA Š RU U RU š NU U NU BAD U BAD IDIM U IDIM TIL U TIL ÚŠ U USH ÈŠE (AŠ+U) U NUMERIC SIGN ONE ESHE ŠIR (NU 11 ) U+122D3 SHIR U NU n 464 ŠIR-tenû U+122D4 SHIR TENU B NUMUN U+121B0 KUL 072a NUMUN-gunû U+121B1 KUL GUNU TI U+122FE TI 073av D TI-tenû U+122FE TI TENU DIN U DIN c DIN.KASKAL.SIG 7 U DIN KASKAL U +351 (resp. DIN.KASKAL. GUNU DISH ( ) ( c± ) GAŠAN.DIŠ) MAŠ U MASH BAR U BAR BÁN U+1244F NUMERIC SIGN ONE BAN _182 7 KÚNGA (BAR.AN) U & BAR & AN U+1202D _ Ñ IDIGNA (DALLA/ U & U MAŠ & GU2 & GAR3 (IDIGNA) MAŠ.GÚ.GÀR) & U+120FC 087 (DALLA) _335 GÍDIM (MAŠ.U) U & U+1230B MASH & U Š MAŠ.MAN U & U+1230B MAŠ & U & U & U+1230B ½ AG U+1201D AK a ¾ AG ŠÍTA U+1201F AK TIMES SHITA PLUS GISH cf. MSL ; MSL

10 AŠ À MÈ (AG ERIM) U+1201E AK TIMES ERIN MÁŠ U MASH œ KUN U+121B2 KUN Ÿ ḪU U HU a ŸÖ U 5 epsd s.v. u 5 ḪU.SI erroneous! Sign not splittable ŸÉ NAM U NAM av (2) Ÿè BURU 5 (NAM.ERIM) etc. 10 U & U+1209F etc IG (GÁL) U IG MUD U & U+1212D HU & HI SA 4 (ḪU.NÁ) U & U+1223F HU & NA ŠÌTA (RAD) U+122E5 SUD ZI U ZI GI U GI NAM & ERIN2 U NAM NUTILLU: uncertain 085n2(v) 31 1 Û GI E U GI TIMES E reconstruction; Hitt., esp. Hurr. The second glyph indicates the position of the inscribed sign in the Hurr. original RI U RI NUN U NUN NUN-tenû U NUN TENU a TÙR (NUN.LAGAR) U & U+121EC NUN & LAGAR 063_27n v NUNcrossingNUN. LAGARoverLAGAR U+1226C NUN CROSSING NUN LAGAR OVER LAGAR U NUN LAGAR TIMES MASH aa IMMAL (NUN. LAGAR BAR/MAŠ) 146' 087aan 2 TÙR UŠ U NUN LAGAR TIMES USH 146" 087cn 3 TÙR NÍG U NUN LAGAR TIMES GAR b; 460x 087c 049 ŠILAM (NUN. U NUN LAGAR TIMES LAGAR MUNUS) SAL ŠILAMoverŠILAM U NUN LAGAR TIMES ± SAL OVER NUN LAGAR TIMES SAL to n147 also

11 AŠ ² KAB U+1218F KAB ² ḪÚB U HUB ³ ḪUB (ḪÚB UD) U+1213D HUB2 TIMES UD É SUR (ŠUR) U+122E9 SUR ɹ MÚŠ (MÙŠ-gunû) U+1223D MUSH3 GUNU v Ê MÙŠ (INANNA) U MUSH a Ë MÙŠxA U+1223A MUSH3 TIMES A b Ì SED (MÙŠ A.DI) U+1223B MUSH3 TIMES A PLUS DI cv Í MÙŠ ZA GAD U+120F0 GAD GAD.KÍD U+120F0 & U+122FA GAD & TAK a 300 Ö AKKIL (GAD.KÍD.SI) U+120F0 & U+122FA GAD & TAK4 & SI & U+122DB b UMBIN U UMBIN (GAD.KÍD.ÚR) c K SIG 8 (GAD.KÍD.GIŠ) U+120F0 & U+122FA GAD & TAK4 & GISH & U `Ù ŠINIG (GAD.NAGA) U+122D2 SHINIG KINDA (GAD.NÍG U+120F1 GAD OVER GAD GAR µ overgad.níg) OVER GAR Á EN U EN 099c Æ ENME U+1209A EN TIMES ME 099a1 099b1 099b2  E Ä ENoverENcrossed U+1209B EN CROSSING EN 4 ENsquared U+1209D EN SQUARED "4 EN" (KUover ḪAR.KUoverḪAR) 099b3 "AŠoverAŠ. Å KUoverKU. KUoverKU.KÚR" / GAŠMU s BURU 14 (EN KÁR/ EN GÁN) 054n Ü EN KÁR (GÁNtenû) U+121AB KU OVER HI TIMES ASH2 KU OVER HI TIMES ASH2 U+1203B ASH OVER ASH TUG2 OVER TUG2 TUG2 OVER TUG2 PAP U EN TIMES GAN2 U EN TIMES GAN2 TENU cf. MSL reconstruction 11

