Today. Global governance and public administration (international organizations) UN organization

Transcription

1 Today Global governance and public administration (international organizations) UN organization

2 International organizations/ institutions: IGO (Intergovernmental organizations) INGO/NGO (International nongovernmental organizations) TNC (Transnational corporations)

3 International organisations Realism (and marxism): reflect national interest (especially great powers, might is right ) Liberalism: an expression for democracy and liberal values in the international arena Constructivism: International organisations construct themselves and the surrounding world. Can promote various interest and values (organizations are not good or evil by themselves)

4 Weber: process of rationalization Modernization of society means that it is being rationalized (demystification) Bureaucracy is a rational procedure for decisionmaking (hierachy, division of labor, continuity, impersonal, expert knowledge) We can see this process also in the international arena. Important to see the role of public administration in global governance. Förvaltning/byråkrati viktigt för att förstå det internationella systemet

5 Regimes Implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures around which actors expectations converge in a given area of international relations (Krasner 1982)

6 Principer: gemensamma, grundläggande föreställningar om världen Normer: föreställningar om önskvärt eller tillåtet beteende, skyldigheter och rättigheter Regler: specifika bestämmelser Procedurer för beslutsfattande: regler och metoder för gemensamt beslutsfattande

7 Examples Bretton woods system (established the rules for commercial and financial relations) was centered around an institution (IMF) internationella valutafonden International Telecommunication Union (coordinates international technical standards) is also an institution with the UN internationella teleunionen

8 Nation state is being challenged as international institutions emerge in an increasingly global world. Positive side: institutions can oppose state interests when they go against what is seen as good international values (liberal?) Problem: 1)Lack of democratic institutions on international level 2) national democracies are undermined Do we need global democracy as globalization reduces the importance of borders? Is it possible?

9 Legitimacy of public administration Democracy Basis for legitimacy Efficiency Rule of law Is it really so internationally!

10 Global governance and rule of law Emergence of international law Positiv side: Universal human rights can spread Problem: it can conflict with democracy (and efficiency)

11 Purpose: to govern the relations between sovereign states (1648 Treaty of Westphalia) E.g. cuius regio, eius religio E.g. diplomatic immunity 19 th century: interest in the individual (1864 Geneva Convention)

12 International law has grown much since UN Charter (settle conflicts peacefully and in conformity with international law) and International Court of Justice (ICJ). (E.g the establishment of International Criminal Court, ICC)

13 Sources of international law International treaties (multi- or bilateral) International custom (general practice accepted as law) General principles of law recognized by all civilized states (in their domestic law - equity/rättvisa ) Judicial decisions and teachings of qualified publicists

14 Hard law/ Soft law Hard law: Legally binding for for states/citizens (precision, tredje part som är ansvarig för tolkning, genomförande och kontroll) Soft law: non-binding international norms that are still legally relevant, a kind of hybrid of law and politics (e.g. resolutions by international conferences, international action plans, codes of behavior etc.) Soft laws are prevalent internationally!

15 Jus cogens Usually, states can argue that they are not bound by anything else than conventions that they have signed, but Jus cogens: the idea that some norms are binding even absent signatures (genocide, war of aggression, torture, chemical weapons)

16 Global governance and efficiency Often the output side of IOs is neglected when analyzing their importance for international politics. Why? Because they are often supposed to be steered by great powers intressen and to be neutral implementer of their decisions (realism) Even IOs have implementation problems and conflicts between political will and real public adminstration (unclear delegation, different morals, expert knowledge)

17 Role of bureaucrats in IOs Agreements (treaties) Obedience Superiors Bosses States Loyalty Bureaucrat Expert knowledge Ethics Respect -Citizens?

18 UN General Assembly (192 member states) Security Council (15 states, 5 permanent) Economic and Social Council 54 members, 3 years Coordination of economic social and humanitarian word Secretariat Secretary General (Ban Kimoon Neutral/unpolitical administration with the ideal that bureaucrats do not represent their states Prepares and implements decisions International Court of Justice Trusteeship Council Subsidiary bodies

19 Security Council säkerhetsrådet (15 states) Task: mintain peace and security in the world (not to upphold international law!). Can take own initiative. 9 votes to pass. Permanent members: France, China, Russia, Great Britain and USA (right to veto). Ten elected by General Assembly (two years, geographical principle). Binding decisions (UN members declare to accept the decisions!)

20 Elects judges for the ICJ General Assembly - generalförsamlingen One state one vote Simple majority (two thirds majority in so called important questions, e.g.recommendations on peace and security) Regulal meeting: Sep-Dec, Feb-Sep. Every state has a delegation headed by its UNambassador. A forum for debate. Its resolutions are not binding but can be opinio juris (judicial opinion prevalent in state system) Organ for oversight for the whole UN

21 Secretariat - sekretariatet UN s administrative center. No official political influence. Led by the Secretary General Assists in preparing and implementing UN decisions employees About 15 organs, e.g. Department of Peacekeeping Operations.

22 Secretary General - (generalsekreteraren) Elected by 2/3 majority by the GA after nomination by the SC 5 (+5) years mandate period Can take up issues in the SC, if he believes them to threaten peace and security (difficult to interpret what they may be!)

23 What do they have in common? 1. Trygve Lie( ) 2. Dag Hammarskjöld ( ) 3. U Thant ( ) 4. Kurt Waldheim ( ) 5. Javier Pérez de Cuéllar ( ) 6. Boutros-Boutros Ghali ( ) 7. Kofi Annan ( ) 8. Ban Ki-Moon (2007-)

24 ECOSOC (ekonomiska och sociala råd) 54 members elected by the General Assembly (18 new states every year) Most are developing countries and their issues dominate the agenda

25 ECOSOC Initiates studies and formulates recommendations in these areas: human rights, political and economic cooperation, education, educations, health. Coordinates WHO, World Bank, ILO, FAO, IMF Over 3000 NGOs have consultative status. E.g. Amnesty International, Greenpeace, Human Rights Watch have the right to express themselves but cannot vote.

26 Trusteeship council (förvaltarskapsrådet) A continuation of the mandate system that LN used to administer Germanys and the Ottomans excolonies Based on colonial thinking administered different territories way to independence. Not anymore active: last territory that was administered, Palau, independent 1994.

27 International Court of Justice (den internationella domstolen) UN s juridicial organ 15 judges chosen by the SC and the GA (permanent members have no veto) Can make decisions in conflicts that states agree to take to ICJ If a state does not comply with a decision, a state can ask the SC to act.