Comparison of Natural Gas, Electricity, & GeoExchange Systems in a Saskatchewan Building Study Performed in Cooperation with Canadian GeoExchange
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1 Comparison of Natural Gas, Electricity, & GeoExchange Systems in a Saskatchewan Building Study Performed in Cooperation with Canadian GeoExchange Coalition, Saskatchewan Industry and Resources, Office of Energy Conservation, and Saskatchewan Research Council
2 Outline Objectives Research Process Building selection and modeling Financial tool Neighbouring buildings Green house gas emissions Results Recommendations
3 Objectives To compare the energy use, energy costs, and greenhouse gas emissions impacts of utilizing geoexchange systems in comparison to: a building with natural gas space and water heating and stand alone electrical cooling; and a building with electric space and water heating and stand along electrical cooling. To examine the economic and environmental impact of selling the potential excess cooling capacity available to a hypothetical neighbouring building that is capable of utilizing all of the excess cooling.
4 Research Process Building selection and modeling Financial tool Neighbouring buildings Green house gas emissions
5 Building Selection The building used in this study needed to meet certain criteria, including: being a large commercial building; reasonably energy efficient design for our purposed meet the requirements of the Commercial Building Incentive Program (CBIP) relatively new building to ensure it is representative of current construction methods
6 Building Selected The building that was used for this study had the following characteristics: Long Term Care Facility with 105 beds; total heated area of 18,508 m 2 (199,218 ft 2 ); original design has natural gas boilers to provide space and water heating; cooling provided by an air-cooled chiller; heating and cooling is distributed using four pipe fan coil units; the four main air-handling units have thermal wheels installed
7 Building Modeling Building energy simulations created using EE4 software from Natural Resources Canada; The base building model (referred to from here on as the Natural Gas Building ) was balanced against utility records to within 10% of both electricity and natural gas use; Two other models created: Building heated using electricity ( Electrical Building ); and GeoExchange heated building ( GeoExchange Building )
8 Financial Tool Net Present Value method: discount rate = 7%; interest rate = 7%; equipment life time = 20 years; salvage value at end of life time = $0; utility costs = provided by the energy models; no lump sum payment all capital costs amortized over the life time; operating and maintenance costs = on next slide
9 Financial Tool Net Present Value method (continued): operating and maintenance costs: Natural Gas Building = 1.5% of capital cost of space and water heating, and space cooling systems = $43,830; Electric Building = 1.5% of capital cost of space and water heating, and space cooling systems = $44,370; GeoExchange Building = Years 1 to 5 = $1,000 per year; Years 6 to 10 = $1,500 per year; Years 11 to 15 = $1,800 per year; and Years 16 to 20 = $2,000 per year.
10 Financial Tool Capital costs of mechanical systems for the Natural Gas Building and the Electric Building provided by Hanscomb Inc. Capital costs of ground source heat pump system provided by Paradise Geothermal and B. Laufer Holdings.
11 Neighbouring Building(s) Neighbouring building(s): are capable of taking all excess cooling; have cooling equipment at the levels described by the Model National Energy Code for Buildings 1997 (MNECB), which provides a coefficient of performance of 2.73; will not pay more than if they generate the cooling themselves.
12 Green House Gas Emissions Total electric emission factors were averaged for and were: CO2e = kg/kwh; SO2 = g/kwh; and NOX = g/kwh; Provided by Saskatchewan Industry and Resources; Natural gas emission factor of kgco2e/m 3 ; Obtained from Canada s Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Appendices Emissions factors were held constant over the twenty year period studied
13 Total Energy (kwh / m 2 ) Results Since the study was performed: Natural Gas Electri GeoExchange c Total Energy Costs ($ / m 2 / year) $5.10 $8.96 $4.76 O & M costs ($ / m 2 / year) $2.37 $2.40 $2.34 electricity costs per kwh have risen; natural gas costs per m 3 have dropped.