12 AŠ ; È DÀR U DARA3 063x DIM U DIM v, º, ¹ DIM ŠE, later U DIM TIMES SHE 095 DIM KUR » BULUG U BULUG 096a 018 MÉNBULUG U BULUG OVER ¼ (BULUGoverBULUG) BULUG Ó LÀL (TA ḪI) U+122ED TA TIMES HI cf. n Ô KU 7 U+121AF KU Î SA U SA _ Ï AŠGAB U+1203F ASHGAB Ð GÁN U+120F7 GAN2 105n2 GÁNoverGÁN U+120F9 GAN2 OVER GAN2 to be deleted Ð KÁR (GÁN-tenû U+120F8 GAN2 TENU and ŠÈ-tenû) Ñ GÚ (TIK) U GU n 090 Ò USAN (GÚ NUN, U+1211B GU2 TIMES NUN GÚ.NUN) Ñ DUR (GÚ GAG, U GU2 TIMES KAK GÚ.GAG) x Ñ` GUN (GÚ.UN) U & U GU2 & UN Õ GUR U GUR Ö SI U+122DB SI SU 4 (SI-gunû) U+122DC SI GUNU DAR (GÙN; U+1206F DAR ḪU-gunû, SI-gunû) 114 DAR (GÙN; Ø ḪU-gunû, SI-gunû) Ù SAG U SAG 115n SAGoverSAG U+122A7 SAG OVER SAG n 6 SAG NUN U+1229E SAG TIMES NUN Ü SAG UM U+122A4 SAG TIMES UM _6 â SAG DU U SAG TIMES DU Ú SAG GAG U+1229A SAG TIMES KAK variant of n _5 á SAG NI uncertain 12

13 AŠ n 8 SAG UŠ U+122A6 SAG TIMES USH Û DÌLIB (SAG ŠID) U+122A0 SAG TIMES SHID _8 ä SAG Ú U+122A2 SAG TIMES U _7 ã SAG UB U+122A3 SAG TIMES UB _10 å SAG SIG Ý KÀN (SAG MI) U+1229D SAG TIMES MI ß SAG UR U+122A5 SAG TIMES UR n 9 SAG A U SAG TIMES A _1 à SAG ḪA U SAG TIMES HA Þ SAG MUNUS U+1229F SAG TIMES SAL n Ñ SAG LUM U+1229C SAG TIMES LUM æ MÁ U MA a 051 æ' DIMGUL U & U+1222E MA2 & MUG ("MÁ.MUG") b æc ÙZ ("MÁ.KASKAL") U+1235A UZ c æcc ÙZ.KASKAL U+1235B UZ3 TIMES KASKAL d 055 æc SUR 9 (MÁ.KASKAL. U+122EA SUR9 SIG 7 and similar) dv æ SUR 10 (MÁ.SIG 7 and similar) ç DIR (SI.A) U+122DB & U SI & A n "nìq" Babyl. 13

14 TAB TAB (two AŠ) è TAB U+122F0 TAB "2" a F í 4 TAB forming a cross TABoverTAB. NIoverNI. DIŠoverDIŠ U+122F2 TAB SQUARED see MesZL n503 U+122F1 TAB OVER TAB NI OVER NI DISH OVER DISH a ê EŠ 21 (TAB.AŠ) U+1243B NUMERIC SIGN THREE VARIANT FORM ESH n ë MEGIDDA U+122F0 & U+122FE TAB & TI (TAB.TI) » GEŠTIN (GIŠ.DIN) U+120FE GESHTIN a ¼ GEŠTIN KUR U+120FF GESHTIN TIMES KUR v ì MÉGIDDA U+122F0 & U+121B2 TAB & KUN (TAB.KUN) _ é LÍMMU (TAB.TAB) U+121F9 LIMMU2 U NUMERIC SIGN FOUR ASH b î IA 7 (TAB.TAB.AŠ) U NUMERIC SIGN FIVE ASH c ï AŠ 4 (TAB.TAB.TAB) U NUMERIC SIGN SIX ASH d ð ÍMIN U NUMERIC SIGN (TAB.TAB.TAB.AŠ) SEVEN ASH e ñ ÚSSU U NUMERIC SIGN (TAB.TAB.TAB.TAB) EIGHT ASH f ò ÍLIMMU (TAB. U NUMERIC SIGN TAB.TAB.TAB.AŠ) NINE ASH ó TAG (ŠUM) U+122F3 TAG 126bv ö TAG GU 4 U+122F5 TAG TIMES GUD 126cv TAG ŠU U+122F7 TAG TIMES SHU 126dv ù TAG UD U+122F9 TAG TIMES UD 126fv û TAG TÚG U+122F3 TAG TIMES TUG & KÁ U+1218D KA ü AB U+1200A AB xv þ AB NUN "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9" 14

15 TAB AB KÁR U+1200E AB TIMES GAN2 TENU c AB ŠEŠ U AB TIMES SHESH an 127 AB ÁŠ U+1200B AB TIMES ASH2 reconstruction URUGAL U+1200D AB TIMES GAL (AB GAL) AB SIG 7 U AB TIMES IGI GUNU ! URUDU (URUDA) U+1234F URUDA xxxx! AB U 200bn T AB AŠ UNUG (AB-gunû and/or AB EŠ) AB KI 15 U AB GUNU U AB TIMES U PLUS U PLUS U a š AB LAGAB U AB TIMES LAGAB AB GÍN U+1200C AB TIMES DUN3 GUNU œ NINA (AB ḪA) U+1200F AB TIMES HA d AB IMIN U AB TIMES IMIN ' UM U+1231D UM a to 109 * UM U U UM TIMES U 132n1 to 109 < URUDU U U URUDA TIMES U old d UM U.LAGAB 132n2 = URUDU U.LAGAB old / UM ME.DA U+1231F UM TIMES ME PLUS DA b 99 0 DUB U+1207E DUB a 1 DUB ŠE ) DUB ŠÀ U UM TIMES SHA3 to be deleted ; 316v1 + DUB LAGAB U+1231E UM TIMES LAGAB to be deleted " NAB (ANoverAN) U+1202E AN OVER AN a "7 MUL (ANoverAN.AN) U+1202F AN THREE TIMES

16 TAB TA U+122EB TA 139n TA* U+122EC TA ASTERISK Assyrian a 6 TA-gunû U+122EF TA GUNU TA ḪI U+122ED TA TIMES HI needless Assyrian reconstruction of n TA MI U+122EE TA TIMES MI I U+1213F I ; GAN U+120F6 GAN ; KÁM < TUR (DUMU) U TUR n Ÿ TUR.DIŠ U & U TUR & DISH f ZIZNA (TURoverTUR. U+1230A TUR OVER TUR ZA = ZAoverZA) OVER ZA > AD U+1201C AD ZÍ (AB PA) U ZE a IA (I.A) U I A A IN U IN b B RAB U RAB in old texts = n266 LUGAL v1 B; DIM 8 (RAB.GAN) U & U+120F6 RAB & GAN C DÌM (RAB.GAM) U & U+120F5 RAB & GAM v3 D DIM 10 (RAB.KAM*) to n a 115 F LUGAL U LUGAL 151vn A LUGALoverLUGAL U LUGAL OVER LUGAL v2 F; DIM 9 (LUGAL.GAN) U & U+120F6 LUGAL & GAN to n v G LUGAL. U LUGAL OPPOSING to n266 LUGALinversum LUGAL v4 E DIM 11 to n264 (LUGAL.KAM*) ? ḪAŠḪUR U MA GUNU (MA-gunû) a,b,c 106 I EZEN U+120A1 EZEN EZEN (KEŠDA) U+1219F KESH _8b M BÀD U+120A1 EZEN TIMES AN old form of n275 (UG 5 (EZEN AN)) EZEN BAD 16

17 TAB Q EZEN LI U+120B1 EZEN TIMES LI _9 154 N EZEN LA U+120AF EZEN TIMES LA _ K BÀD U+120A6 EZEN TIMES BAD see also n272 (UG 5 (EZEN BAD)) _1 R EZEN SI uncertain _4 157 J UBARA U+120AC (EZEN KASKAL) 152_4v 4 UBARA forming U+120AD a cross EZEN TIMES KASKAL EZEN TIMES KASKAL SQUARED G T EZEN GU _1n E EZEN Ú U+120B3 EZEN TIMES U a V EZEN MIR U+120A8 EZEN TIMES DUN3 GUNU GUNU pertinent? W EZEN SIG 7 U+120AB EZEN TIMES IGI GUNU _9n 107 B EZEN ŠE Hitt _14 O EZEN UD U+120B4 EZEN TIMES UD _ P EZEN KUG U+120AE EZEN TIMES KU X ASILAL U+120B0 EZEN TIMES LAL (EZEN LÁL) TIMES LAL Y EZEN LU U+120B2 EZEN TIMES LU ^ EZEN GÍN U+120A7 EZEN TIMES DUN3 GUNU pertinent? Z ÀSILAL (EZEN A) U+120A2 EZEN TIMES A [ SIL 7 (EZEN A.LAL) U+120A3 EZEN TIMES A PLUS LAL \ ASILAL 4 (EZEN U+120A4 EZEN TIMES A PLUS A.LÁL) LAL TIMES LAL ] EZEN ḪA U+120A9 EZEN TIMES HA ` SUM U+122E7 SUM ; (345) `Ù NAGA U NAGA 17

18 TAB 293 (sequel) 165v 165a a AN.NAGA. AN.NAGAinversum 4 AN.NAGA forming a cross U AN PLUS NAGA OPPOSING AN PLUS NAGA U AN PLUS NAGA SQUARED H 165n1 G NAGAinversum U NAGA INVERTED 165+ `ÙG NAGA. U NAGA OPPOSING 165n1 NAGAinversum NAGA b b NAGA ŠU-tenû U NAGA TIMES SHU TENU a 94 % NIB (PIRIG KAL) U+1228B PIRIG TIMES KAL # UG (PIRIG UD) U+1228C PIRIG TIMES UD $ AZ (PIRIG ZA) U+1228D PIRIG TIMES ZA f GAB (DU 8 etc.) U DUH U+120EE GABA a fö GAB.LIŠ see n (168) fè EDIN U EDIN also n499 báhar("edin") g TAḪ/DAḪ U+1222D MU OVER MU (MUoverMU) c KASKAL U+1219C KASKAL a cp ÌTI (KASKAL.ITI) U+1219C & U+1231A KASKAL & UD TIMES U PLUS U PLUS U b 273 cç ILLAT U+1219C & U+121B3 KASKAL & KUR (KASKAL.KUR) cì KASKAL.BU U+1219C & U+1204D KASKAL & BU c KASKAL.AḪ U+1219C & U KASKAL & HI TIMES NUN e cÿ KASKAL.LAGAB U+1219C & U+121B8 KASKAL & LAGAB 166ee 166een d K KASKAL. TÚLoverTÚL KASKALoverKASKAL. TÚLoverTÚL U+1219D U+1219E KASKAL LAGAB TIMES U OVER LAGAB TIMES U KASKAL OVER KASKAL LAGAB TIMES U OVER LAGAB TIMES U 18

19 TAB f e ZIKURA U+1219C & U+1240B KASKAL & (KASKAL.ÀŠ) NUMERIC SIGN SIX DISH h AM (GU 4 KUR) U GUD TIMES KUR an 203 AM A U+1211F GUD TIMES A PLUS KUR h UZU U+1235C UZU k BÍL (GIBIL; NE PAB, U+1224B NE SHESHIG NE-šeššig) j NE U NE l ÉMEŠ (NE UD) U+1224A NE TIMES UD m ENTEN (NE A) U NE TIMES A n NÍNDA U NINDA o NÍNDA AŠ U NINDA2 TIMES ASH n N NÍNDA AŠ.AŠ U NINDA2 TIMES ASH PLUS ASH p NÍNDA BAL aa 103 r ŠÀM (NÍNDA AN) U NINDA2 TIMES AN s NÍNDA BÁN t NÍNDA GI w SUMAŠ U+122E8 SUMASH reconstruction v 104 v AZU U NINDA2 TIMES NUN (NÍNDA NUN) U+1236B ZU5 181n Ý AZU A U+1236C ZU5 TIMES A reconstruction; cf. OBO 160/ n O NÍNDA DUB? x ÁG (NÍNDA NE) U NINDA2 TIMES NE y NÍNDA GU 4 U NINDA2 TIMES GUD NÍNDA ŠID? a z NÍNDA Ú uncertain { NÍNDA Ú.AŠ U+1225E NINDA2 TIMES U2 PLUS ASH a ~ NÍNDA ŠE.AŠ U+1225C NINDA2 TIMES SHE PLUS ASH b NÍNDA ŠE.AŠ.AŠ U+1225D NINDA2 TIMES SHE PLUS ASH PLUS ASH 19