14 Results Natural Gas Electric GeoExchange Net Present Value of Costs $4,344,292 $5,142,181 $4,987,597 The building heated with natural gas has the lowest net present value of costs and is therefore the most attractive
15 Results - Emissions Building Heated using... Electrical Emissions (tonnes) Natural Gas Emissions (tonnes) Total Emissions (tonnes)... Natural Gas 3,026 5,951 8, Electricity 26, , GeoExchange 9, ,234 Above values plus 20,378 tonnes of emissions due to lighting and miscellaneous equipment in all three building designs
16 Results NG and GX Break-even $ Balancing the NPVs of Natural Gas Building and Geoexchange Building $ $ $ $ $ y = ,8x ,5 R 2 = 1,0 $ $ $ Gas + Elec (NPV) GeoEx (NPV) Linear (Gas + Elec (NPV)) $ $- $0,0500 $0,1000 $0,1500 $0,2000 $0,2500 $0,3000 $0,3500 $0,4000 $0,4500 $0,5000 Commodity Price Increase ($)
17 Results Electricity and GX Break-even $ $ Balancing the NPVs y = ,54x ,56 R 2 = 1,00 $ $ $ $ $ y = ,09x ,88 R 2 = 1,00 $ Electric (NPV) $ GeoEx (NPV) Linear (GeoEx (NPV)) Linear (Electric (NPV)) $ ,0000 0,0200 0,0400 0,0600 0,0800 0,1000 0,1200 Commodity Price Increase ($)
18 Results - Selling Cooling Three scenarios for selling cooling: First Scenario: all heat pumps available to provide cooling run only during the times that the geoexchange building requires cooling, and therefore the excess cooling is only available for sale during these hours. Second Scenario: all heat pumps available to provide cooling run for ten hours each day during the cooling months and all excess cooling is purchased during these hours. Third Scenario: all heat pumps available to provide cooling run continuously throughout the year and all available cooling is purchased.
19 Results - Selling Cooling NPVs 50% of Maximum Price 100% of Maximum Price No Sales $4,987,597 $4,987,597 Scenario 1 $4,917,655 $4,787,282 Scenario 2 $4,905,164 $4,663,455 Scenario 3 $4,409,859 -$59,859 NPV of Natural Gas Building = $4,344,292 Scenario 3 Break Even at 50.76%.
20 Recommendations for Further Research Due to some of the assumptions that had to be made during this study and aspects that were beyond the scope of this research it is proposed that further studies be performed in the following areas: long term effects of geoexchange systems on ground conditions, including: temperature changes in aquifers, system performance degradation due to unbalanced heating and cooling loads, effects on aquifer salinity and mineral concentrations due to temperature swings, and affects on neighbouring systems.
21 Recommendations for Further Research Further analysis into the cost implications for the building(s) purchasing the cooling should be performed, including: capital cost of installing equipment to transfer cooling from the GeoExchange building to purchasing building(s), cost or revenue possibilities from removal or reduction in CFC use, and heat/cooling storage possibilities to further improve both buildings.
22 Recommendations for Further Research Effects of solar or wind recharge systems coupled with geoexchange systems; Effects of different building designs on the attractiveness of building types (ie. having a building designed from the start as either a natural gas heated or a geoexchange heated building allowing the geoexchange system to take advantage of lower temperature heating options such as radiant floor heating); and Impacts of using natural gas absorption heat pumps.
23 Questions Presenter: Tom MacDermott, P.Eng (OEC/SRC) Research Team: Denise Mullen-Dalmer (DMD Management) Kelly Winder (SRC) Grant McVicar (OEC/SRC) For further information please contact: Kelly Winder, P.Eng. Saskatchewan Research Council
24 Additional Information The following slides provide some additional information about the project.
25 Additional Information: GeoExchange Building Information provided by Paradise Geothermal and B.Laufer Holdings: six heat pumps for space heating; COP of 3.2 due to fan coils; COP of 4.2 could have been achieved on four of these pumps if used for radiant floor heating; two heat pumps dedicated to water heating; COP of 2.8 due to high temperature required;
26 Additional Information: Neighbouring Building(s) Not possible to estimate the capital cost of connecting the buildings for purposes of transporting the cooling; No analysis performed on the costs of destroying CFCs or benefits from selling CFCs of the building purchasing the cooling if they are able to downsize or remove parts of their existing cooling systems; No analysis undertaken regarding the reduced capital costs for buildings that could potentially eliminate the capital cost of chillers from their design, or the potential benefit of selling replaced chillers to other building owners.
27 Additional Information: Financial Tool As the Net Present Values analysis was performed on costs only, the lower the resulting number the more favourable the project; All analysis from the perspective of the building owner; No societal benefit cost analysis showing the costs and benefits for other owners of buildings; The capital costs used are those associated with the heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, the plumbing and drainage systems, and the controls required to operate these systems.
28 Additional Information: Financial Tool No credits, revenues, or costs that the building owner may receive due to green house gas emissions levels were taken into account; There were no taxes applied to capital costs, energy costs, or cooling sales; Energy rates used were those in effect on November 1, 2006; Electricity rates were held constant in real terms over the time frame of this project;
29 Additional Information: Financial Tool Any building(s) purchasing cooling will be paying consumption and demand charges at the marginal rates with our without purchasing the cooling.
30
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