20 TAB NÍNDA ŠE.A.AN important codepoint missing 187v5 } NÍNDA ŠE U+1225A NINDA2 TIMES SHE 187v1 ƒ NÍNDA ŠE.A.AN U+1225B NINDA2 TIMES SHE PLUS A AN NÍNDA U NÍNDA MAN ˆ ZIG/ZIK (NÍNDA EŠ) a NÍNDA ME.KÍD 20 U ZIG 190an3 S NÍNDA ME.KÁR U NINDA2 TIMES ME PLUS GAN2 TENU kv 210, Œ GALAM (SUKUD) U+120F4 GALAM KUM (GUM) U GUM GAZ (KUM ŠE) U GUM TIMES SHE ÚR U+1232B UR v 073 ª ÚR NUN U UR2 TIMES NUN n U ÚR AL U+1232E UR2 TIMES AL a 074 «ÚR Ú U UR2 TIMES U b ÚR Ú.AŠ U UR2 TIMES U2 PLUS ASH c ÚR A.ḪA U+1232C UR2 TIMES A PLUS HA d ÚR ḪA U+1232F UR2 TIMES HA ± IL (AL ŠE) U+1214B IL a ² IL KÁR U+1214C IL TIMES GAN2 TENU ; 128 ³ DU U+1207A DU a LAḪ 4 (DUoverDU) U+1207B DU OVER DU SUḪUŠ (DU-gunû) U+1207C DU GUNU KAŠ 4 (DU-šeššig) U+1207D DU SHESHIG ¹ ANŠE (GÌR PA or U ANSHE GÌR "TAB") U+1210F GIR3 TIMES PA µ TUM U TUM a TUM-gunû/ TUM KÁR reconstruction uncertain reconstruction

21 TAB º EGIR U EGIR À IŠ U ISH Á BI U BI Á EŠEMIN 5 ("BI") U NUMERIC SIGN TWO ESHE a  BI SIG 7 U+1204C BI TIMES IGI GUNU c à BI GAR U+1204B BI TIMES GAR Ä ŠIM U+122C6 SHIM Æ ŠIM BAL U+122C8 SHIM TIMES BAL n ª ŠIM BÚR Å ŠIM MUG U+122D0 SHIM TIMES MUG Ì ŠIM DIN U+122CA SHIM TIMES DIN Ç ŠIM BULUG U+122C9 SHIM TIMES BULUG x É ŠIM SIG 7 U+122CD SHIM TIMES IGI GUNU È ŠIM LUL U+122CF SHIM TIMES LUL xx Ê ŠIM PI Ë ŠIM IGI U+122CC SHIM TIMES IGI Ï ŠIM A (DUMGAL) U+122C7 SHIM TIMES A Ð ŠIM NÍG (BAPPIR) U+122CB SHIM TIMES GAR Í ŠIM MUNUS U+122D1 SHIM TIMES SAL (ŠIM SAL) Î ŠIM KÚŠU U+122CE SHIM TIMES KUSHU Ñ GISAL (BI.GIŠ) U GISAL Ò BÁNŠUR U IDIM OVER IDIM BUR Ó KIB 105n GÁNoverGÁN U+120FA GAN2 CROSSING old sign, LAK 278 crossed GAN2 296n ` GIŠoverGIŠ crossed U GISH CROSSING old sign, LAK 276 GISH GAG (KAK) U KAK kak: not Sumerian! Ø NI U+1224C NI 231n(v) 76 Þ ß NI E U+1224D NI TIMES E reconstruction; Hitt. esp. Hurr. The second glyph indicates the position of the inscribed sign in the Hurritic original. 21

22 TAB ½ UŠ (NITA) U USH n 069 V UŠ KÍD U USH TIMES TAK n2 W UŠ KU U USH TIMES KU b 071 KÀŠ (UŠ A) U USH TIMES A n «NA 4 (NI.UD) U+1224C & U NI & UD U+1224C & U+1209F NI & ERIM n «DÀG ("NA 4 ") U+1224C & U+1209F NI & ERIM Ú GÁ (MAL) U+120B7 GA _ Ú ŠITA ("GÁ") U+122D6 SHITA Ü GÁ AŠ U+120BD GÁ AŠ Ý GÁ ḪAL.LA U+120D3 GA2 TIMES HAL PLUS LA Þ GÁ GÍR.SU U+120D0 GA2 TIMES GIR2 PLUS SU ß AMA (GÁ AN) U+120BC GA2 TIMES AN à GÁ AN.GAG.A â GÁ KÍD U+120E9 GA2 TIMES TAK ã GÁ BAD U+120BF GA2 TIMES BAD ä GÁ GI U+120CD GA2 TIMES GI v 096 æ GANUN (GÁ NUN) U+120E0 GA2 TIMES NUN ç GÁ KAB U+120D5 GA2 TIMES HUB é GÁ EN U+120C9 GA2 TIMES EN á GÁ BURU 14 U+120CA GA2 TIMES EN TIMES GAN2 TENU è GÁ MUN(DIM ŠE, U+120C5 GA2 TIMES DIM later DIM KUR) TIMES SHE ê GÁ KÁR U+120CB GA2 TIMES GAN2 TENU í GÁ DUB U+120C6 GA2 TIMES DUB c ï GÁ SUM U+120E8 GA2 TIMES SUM d ð GÁ KASKAL U+120D9 GA2 TIMES KASKAL i ñ GÁ IŠ.ḪU.AŠ U+120D7 GA2 TIMES ISH PLUS HU PLUS ASH ò GÁ GAG U+120D8 GA2 TIMES KAK ó SILA 4 (GÁ PA) U+120E2 GA2 TIMES PA 22

23 TAB ø SILA 4 also: GÁ ÁŠ transliteration (sequel) only gazi _1 ô GÁ KID.LAL U+120DB GA2 TIMES KID PLUS LAL _2 õ GÁ ŠID U+120E7 GA2 TIMES SHID ö ÙR (GÁ NIR) U+120E1 GA2 TIMES NUN OVER NUN GÁ GI 4 U+120CE GA2 TIMES GI b î GÁ SAR U+120E4 GA2 TIMES SAR ù GÁ ÁŠ.GAL U+120BE GA2 TIMES ASH2 PLUS GAL ú GÁ BUR.RA U+120C2 GA2 TIMES BUR PLUS RA n [ GÁ DA U+120C3 GA2 TIMES DA û GÁ SIG 7 U+120D6 GA2 TIMES IGI GUNU ü ÉSAG (GÁ/É ŠE) U+120E5 GA2 TIMES SHE sub MesZL n495 U E2 TIMES SHE only É.ŠE, esag x a ý GÁ ŠE.TUR U+120E6 GA2 TIMES SHE PLUS TUR þ GÁ UD U+120EB GA2 TIMES UD ÿ GÁ ḪI.LI U+120D4 GA2 TIMES HI PLUS LI ! GÁ U U+120EA GA2 TIMES U a " GÁ ÁB # ITIMA (GÁ/É MI) U+120DF GA2 TIMES MI (standard) U E2 TIMES MI $ GÁ DI U+120C4 GA2 TIMES DI % GÁ KUG.AN U+120DC GA2 TIMES KU3 PLUS AN & MEN (GÁ ME.EN) U+120DE GA2 TIMES ME PLUS EN ) GÁ/É A.DA.ḪA U+120B8 GA2 TIMES A PLUS DA PLUS HA U+1208E E2 TIMES A PLUS HA PLUS DA(sic!) * GÁ A.IGI U+120BA GA2 TIMES A PLUS IGI sub MesZL n495 only É.MI, itima x to be deleted 23

24 TAB GÁ ḪA.LU.ŠÈ U+120D1 GA2 TIMES HA PLUS LU PLUS ESH / GALGA U+120CC GA2 TIMES GAR (GÁ/É NÍG) U+1208F E2 TIMES GAR ' ARḪUŠ U+120E3 GA2 TIMES SAL (GÁ/É MUNUS) U E2 TIMES SAL ( GÁ EL.LA U+120C8 GA2 TIMES EL PLUS LA _40; 460 Û ŠÍTA ("GÁ.GIŠ") U+122D6 & U SHITA & GISH 230x ë KISAL U+121A6 KISAL ë NI+GIŠ ligature ì+giš Ù IR (GAG-gunû) U IR DAG U DAG DAG.KISIM 5 uncertain a; 294e; 432_ KIŠI 8 (DAG.KISIM 5 GÍR(-gunû?)) 24 U+1205E DAG KISIM5 TIMES GIR DAG.KISIM 5 LA U DAG KISIM5 TIMES LA a 4 DAG.KISIM5 U DAG KISIM5 TIMES MUNU 4 PAP PLUS PAP DAG.KISIM 5 KÍD U+1206B DAG KISIM5 TIMES TAK DAG.KISIM 5 GI U+1205D DAG KISIM5 TIMES GI DAG.KISIM 5 SI U+1206A DAG KISIM5 TIMES SI DAG.KISIM 5 NE U DAG KISIM5 TIMES NE : DAG.KISIM 5 BI U+1205A DAG KISIM5 TIMES BI a; ; DAG.KISIM 5 GAG U DAG KISIM5 TIMES 294f KAK UTUA U+1206D DAG KISIM5 TIMES (DAG.KISIM 5 UŠ) USH b < ÙBUR U DAG KISIM5 TIMES (DAG.KISIM 5 "IR") IR c = UBUR 4 (DAG.KISIM 5 U DAG KISIM5 TIMES "IR".LU) IR PLUS LU ? UTUL 5 U+1205F DAG KISIM5 TIMES (DAG.KISIM 5 GU 4 ) GUD KIŠI 9 (DAG.KISIM 5 U+1206C DAG KISIM5 TIMES Ú.GÍR(-gunû?)) U2 PLUS GIR2

25 TAB n 283 \ DAG.KISIM 5 Hitt. Ú.MAŠ/BAR A UBUR U+1205B DAG KISIM5 TIMES (DAG.KISIM 5 GA) GA c H or DAG.KISIM 5 DÉ uncertain 294cn ] DAG.KISIM 5 MÚRU C DAG.KISIM 5 DÚB/ U DAG KISIM5 TIMES BALAG BALAG sub > DAG.KISIM 5 AMAR U DAG KISIM5 TIMES AMAR a 173 D ÚBUR U DAG KISIM5 TIMES (DAG.KISIM 5 LU) LU E AMAŠ (DAG.KISIM 5 U DAG KISIM5 TIMES LU.MÁŠ) LU PLUS MASH b 190; 285 G DAG.KISIM 5 U DAG KISIM5 TIMES A.MAŠ A PLUS MASH d I DAG.KISIM 5 ḪA U DAG KISIM5 TIMES HA a F DAG.KISIM 5 LUM U DAG KISIM5 TIMES LUM J PA U+1227A PA J BANMIN ("PA") k 175 JÞ ŠAB (PA.IB) U+1227A & U PA & IB l Jß NUSKA (PA.TÚG) U+1227A & U PA & TUG m 177 Jà SIPA (PA.LU) U+1227A & U+121FB PA & LU K GIŠ (GEŠ) U GISH _1 L GIŠ-tenû U GISH TENU _2 M GIŠ BAD U GISH TIMES BAD N GU 4 U+1211E GUD a O GU 4 KASKAL reconstruction P AL U AL Q AL KÍD see MesZL n n c AL KÀD? U AL TIMES KAD R AL UŠ U AL TIMES USH S AL GIŠ U AL TIMES GISH n AL AL U AL TIMES AL V AL ŠE U AL TIMES SHE 25

26 TAB T AL GIM U AL TIMES DIM U AL KI U AL TIMES KI W AL ḪA U AL TIMES HA Y MAR U MAR a KID (LÍL) U+121A4 KID , 231 b ŠID (LAG) U+122C3 SHID 207a 337xx œ SAG 5 U NISAG (read NISAG2) old sign, = n a 112 b MES (RID) U MES a h ŠID IM U+122C5 SHID TIMES IM c MES/UM ME g ÚMBISAG (ŠID A) U+122C4 SHID TIMES A i Ú U U j GA U+120B5 GA n 202 l GA-gunû U+120B6 GA GUNU old sign jn ÍL (GA.GÍN) U+1214D IL m LUḪ U+1221B LUH p É U+1208D E n KAL U KAL U GURUSH 322n KALoverKAL U KAL CROSSING KAL e crossed (40) o ALAD (KAL BAD) U KAL TIMES BAD Z E U+1208A E 308n EoverE. U+1208C E OVER E NUN OVER ± NUNoverNUN NUN \ DUG (BI A) U DUG U+1204A BI TIMES A ` KALAM U+12326, erroneously UN ` UN U+12327, erroneously UN GUNU q NIR (NUNoverNUN) U+1226A NUN OVER NUN ] GURUN U GURUN X UB U UB 26

27 EŠ 16 EŠ 16 (three AŠ) a r EŠ 16 U+1203C ASH OVER ASH (AŠoverAŠoverAŠ) OVER ASH U+1243A NUMERIC SIGN THREE VARIANT FORM ESH b s LIMMU 4 U+1243D NUMERIC SIGN FOUR VARIANT FORM LIMMU t GI 4 (GI-gunû) U GI a v GIGI (GI 4 overgi 4 U GI4 CROSSING GI4 crossed) 326v u GIGI (GI 4 overgi 4 ) U GI4 OVER GI w ÚSAN (GÚ-gunû) U+1211D GU2 GUNU x w ÚSAN.GAG U+1211D & U GU2 GUNU & KAK x RA U+1228F RA xj DÙL (SAG-gunû) U+122A8 SAG GUNU a y IA 9 (EŠ 16.TAB) U+1203C & U+122F0 ASH OVER ASH OVER ASH & TAB U+1243A & U+122F0 CUNEIFORM NUMERIC SIGN THREE VARIANT FORM ESH16 & TAB z LÚ U+121FD LU2 330_60v LÚoverLÚcrossed U LU2 CROSSING LU2 330_ { 330_60 n2 LÚ.LÚinversum U LU2 OPPOSING LU2 4 LÚ forming a cross U LU2 SQUARED "3" "4" sign form congruent with U+1213F (n252) c _0 K 516, 330_8n 534 s _6 256 } _9n t _0n h LÚ-tenû U LU2 TENU LÚ-šeššig U LU2 SHESHIG ("LÚ.GAM") LÚ BAD U+121FF LU2 TIMES BAD LÚ-šeššig BAD ("LÚ BAD.GAM") LÚ KÁD U LU2 TIMES KAD2 reconstruction 27

28 EŠ _4 ior LÚ KÍD 330_4n j LÚ KÀD U LU2 TIMES KAD _7 258 ~ LÚ KÁR (GÁNtenû) TENU U LU2 TIMES GAN _7a 257 LÚ NE U+1220C LU2 TIMES NE _7a k LÚ AL U+121FE LU2 TIMES AL n _7cv LÚ ŠU _7a n LÚ KAM* U LU2 TIMES HI see MesZL n514 n3v TIMES BAD _7a l LÚ IM U LU2 TIMES IM n _7a o LÚ KI U LU2 TIMES KI n _7bn p LÚ ME.EN U+1220B LU2 TIMES ME PLUS EN _7b LÚ LAGAB U+1220A LU2 TIMES LAGAB _7c ƒ LÚ KU _7c ƒ LÚ TÚG U LU2 TIMES TUG2 330_7c 259 ƒ LÚ ŠÈ U LU2 TIMES ESH2 see MesZL n514, n _7cn q LÚ ŠÈ-tenû U LU2 TIMES ESH2 TENU _7d LÚ ŠÈ.LAL _7dn r LÚ SÍG.BU U+1220F LU2 TIMES SIK2 PLUS BU 534 see n b 79 ˆ ŠEŠ (ÙRI) U+122C0 SHESH 021a U URI a AŠ 9 (EŠ 16.EŠ 16 ) U NUMERIC SIGN SIX "6" VARIANT FORM ASH b Š ÌMIN (EŠ 16.EŠ 16.AŠ) U NUMERIC SIGN "7" SEVEN VARIANT FORM IMIN c ÙSSU U NUMERIC SIGN "8" (EŠ 16.EŠ 16.TAB) EIGHT VARIANT FORM USSU d Œ ÌLIMMU (EŠ 16.EŠ 16.EŠ 16 ) 28 U NUMERIC SIGN NINE VARIANT FORM ILIMMU3 "9"

29 EŠ ZAG U ZAG e, SAR U+122AC SAR 152iv xn1 see x UD-gunû U UD GUNU uncertain 205b reconstruction GÀR (QAR) U+120FC GAR LIL U+121F8 LIL see also MesZL p62 n87c a, 110 š MÚRU (MURUB 4, U UD TIMES U PLUS U 207b NISAG; ITI-gunû) PLUS U GUNU xx 207a œ SAG 5 U NISAG (read NISAG2) merged with ŠID; see MesZL n Ÿ DÉ (SIMUG) U UMUM umum value not accepted in MesZL 338n1 à DÉ KASKAL U UMUM TIMES reconstruction KASKAL 338n2 á DÉ PA U UMUM TIMES PA reconstruction v v µ ; 221 ª b, a A «ÁŠ (ZÍZ) U+1203E ASH2 U ZIZ2 BANEŠ ("ÁŠ") U NUMERIC SIGN THREE BAN2 BANLIMMU U NUMERIC SIGN ("ÁŠ.GE 23 ") FOUR BAN2 BANLIMMU U NUMERIC SIGN ("ÁŠ.U") FOUR BAN2 VARIANT FORM BANIA U NUMERIC SIGN FIVE ("ÁŠ.GE 23 overge 23 ") BAN2 BANIA U NUMERIC SIGN FIVE ("ÁŠ.UoverU") BAN2 VARIANT FORM MA U MA GAL U+120F2 GAL GAL.KINDA U+120F3 GAL GAD OVER GAD GAR OVER GAR BÁRA U BARA2 GÚG (LÙ; ŠÈ-gunû) U LU3 MIR (NIMGIR) U DUN3 GUNU Unicode names U DUN3 GUNU GUNU pertinent? DUN 4 (UR-gunûšeššig/MIR-šeššig) U DUN4 GIR (ḪA-gunû) U+1212B HA GUNU 29

30 EŠ BUR (NÍG-gunû) U BUR Á U A DA U DA ± GAŠAN U+120FD GASHAN _8 336 ³ U-gunû/BÙR-gunû U NUMERIC SIGN ONE BURU SIG 7 (IGI-gunû) U+1214A IGI GUNU "10.000" µ DÚB U DUB (BALAG) U BALAG ŠA U+122AD SHA ¹ ŠU U+122D7 SHU b 227a 68 ¹ KAD 4 U KAD bv 227b ¹ KAD 5 U KAD ; 351 ½ LUL (NAR) U+1221C LUL ¾ SA 6 122B7 SHA6 (bad!) BÌŠEBA (GU 4 over U GUD OVER GUD GU 4.LUGAL) LUGAL À ALAM U ALAN (GU 4 overgu 4.NÁ) n URI (BURoverBUR) U URI 30

31 GE 23 (DIŠ-tenû) GE 23 (DIŠ-tenû) Â GE 23 (DIŠ-tenû) U ASH ZIDA TENU cf. n Ä GAM U+120F5 GAM Å Ç 366_87 È É Ì n3 ¾ a 275 Í ÉŸ Ï Ð 060a { _ Ñ 374_81 n1 Á Éq 375_45 Ò _46 Òµ 369 Ê U PUNCTUATION SIGN DIAGONAL COLON ILIMMU 4 (3 GE 23 ) U NUMERIC SIGN VARIANT FORM ILIMMU4 U PUNCTUATION SIGN DIAGONAL TRICOLON KUR U+121B3 KUR KUR.KURinversum U+121B4 KUR OPPOSING KUR ŠE U+122BA SHE BU (GÍD) U+1204D BU BUoverBUcrossed U BU CROSSING BU SIRSIR U+1204E BU OVER BU AB (BUoverBU +AB) UZ (US) U+122BA & U SHE & HU SUD (BU-gunû) U+122E4 SUD MUŠ U MUSH UTUKI ("KÚR.IR.GÍDIM") U UTUKI see n92 RI 8 (MUŠoverMUŠ U MUSH OVER MUSH parallel or crossed) U MUSH CROSSING MUSH RI 8 (MUŠoverMUŠ U MUSH OVER MUSH A.NA) TIMES A PLUS NA TIR U TIR NINNI 5 (TIRoverTIR) U TIR OVER TIR TIRoverTIR. GADoverGAD. NÍGoverNÍG ŠEoverŠE. GADoverGAD. NÍGoverNÍG U TIR OVER TIR GAD OVER GAD GAR OVER GAR U+122BC SHE OVER SHE GAD OVER GAD GAR OVER GAR "9" 31

32 GE 23 (DIŠ-tenû) 588 (sequel) Ë 411_167a 8 411_182a 9 ŠEoverŠE. TABoverTAB. NÍGoverNÍG UoverU. SURoverSUR UoverU.PAoverPA. NÍGoverNÍG U+122BD U+1230F U+1230E SHE OVER SHE TAB OVER TAB GAR OVER GAR U OVER U SUR OVER SUR U OVER U PA OVER PA GAR OVER GAR Ó TE U+122FC TE x Õ KAR (TE.A) U+122FC & U TE & A Ö LIŠ U+121FA LISH n1 248 Ã :(division sign) U PUNCTUATION Glossenkeil SIGN VERTICAL COLON n2 ; TAB variant, old U+1244A TWO ASH TENU see MesZL n593, n an Number 1/4 U OLD ASSYRIAN ONE "1/4" (Kültepe) QUARTER v2 ' KAM (ḪI BAD), U+1219A KAM2 (wrong!) see MesZL n640 variant form % KAM (ḪI BAD) U HI TIMES BAD old sign Ù UD (BABBAR) U UD v Ú ÍTIMA (UD MI) U UD TIMES MI Û PI U+1227F PI 383a Ü PIoverPIcrossed/ U PI CROSSING PI TALTAL 383n2(v) 318 â PI AB U PI TIMES AB Hitt. esp. Hurr.; reconstructions. 383n3(v) 319 ƒ ã PI I U PI TIMES I The second 383n4(v) 320 ä PI BI U PI TIMES BI glyphs indicate 383n6(v) 321 the position of å PI Ú U PI TIMES U2 the inscribed sign 383n5(v) 322 æ PI E U PI TIMES E in the Hurritic 383n7(v) 324 ç PI BU U PI TIMES BU original. 383n8(v) 323 ˆ è PI U U PI TIMES U 383n9(v) 325 é PI IB U PI TIMES IB 383n10 (v) 326 Š ê PI A U PI TIMES A Þ ŠÀ (ŠAG 4 ) U+122AE SHA n Ò ŠÀ BAD U+122B0 SHA3 TIMES BAD a 435 ß ŠÀ TUR U+122B4 SHA3 TIMES TUR 32

33 GE 23 (DIŠ-tenû) à n á n Ó ã â å ä æ ç è è é éc 394a ê b 372 ë bx ì bxn Œ c, 373 í 394e cxxx ð d ñ ŠÀ NE U+122B2 SHA3 TIMES NE ŠÀ GIŠ U+122B1 SHA3 TIMES GISH ŠÀ UD ŠÀ U U+122B5 SHA3 TIMES U BIR 6 (ŠÀ U.A) U+122B6 SHA3 TIMES U PLUS A ŠÀ MI PEŠ 4 (ŠÀ A) U+122AF SHA3 TIMES A ŠÀ ŠÚ U+122B3 SHA3 TIMES SHU2 UD.MUNUS.ḪÚB U & U+122A9 UD & SAL & HUB2 & U ÚḪ (UD.KÚŠU) U UD KUSHU2 ERIM (ZÁLAG) U+1209F ERIN2 PÍR use U+1209F ERIN2 NUNUZ U+1226D NUNUZ NUNUZ.ÁB NUNUZ.KISIM 5 LAḪTAN (NUNUZ. ÁB/KISIM 5 LA) LÁḪTAN (NUNUZ. ÁB/KISIM 5 SÌLA) NUNUZ.ÁB/KISIM 5 KÀD ÙSAN (NUNUZ.ÁB /KISIM 5 AŠGAB) NUNUZ.ÁB/KISIM 5 NE MÙD (NUNUZ.ÁB /KISIM 5 BI) d+ ñ7 NUNUZ.ÁB/KISIM BI.U (MÙD.U) dn2 NUNUZ.ÁB/KISIM 5 GU dx ò NUNUZ.ÁB/KISIM 5 Ú.BA U NUNUZ AB2 TIMES LA U NUNUZ AB2 TIMES SILA3 U NUNUZ AB2 TIMES KAD3 U+1226E NUNUZ AB2 TIMES ASHGAB U NUNUZ AB2 TIMES NE U+1226F NUNUZ AB2 TIMES BI U NUNUZ KISIM5 TIMES BI U NUNUZ KISIM5 TIMES BI U U NUNUZ AB2 TIMES GUD U read NUNUZ AB2 TIMES U2 PLUS BA, not TIMES U2 33

34 GE 23 (DIŠ-tenû) dn NUNUZ.ÁB/KISIM 5 DUG U NUNUZ AB2 TIMES DUG cx î NUNUZ.ÁB/KISIM 5 GÚG.BÙLUG 394cxv ï NUNUZ.ÁB/KISIM 5 BÙLUG.GÚG en NUNUZ.ÁB/KISIM 5 U NUNUZ AB2 TIMES SIG 7 IGI GUNU ó ZIB U ZIB 395n2 ëold ZIBinversum U ZIB KABA TENU omitted in MesZL, see GONG 39 and an É EŠ 23 U+1244B NUMERIC SIGN "3", see MesZL THREE ASH TENU n629, n an ô õ õ õ v2 278 $ õ c _ Ù _72 Ù v & ø 399xn 399xx Í R _51n ð õ; Number 1/6 (Kültepe) U NUMERIC SIGN OLD ASSYRIAN ONE SIXTH ḪI (DÙG) U+1212D HI ŠÁR U+122B9 SHAR2 TÍ SÙR (ḪI.AŠ, ḪI AŠ) U+1212E HI TIMES ASH "1/6" only Assyrian A U+1202A ALEPH late variant of n636 AḪ (ḪI NUN) U HI TIMES NUN AḪ.KASKAL U & U+1219C HI TIMES NUN & KASKAL AḪ.ME U & U HI TIMES NUN & ME AḪ.ME.U U & U HI TIMES NUN & ME & U+1230B & U KAM (ḪI.BAD) U+1212D & U HI & BAD see n595 IM U+1214E IM U+1224E NI2 IMoverIMcrossed U IM CROSSING IM 4 IM forming a cross U IM SQUARED IM KÍD U+1214F IM TIMES TAK4 reconstruction; IM.KÍD, IM KÍD to n641 BIR (ḪI ŠE) U HI TIMES SHE 34

35 GE 23 (DIŠ-tenû) õ ḪAR (ḪI ÁŠ) U+1212F HI TIMES ASH õb ḪUŠ (ḪI.GÌR) U+1212D & U+1210A HI & GIR ú SUḪUR U+122E6 SUHUR Ã 361n ìold Æ 364n ïold P ( ) v * v a b c d e 5 GE 22 ZUBUR U+1203A U+1236D ASH KABA TENU ZUBUR ŠÚŠUR U+1203D ASH OVER ASH OVER ASH CROSSING ASH OVER ASH OVER ASH ŠÁR GAD U HI TIMES GAD ŠÁR GAL.DIŠ U NUMERIC SIGN SHAR2 TIMES GAL PLUS DISH ŠÁR GAL.MIN U NUMERIC SIGN SHAR2 TIMES GAL PLUS MIN ŠÁR U U+1242C NUMERIC SIGN ONE SHARU ŠÁR U-gunû Unicode reference glyph form based on CAD Z 6b, not accepted in MSL f. " " " " "36.000"; DÚBUR(ḪI U) see n688 variant form of n653, "36.000" "72.000" ŠÁR MAN U+1242D NUMERIC SIGN TWO SHARU ŠÁR EŠ U+1242E NUMERIC SIGN " " THREE SHARU U+1242F NUMERIC SIGN THREE SHARU VARIANT FORM ŠÁR NIMIN U NUMERIC SIGN " " FOUR SHARU (variant form) ŠÁR NINNU U NUMERIC SIGN FIVE " " SHARU (variant form) ŠÁR DIŠ, also U HI TIMES DISH " " ḪI DIŠ? 35